edit my paper

Engvdapi

Riyadhprosperity.pdf

Home >Architecture and Design homework help >edit my paper

DR AF

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

C O N T E N T S

C O

N T

E N

T S

CONTENTS 02

LIST OF TABLES 03

LIST OF FIGURES 03

ABBREVIATIONS 03

INTRODUCTION 04

OVERVIEW OF THE CITY 05

Historical Background 05

Geography and Location of the City 05

Demographic Background of the City 06

Socio-Economic Background 06

Trend on Urban Growth and Existing Structure Plan 07

THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX (CPI) ASSESSMENT 09

Overall City Prosperity Index for Riyadh 10

Analysis of the Productivity Index (PI) 10

Analysis of the Infrastructure Development Index (IDI) 11

Analysis of the Quality of Life Index (QoLI) 13

Analysis of Equity and Social Inclusion Index (ESI) 14

Analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) 15

Analysis of the Governance and Legislation Index (GLI) 16

SWOT Analysis based on City Prosperity Index 17

LOCAL URBAN OBSERVATORIES 18

About Urban Observatories 18

Riyadh Local Urban Observatory 18

Structure of the Local Urban Observatory 18

Number of Indicators Produced by the Local Urban Observatory 18

REFERENCES 20

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

03 L

IS T

ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CPI City Prosperity Index LUO Local Urban Observatories SWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme MOMRA Ministry of Municipality and Rural Affairs FSCP Future Saudi Cities Programme GIS Geographic Information System GUO Global Urban Observatory NUO National Urban Observatory MDGs Millennium Development Goals PI Productivity Index IDI Infrastructure Development Index QoLI Quality of Life Index ESII Equity and Social Inclusion Index ESI Environmental Sustainability Index GLI Governance and Legislation Index

L I S T S

Figure 1: Population Pyramid for Riyadh (Saudi and Non-Saudi) 06 Figure 2: Land use and Urban Growth Limit 08 Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity 09 Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions 10 Figure 5: Productivity Indicators 11 Figure 6: Infrastructure Development Indicators 12 Figure 7: Quality of Life Indicators 14 Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators 15 Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators 16 Figure 10: Organization Chart of the Local Urban Observatory 19

Table 1: Summary of Land use Mix in Riyadh 07 Table 2: Productivity Index (60.2%) 10 Table 3: Infrastructure Development Index (64.4%) 12 Table 4: Quality of Life Index (68.7%) 13 Table 5: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (84.9%) 14 Table 6: Environmental Sustainability Index (32.0%) 15 Table 7: CPI based SWOT Analysis 17

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

INTRODUCTION

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-

HABITAT) and Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOMRA) jointly launched UN-

HABITAT Saudi Arabia Programme titled “ Future Saudi

Cities Programme (FSCP)”. The UN-HABITAT Office provides

technical support to the MOMRA and targets 17 key cities

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cities include Riyadh,

Makkah, Jeddah, Taif, Medina, Tabouk, Dammam, Qatif, Ihsa,

Abha, Najran, Jazan, Hail, Araar, AlBaha, Buraydah, and Sakaka,

to respond to national and local urban challenges.

UN- Habitat provides a new approach for measuring urban

prosperity: which is holistic, integrated and essential for the

promotion and monitoring of socio-economic development,

inclusion and progressive realization of the urban-related

human rights for all. This new approach redirects cities to

function towards a path of an urban future that is economically,

politically, socially and environmentally prosperous. The new

approach or monitoring framework, The Cities Prosperity

Index (CPI), is a multidimensional framework that integrates

six carefully selected dimensions and several indicators

that relate to factors and conditions necessary for a city to

thrive and prosper. The six dimensions include productivity,

infrastructure development, equity and social inclusion,

environmental sustainability, and urban governance. The

CPI uses the concept of The Wheel of Urban Prosperity and

the Scale of Urban Prosperity to enable stakeholders to assess

achievements in cities. The City Prosperity Index (CPI) not only

provide indices and measurements relevant to cities, but it is

also an assessment tool that enables city authorities as well

as local and national stakeholders, to identify opportunities

and potential areas of intervention for their cities to become

more prosperous.

Under the umbrella of FSCP, The UN-HABITAT and MOMRA

in cooperation with the city administration and the Local

Urban Observatory, have been working on developing urban

statistics and spatial information (Geographic Information

System) to provide relevant urban information that strongly

support decision-making process on urban development and

urban planning in the city.

This CPI Profile Report applies the CPI framework and provide

a summary of the basic information and urban statistics about

the City and gives an overview of the city’s achievements,

opportunities and potential areas that contribute to

its prosperity in areas such productivity, infrastructure

development, equity and social inclusion, environmental

sustainability and urban governance and legislation.

IMAGE

IN T

R O

D U

C T

IO N

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

O V E R V I E W O F T H E C I T Y

O V

E R

V IE

W O

F T

H E

C IT

H I S T O R I C A L B A C K G R O U N D

The name Riyadh is derived from the plural of the Arabic word (“rawdah”) meaning a place of gardens and trees, owing to the natural fertility provided by its location in a place with many Wadis (water courses, now dry) in the vicinity1. The history of the city of Riyadh and its growth from a relatively small settlement into a great modern city can be traced back to when it was raised to royalty status and made the Capital of the Kingdom. By 1955 (1375 AH), all ministries and government offices had been moved to or established in Riyadh. Its scope of responsibility was greatly enlarged and its resources increased to enable it to cope with its growing size and population. Riyadh is the capital city of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and also the capital city of Riyadh Province. Riyadh is the seat of government; ministries, embassies, diplomatic missions, as well as it contain educational, financial, agricultural, cultural, technical, commercial and social organizations. Riyadh is now a high-tech oasis of glass, steel and concrete, home to huge hotels, even larger hospitals and one of the biggest airports in the world; its road network is among the best in the world. Today Riyadh has six government owned/public universities and five privately owned universities and some middle-level colleges, specialized institutes, cultural information centers, sports facilities and stadiums, and public libraries.

1 Encyclopidia Britanica

G E O G R A P H Y A N D L O C AT I O N O F T H E C I T Y

Riyadh city lies approximately 1,950 feet (600 meters) above

sea level in the northeastern part of Najd region – a region

with a rocky plateau landscape located in the center of the

Arabian Peninsula. Its geographical coordinates are roughly

38° North and 43° East. The city is about 950km by road from

Jeddah on the Red Sea and about 400km from Dammam on

the Arabian Gulf. In Riyadh, the weather is usually dry and

hot in the summer (April to September) and cold in the winter

(September to March). In winter temperature go as low as 15oC

and in summer the temperature can go as high as 45 oC and

the average rainfall is 10-20mm. The city officially covers a

total area of approximately 1782km2 while the urban footprint

area of the city is about 1060km223.

2 King Saud Abdulaziz University - http://www.ksau-hs.edu.sa/english/lifeincampus/ pages/historyofriyadh.aspx 3 Local Urban Observatory of Riyadh.

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

O V

E R

V IE

W O

F T

H E

C IT

ା Figure 1: Population Pyramid for Riyadh (Saudi and Non-Saudi)

D E M O G R A P H I C B A C K G R O U N D O F T H E C I T Y

According to the 2010 census, the city of Riyadh had about

5.2 Million inhabitants, the Riyadh Household Survey 2016,

conducted by the ADA put the population at 6.5 million in

2016. Riyadh is the largest and among the fastest growing cities

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an annual growth rate

around of 4%, higher than the national average estimated at

2.11%. The average household size in Riyadh is projected at 5.7

persons per household, down from around 6.6 in 2010 census.

The population density of the city of Riyadh has increased to

about 4659 peoples per square kilometers, up from about 4000

persons per square kilometers in 2010. According to the 2010

census data, the population comprised of 56% male and 44%

female, whereas non-Saudi males represent 63% compared to

37% females, this follows the national pattern. The distribution

of non-Saudis with respect to age and gender is explained by

the fact that majority of them are in the country to work, mostly

without their spouses. Riyadh city has a young population,

people below 24 years of age constitutes about 46% of the

total city population, while population 60 years and above are

only 4.19%. The average life expectancy in Riyadh is 72 years.

The population pyramid (Saudis population) show a wide base

and gets smaller upwards, this indicates a bulging number of

youths. On the other hand, the under-15 alone make up 30%

of Saudis and 19.7% for non-Saudis.

S O C I O - E C O N O M I C B A C K G R O U N D

The city of Riyadh has diverse sources of income, including

commerce, manufacturing, finance, real estate and insurance.

Since the oil boom in the 70s and 80, the city has witnessed

huge social and economic transformation. The city has made

significant progress in service delivery, improvements in

employment, housing creation and recently greater community

participation in decision making especially women voting and

representation in local government. Today the number of civic

associations in Riyadh has reached 1.5 per 10,000 persons. The

city has managed reduced the rate of informal employment

to 5.2% and the general unemployment rate down to 3.5%,

however, the youth unemployment rate is still higher at 6.9%.

The housing conditions in Riyadh has also improved, on average

about 99% of households have access to electricity, quality

housing, improved water, internet access, and good income. The

old age dependency ratio in the city is at 3.2% which is fairly low

and economically manageable. Manufacturing industries sector

is one of the most important productive sectors in the Riyadh,

the city has 2 industrial cities, affiliated to the Saudi Industrial

Property Authority (MODON). There are two industrial areas

in Riyadh provided with various services and facilities. In 2013

Riyadh had 44.3% of the total number of producing factories

in the Kingdom. The total amount of industrial investments

in the Riyadh region amounted to some 101.1 billion riyals,

accounting for 11.6% of the total investments in factories

in the Kingdom. The trade sector is another very important

economic sector in Riyadh. The companies and establishments

operating in Riyadh represent 30% of all trade establishments

in the kingdom. The building and construction sector plays a

very important role in contributing to economic growth of the

city and the country at large. Other major economic sectors

in Riyadh are Mining and Quarrying, Financial and banking

services and Insurance, and tourism.

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

07 O

V E

R V

IE W

O F

T H

E C

IT Y

T R E N D O N U R B A N G R O W T H A N D E X I S T I N G S T R U C T U R E P L A N

There was a rapid growth of the city of Riyadh in the 1970s,

the sporadic development of the city during the years of the

1970s and 1980s resulted in the scattershot development of

residential and business enclaves that were either accessible

only by car or its surrounding community. In order to control

and manage the process of urban growth and development,

three nitaque omrani Boundaries (Spatially defined limits)

have been approved by the Council of Ministers. Two of these

boundaries define the following urban development phases:

Phase 1 (up to 1435 AH, 2013) and Phase I1 (1435-1450

AH, 2013-2029). These two phases are spatially defined by

the nitaque omrani Development Boundaries within which

growth areas have been designated for future growth and

development and are subject to very specific and particular

development control measures. More recently however phase

11 has been spatially divided into three development phases

namely (1435-1440 AH, 2013-2019), (1440-1445 AH, 2019-

2024), (1445-1450 AH, 2019-2029). These new nitaque omrani

phases and their respective development controls are currently

in the process of being formally approved by His Excellency the

Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs. In order to encourage

and concentrate development in phase, I further development

controls and restrictions are imposed upon developers who

intend to plan their lands in phase 11 before its time.

The area of Riyadh was 2,435 km² in 2009, today the city

covers 3115km2 and about 36% (1121.4km2) of it is already

developed. The major land use types in the city are roads

covering 15.12%, residential taking 8.23%, Agricultural/mining

with 2.1%, government facilities has 1.95%. The space allocated

for transport services is 0.64%, while land used for cultural,

recreation and parks is 1.56%. Health service, government,

and education spaces take up 3.16% of the city land (ADA

Land use survey 2016)1.

1 Percentages in table 1 were recalculated based on land use areas and total.

The main use Area km² Percentage%

Residential 256.4 8.23%

Commercial & Business Services 43.2 1.39%

Industrial 25 0.80%

Warehouses 48.8 1.57%

Health 6.9 0.22%

Education 30.9 0.99%

Cultural 1.5 0.05%

Recreation and parks 46.9 1.51%

Agricultural, mining 64.42 2.07%

Transport services 19.8 0.64%

Communications and utilities 17 0.55%

Government 60.7 1.95%

Other uses 27.4 0.88%

Roads 471 15.12%

Vacant land 1995 64.04%

Total 3114.92 100.00%

ା Table 1: Summary of Land use Mix in Riyadh

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

O V

E R

V IE

W O

F T

H E

C IT

ା F

ig u

re 2

: L

a n

d u

se a

n d

U rb

a n

G ro

w th

L im

ା T

h e

f ig

u re

a b

o v

e i

s sh

o w

in g

t h

e t

re n

d o

f u

rb a

n g

ro w

th l

im it

c o

n tr

o l

a n

d l

a n

d u

se s

fo r

th e

c it

y o

f R

iy a

d h

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

Prosperity is about successfully meeting today’s needs without

compromising tomorrow and working together for a smart,

competitive economy, in a socially inclusive society and a

healthy, vibrant environment for individuals, families, and

communities. In order to measure the current and future

progress of cities on the road to prosperity, UN-Habitat

introduced a monitoring framework: The Cities Prosperity

Index. This index, along with a conceptual matrix, The Wheel

of Urban Prosperity, are intended to help decision-makers

and partners to use existing evidence and formulate clear

policy interventions for their cities. The UN-Habitat’s Cities

Prosperity Index (CPI) allows authorities and local groups

to identify opportunities and potential areas for action or

adjustments in order to make their cities more prosperous.

The City Prosperity Index (CPI) is a multidimensional

measurement framework that integrates several dimensions

and indicators that are not only related but have a direct and

indirect influence on each other on the path to prosperity. These

components are embodied in the following six dimensions:

Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of life,

Equity and social inclusion, Environmental sustainability, and

Governance and legislation. Since the indicators of prosperity

are measured in different units, the CPI computation starts

with the standardization/normalization of the indicators into

values ranging between 0 and 11 ; the standardized values

1 Can also be expressed in percentages so that values range between 0% and 100%,

as used in this report.

are aggregated stepwise to create the single value called the

City Prosperity Index. The chart shows the six-point scale of

urban prosperity.

This section applies the CPI framework, the concept of the

Wheel of Urban Prosperity and the Scale of Urban Prosperity

to conduct an assessment of the level of prosperity in the

city. The assessment provides an indication of the strengths

or weaknesses in the factors of prosperity (using the scale

of urban prosperity); it also provides an indication of the

level of achievement towards the set prosperity goals called

benchmarks (through the CPI scores); and highlights whether

there are disparities between and within the six dimensions

of prosperity (Wheel of Urban Prosperity-stressing balance).

An in-depth analysis of the findings will help to identify which

particular indicators and sub-dimensions contribute to high

or low values in each of the dimensions and the CPI scores.

T H E C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X ( C P I ) A S S E S S M E N T

ା Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity

Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

follows will dissect all the six dimensions of prosperity and

identify areas of strengths and weaknesses that can inform

appropriate interventions.

A N A LY S I S O F T H E P R O D U C T I V I T Y I N D E X ( P I )

The productivity dimension measures how cities contribute to economic growth and development, generate income, employment and provide equal opportunities and good living standards for its entire population. The findings in the table below show that the main productivity factors that promote prosperity in the city of Riyadh are its strong economic growth fundamentals and employment including very high economic productivity, high household income, and low old age dependency. The productivity of the city of Riyadh is the highest in the Kingdom with a cpi score of 60.2%. Riyadh also has the highest city product per capita, at 81%, its cpi rating is at the top of the scale. The city has managed to reduce informal employment to 5.3% and old age dependency ratio to 3.2% thereby achieving the highest cpi scores of 100% and 96.5% respectively. The eradication of informal sector is one of the city’s best opportunities to achieve more by improving revenue collection, better control to eliminate illegal business activities and create more employment opportunities for the youth. Due to an expansive land area, the city’s spatial distribution of economic productivity is still very low as indicated by the economic density of 29.9%. This could be an indication of allot of empty land parcels within commercial and industrial areas and present an opportunity to reexamine and establish if there is a need for increased densification of economic or commercial activities within the commercial, industrial and residential areas within the city.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Growth (83.3%)

City Product per Capita 41,761.59 USD (PPP)/

Inhab 80.9% V. Strong

Mean Household Income 34,195.20 USD(PPP) 72.5% Strong

Old Age Dependency Ratio 3.20 % 96.5% V. Strong

Employment (67.6%)

Employment to Population Ratio

51.68 % 47.6% M. Weak

Informal Employment 5.24 % 100.0% V. Strong

Unemployment Rate 6.28 % 55.2% M. Strong

Economic Agglomeration

(29.9%) Economic Density 255,986,971

USD (PPP)/ km2

29.9% V. Weak

ା Table 2: Productivity Index (60.2%)

O V E R A L L C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X F O R R I YA D H

The city has an overall prosperity score of 59.2%, meaning

it has a moderately weak prosperity factors but it has

reached the threshold of turning into a strong prosperity

city. Prosperous cities have a good balance of all the indicators

of prosperity. Unbalanced cities with a combination where

some indicators are too low while others are very high are

undesirable1. The observed weaknesses can be linked mainly

to weak environmental sustainability, in as much as Riyadh

may be known to have a good economic base, there are some

prosperity indicators in which the city performs dismally and

thus waters down its overall prosperity. The radar chart below

shows a crooked shaped polygon, instead of taking the shape

of a round wheel, it looks like a flat tire. The analysis that

1 The idea of balance is based on the concept of the wheel of urban prosperity where

crooked wheel is considered to be unable to propel a city to prosperity

ା Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

Looking at the radar chart below, the ideal situation should take

the shape of the brown line, the correct smooth round shape

of the wheel of urban prosperity. The productivity index line is

the blue line, it beginning to take shape, but lots still needs to

be done to achieve the normal smooth round wheel of urban

prosperity. To achieve this balance the city needs to focus on

improving its spatial distribution of economic and commercial

activities to improve economic density; the city also needs to

create more employment opportunities especially targeting

the youth and women to improve the unemployment situation

and increase employment to population ratio.

A N A LY S I S O F T H E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E D E V E L O P M E N T I N D E X ( I D I )

Prosperous cities use their limited resources to provide

its inhabitants with functional and efficient infrastructure,

physical assets and amenities i.e. adequate water, sanitation,

power supply, road network, information and communications

technology. Adequate and efficient infrastructure is needed

to sustain the population, improve the economy, and ensure

a better quality of life. Compared to all the 17 selected cities,

the IDI for Riyadh is the highest with (64.4%), however, it is

rated as moderately strong. The moderate rating is attributed

to the fact that while most of the indicators of infrastructure

development (13 out of 19) are generally strong, there are some

which are not only weak but extremely weak. The strengths

in the infrastructure development are generally attributed

to the housing (85.1%), ICT (68.4%), and street connectivity

or roads (82.5%); these are the indicators which generally

raised up the IDI. On the other hand, the weaknesses in the

infrastructure development dimension are generally attributed

to urban mobility (58.2%) and social infrastructure (28.0%).

Street connectivity is about how often the streets or roadways

intersect and how closely or not the intersections are spaced,

this makes access to destinations easier by providing shorter

alternative routes and saves time. Street connectivity in

the city is generally a very strong pillar of prosperity; this is

ା Figure 5: Productivity Indicators

attributed to high street density, street intersections density

and a high proportion of land allocated to streets. The high

street intersection density presents a great opportunity for

the city to promote alternative means of transport such as

walking and cycling to help reduce the excessive use of private

cars even for short distances.

Urban mobility refers to a set of interrelated measures designed

to satisfy the need of people and businesses to move from one

place to another safely, efficiently, cost-effectively and in a

timely fashion. According to the findings in the table below,

the city has a moderately weak urban mobility system, this

is attributed to lack of mass transport system like the metro

system being built; there is extremely low usage of public

transport associated with over-dependence on private cars for

transport leading to too many cars on the road causing allot of

traffic congestion and air pollution. The city’s urban mobility

system, however, has very strong factors such as low average

daily travel time of about 23minutes, existing public transport

is affordable, and good road safety.

The city has good ICT Infrastructure enabling internet access

and access to or availability of computers in homes, however,

the average broadband speed in the city is still low making

internet usage expensive. Availability of quality housing

infrastructure in the city is another source of strength for the

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

city, the city has managed to improve access to piped quality

drinking water, electricity and sufficient living area in most

houses in the city; however there is an urgent need to increase

the number of houses with access to improved sanitation, which

is associated with number of households with connection to

sewerage system. According to the findings, an indicator of

social infrastructure are low and need to be improved; physician

density is moderately week while a number of public libraries

are negligible compared to the population.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Housing Infrastructure (85.1%)

Access to Electricity 99.93 % 99.9% V. Strong

Access to Improved Sanitation 86.21 % 83.8% V. Weak

Access to Improved Water 96.74 % 93.5% V. Strong

Access to Improved Shelter 97.58 % 100.0% V. Strong

Population Density 5,017 Inhab/Km2 33.4% V. Weak

Sufficient Living Area 98.98 % 100.0% Strong

Social Infrastructure (28.0%)

Number of Public Libraries 0.03 #/100,000 inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Physician Density 2.56 #/1,000 inhab. 56.0% M. Weak

ICT (68.4%)

Average Broadband Speed 11.12 Mbps 47.9% Weak

Home Computer Access 73.00 % 73.0% Strong

Internet Access 84.47 % 84.5% V. Strong

Urban Mobility (58.2%)

Average Daily Travel Time 23.00 minutes 100.0% V. Weak

Affordability of Transport 0.58 % 100.0% V. Strong

Length of Mass Transport Network 0.00 Km/1M Inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Road Safety (traffic fatalities) 3.73 #/100,000 inhab. 90.9% V. Strong

Use of Public Transport 3.00 % 0.0% V. Weak

Street Connectivity (82.5%)

Intersection Density 109.60 #/km2 100.0% V. Strong

Land Allocated to Streets 27.87 % 72.9% Strong

Street Density 15.21 Km/KM2 76.1% Strong

ା Table 3: Infrastructure Development Index (64.4%)

Based on the concept of the wheel of urban prosperity which

emphasises on balanced prosperity indicators: prosperity in

cities is more about balanced indicators than high and low

cpi scores. For the city of Riyadh to achieve good balance, it

needs to focus on raising up the indicators identified as weak

including population density, increase number of public libraries,

increase physician density in the health sector, increase average

broadband speed, promote usage of public transport, and the

completion of the Metro Railway system is expected to solve

the mass transport network aspect.

ା Figure 6: Infrastructure Development Indicators

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

A N A LY S I S O F T H E Q U A L I T Y O F L I F E I N D E X ( Q O L I )

A prosperous city is one that ensures that its inhabitants have

access to adequate basic services and amenities to improve their

wellbeing and happiness. Access to social services, education,

health, recreation, safety and security enable citizens to lead

a fulfilling life and to maximize their individual potentials for

the betterment of the society, economy, and environment. The

findings show that Riyadh has a quality of life index of 68.7%

and is rated as having a moderately good quality of life. The

good quality of life in Riyadh city can generally be attributed to

quality health care provision with a cpi score of 82.8%; the city

residents also enjoys good safety and security with a cpi score

of 92.6%. On the other hand education service provision in the

city is not good, it has a cpi score of 48%, likewise availability

of public spaces for recreation is also low with a cpi score of

51.7%. These weak indicators contribute to lower quality of

life in the city. Indicators that contribute to a high score in

health care provision in Riyadh include high life expectancy and

vaccination coverage. Likewise, the indicators that contribute

to good safety and security in the city include very low theft

rate and very low homicide rate. Although education provision

in the city is rated low due to other factors such a low rate of

early childhood education, low net enrolment rate in higher

education and average mean years of school; the literacy level

in the city is very high and it is actually one of the main sources

strength for the city.

The other area where the city is performing dismally (rated

as moderately weak) is the availability of public spaces; open

public spaces refer to natural green areas with plants, trees,

and grass for recreation, it should be available and accessible

to the public. Although the green area per capita in the city is very high, accessibility to these public spaces is very poor. People living in towns should have open public spaces within 400 meters from their residence, accessibility is defined this way. It is interesting to find out why the city has very high green area per capita and at the same time performs very poorly on accessibility to open public spaces.

The bar chart below applies the concept of wheel of urban

prosperity to highlight lack of balance among the indicators

of quality of life, the ideal situation is where the top of green

bars are more or less at the same level, then achieving higher

quality of life/prosperity in the city would mean working to raise

all indicators to maximum possible. The quality of life index

still requires more to be done to achieve the required balance

depicted by the round wheel of urban prosperity. To achieve

this balance the city needs to focus on improving access to open

public spaces for recreation and community cohesion, increase

access to early childhood education, increase enrolment in

higher education and do what is necessary to increase mean

years of schooling among its population.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Health (82.8%)

Life Expectancy at Birth 72.30 years 67.6% M. Strong

Eradicate Maternal Mortality - #/100,000 live births

- -

Eradicate Under-5 Mortality - #/1000 live births - -

Vaccination Coverage 98.00 % 98.0% Very Strong

Education (48.0%)

Early Childhood Education 13.00 % 13.0% V. Weak

Net Enrolment in Higher Education

33.99 % 34.0% Weak

Literacy Rate 93.38 % 92.3% V. Strong

Mean Years of Schooling 7.20 % 51.4% M. Weak

Safety and Security (92.6%)

Homicide Rate 3.01 #/100,000 inhab. 85.1% V. Strong

Theft Rate 14.92 #/100,000 inhab. 100.0% V. Strong

Public Space (51.7%) Green Area per Capita 12.25 m2 / inhabitant 81.6% V. Strong

Accessibility to Open Public Space 21.81 % 21.8% V. Weak

ା Table 4: Quality of Life Index (68.7%)

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

ା Figure 7: Quality of Life Indicators

A N A LY S I S O F E Q U I T Y A N D S O C I A L I N C L U S I O N I N D E X ( E S I )

Prosperous cities should ensure equitable distribution of the

benefits of prosperity among its people, ensure that as the city

moves to a greater height in the prosperity ladder it moves

with all its people and that no segment of the city population

is left languishing in poverty and deprivation. Statistics below

indicates that the city of Riyadh is generally a very inclusive

and equitable city with a ESI score of 84.9%. This is attributed

to high, economic, social and gender inclusion, the city has

successfully and significantly reduced the rate of poverty to

0%, the proportion of slum households is at 0.24% and youth

unemployment to 6.9%. The city of Riyadh has considerable

achievements in gender inclusion especially in terms equitable

secondary school enrollment (99%) and proportion of women in

local government (70.1%). However, there is a need to increase

the number of women in the workforce to further strengthen

the element of gender inclusion.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Inclusion (100%)

Poverty Rate 0.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Social Inclusion (88.7%)

Slum Households 0.24 % 99.7% V. Strong

Youth Unemployment 6.93 % 77.8% Strong

Gender Inclusion (66.0%)

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment 1.01 0 - ∞ 99.0% V. Strong

Women in local government 35.05 % 70.1% Strong

Women in the workforce 14.51 % 29.0% V. Weak

ା Table 5: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (84.9%)

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

The stacked bar chart below is a good illustration of the

achievements the city has made to have a nearly balanced

set of indicators of equity and social inclusion, as mentioned

earlier, prosperity is more about striking a good balance of all

the indicators. For the city to achieve this objective, it needs

to maintain all the indicators in the high position and work

towards increasing the number of women in the workforce.

ା Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators

A N A LY S I S O F T H E E N V I R O N M E N TA L S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y I N D E X ( E S I )

Prosperous cities ensure that as they grow and develop

economically the city environment is not destroyed or degraded

but remains healthy and liveable; the city’s natural assets are

preserved for the sake of the future generation. The findings

in the table below show that Riyadh city, like all other cities

in the Kingdom, generally performs poorly on environmental

sustainability, especially the complete lack of renewable sources

of energy, this is explained by complete reliance on fossil fuel

as the main source of energy. The other challenge the city is

facing is recycling of solid waste; although the waste collection

is very well managed and solid waste collection is almost 100%, only 15% of the collected solid wastes are recycled. This is counterproductive since the solid waste will eventually form

landfills and results into environmental pollution.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Water and Energy (0%)

Share of renewable energy consumption 0.00 ug/m3 0.00 V. Weak

Waste Management (64%)

Solid Waste Collection 100.00 % 100.00 V. Strong

Solid waste recycling share 15.00 % 30.00 V. Weak

Waste water treatment 62.00 % 62.00 M. Strong

ା Table 6: Environmental Sustainability Index (32.0%)

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

The analysis did not capture certain key aspects of environmental

sustainability due to data availability, hover based on the

available data on the four environmental indicators below,

the city of Riyadh need to invest on solid waste recycling and

increase the amount of waste water treated. There is also the

possibility of adopting the use of renewable sources of energy

such as wind and solar which are available in abundance.

ା Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators

A N A LY S I S O F T H E G O V E R N A N C E A N D L E G I S L AT I O N I N D E X ( G L I )

Good urban governance and legislation help in the management

of the city affairs, people, and finances. The growth of all

the other five dimensions of prosperity depends on how the

city is governed and the type of legislations that are in place.

Prosperous cities have good governance and appropriate

legislation, although there was no sufficient data for an in-depth

analysis on this dimension, there are scanty data indicating

that civic participation in governance has increased.

Today the number of civic associations in Riyadh has reached

1.5 per 10,000 persons. Access to public information has

increased and some amount of information is now available to

the public through the websites managed by city authorities.

According to recent data published by the High Commission

for the Development of Ar Riyadh, public satisfaction rate in

the city is 96%. Source: General Commission for Tourism & Antiquities

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

STRENGTH WEAKNESSES

1. Good economic growth fundamentals such as high economic productivity, high household income, low old age dependency ratio.

2. High literacy rate: the youth and women have untapped potential to contribute allot to economic growth. There is allot of unutilised skilled manpower (human capital), especially among women.

3. There are good safety and security and political stability which provide a conducive environment for growth and development.

4. There is good healthcare provision in the city: a healthy population is productive, happy and peaceful.

1. Low economic density- possibly due to many undeveloped lands: re-examine and establish the need for increased densification of economic or commercial activities within the commercial, industrial and even residential areas in the city.

2. Use of public transport is very low and there is over- dependence on private cars for transport even for short distances, not good for the environment and lack of physical activity is not good for health.

3. Low average bandwidth speed where there is high internet access and ownership of home computers result in discouraging internet usage.

4. Generally, housing infrastructure is good but there is a problem with access to sanitation facilities such as access to the sewerage system.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

1. High green area per capita and low accessibility mean that there are allot of green area that can be made accessible to the public.

2. This is the time to begin implementing programmes to promote the use of public transport system before the completion of Metro Train System.

3. High street intersection density and street density which should encourage alternative means of transport such as walking and cycling especially early morning and evening.

4. High internet access and ownership of home computers is a good opportunity to increase bandwidth and encourage more usage.

5. High productivity, good economic fundamentals, good safety & security and political stability in the city provide a conducive environment for attracting foreign investments.

1. High investment is required to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population.

2. There are other factors affecting the already low usage of public transport such as cultural and extreme temperature unless they are appropriately addressed they may affect the usage of the Metro Train system as a public transport system when it is completed.

ା Table 7: CPI based SWOT Analysis

T H

E C

IT Y

P R

O S

P E

R IT

Y I

N D

E X

( C

P I)

A S

S E

S S

M E

N T

S W O T A N A LY S I S B A S E D O N C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X

This section attempts to use the analysis and the findings of the CPI to identify areas of Strength, Weaknesses or challenges,

Opportunities for growth and possible Threats that the city may have so that appropriate recommendations and action plans

can be considered.

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

A B O U T U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

Urban Observatories is a global network with the following tiers: Global Urban Observatory (GUO) –Regional Urban Observatories (RUO) National Urban Observatories (NUO) Local Urban Observatories (LUO) (city level). NUOs are national platforms for policy information the country level, coordinated by GUO. LUOs are local platforms for policy information at the city level, coordinated by National Urban Observatories.

The following are the main roles of Local Urban Observatories: Develop tools, collect and analyze their own urban indicators to monitor a range of local priority issues – e.g. social development, economic performance, service delivery; Establish permanent mechanisms for monitoring MDGs and Urban Development Indicators; Promote the use of urban data in planning and policy- making at local and national level; Disseminate information to strengthen transparency; Create a network of data management and flow from the sources and to the consumers; Help create or catalyse new partnerships between (National Statistical Office and local authority, Different municipal departments, Citizens and local authority); Establish strong links with local policy making processes.

According to a rapid survey conducted by UN-Habitat-KSA in June 2015 targeting 17 LUO/cities, it was found that only 15 LUOs exist. The findings showed that 88% of Local Urban Observatories are under Municipal Departments while 12% are under Authority Development. It also revealed that 71% of the Local Urban Observatories are Active while the operations of 23% are suspended due to staff/contractual arrangements. In terms of connections with the GIS departments, 59% of the LUOs have connections with the GIS department while 18% do not. The findings showed that 71% of the LUOs have GIS data

while 6% do not have.

R I YA D H L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y

The Riyadh Local Urban Observatory as a department within the Arriyadh Development Authority.

Riyadh Urban Observatory was established in 2013 as

an independent and specialized authority that works in

collaboration with both public and private sectors as well as

the local community to develop a framework for indicators

that expresses interests of the population within the urban

development process and identifies development priorities.

The observatory main mission is to collect, study and analyse

data and information related to the indicators to find out

strengths, weaknesses and development opportunities for

the city of Riyadh.

S T R U C T U R E O F T H E L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y

The High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh acts as the head of Riyadh Urban Observatory under the presidency of HRH Chairman of the Commission. Accordingly, the Commission approves its regular reports and Urban Indicators issued by the Observatory. The commission also defines the mechanisms of development strategies, policies, evaluation, and follow-up, in addition to the general tendencies of the Observatory. Riyadh –LUO has a total of 13 employees, all are Saudi nationals. Out of the 13 employees, six are Governmental staff and are governmental consultants. Riyadh LUO has passed 1 rounds and now working in the 2nd round of producing

urban indicators.

N U M B E R O F I N D I C AT O R S P R O D U C E D B Y T H E L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y

Riyadh LUO has produced one round of urban indicators and now working on the second, in total they have produced 82 urban indicators. This makes Riyadh-LUO the 10th best performing LUO after Makkah with 300 urban indicators, the other are Taif (221), Abha (140), Skaka (137), Damman (134), Jeddah (125), Madinah (113), Buraudah (99) Jizan (88). In addition to producing urban indicators, by June 2015, Riyadh- LUO had produced a total of 26 CPI indicators, this is according to a rapid survey conducted by UN-Habitat-KSA. Since then Riyadh-Luo has produced 53 CPI indicators out of the possible 72 indicators including demographic making it the sixth best performing LUO. The CPI database has been used by UN- Habitat-KSA in the production of CPI Brochure for the City of Riyadh as one of the 17 selected cities in the Kingdom. Riyadh-LUO has also conducted a survey for producing spatial indicators of the city of Riyadh.

L O

C A

L U

R B

A N

O B

S E

R V

A T

O R

IE S

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

19 L

O C

A L

U R

B A

N O

B S

E R

V A

T O

R IE

ା F

ig u

re 1

0 :

O rg

a n

iz a

ti o

n C

h a

rt o

f th

e L

o -

c a

l U

rb a

n O

b se

rv a

to ry

ା S

o u

rc e

: C

o u

n c

il o

f U

rb a

n O

b se

rv a

to ry

rr iy

a d

h D

e v

e lo

p m

e n

t A

u th

o ri

ty )

R I YA D H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

R E

F E

R E

N C

E S

R E F E R E N C E S

• A. A. AlKhedheiri (2002) The Role of Secondary Cities in

the National Development Process of the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia.

• A. Al-Otaibi (2004) The Aspiration for Housing in Jeddah

Saudi Arabia. The university of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,

Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2004.

• Abdul Salam et al (2014) Population Distribution and

Household Condition in Saudi Arabia: Reflection from 2010

Census, Springer Plus 2014, 3:530.

• A. A. Abou-Korin & F. S. Al-Shihri (2015) Rapid Urbanization

and Sustainability in Saudi Arabia: The Case of Dammam

Metropolitan Area. Journal of Sustainable Development;

Vol. 8, No. 9; 2015 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071.

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

• A. A. Salam (2013) Population and Household Census,

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2010: Facts and Figures. Center

for Population Studies King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi

Arabia. International Journal of Humanities and Social

Science Vol. 3 No. 16, August 2013.

• High Commission for the Development of Riyadh (2015):

ArRiyadh Urban Indicator 2013, http://www.arriyadh.com/

openshare/ar/Photos/----------/En-3-Big.jpg.

• I. E. Ascoura (2013) Impact of Pilgrimage (Hajj) on the Urban

Growth of the Mecca. Journal of Educational and Social

Research Vol. 3 (2) May 2013. ISSN 2239-978X

• J. Gamboa (2008), City Expanding to the Desert Horizon:

Riyadh’s problem of explosive growth and urban sprawl,

Geography 554

• R Rantala and F Al Mazroa (2011): Intersectoral Action in

Abha City, Saudi Arabia – A Healthy City Tackling NCDs.

World Health Organization Centre for Health Development,

Kobe, Japan and Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority (2014): Riyadh

Region Economic Report 1434-1435-2014.

• UN-Habitat (2012) The State of Arab Cities 2012: Challenges

of Urban Transition, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme, Nairobi.

• UN-Habitat (2013) The State of the World Cities 2012/2013:

Prosperity of Cities, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme, Nairobi.

• UN-Habitat (unpublished) MEASUREMENT OF CITY

PROSPERITY: Methodology and Metadata.

• UNICEF and WHO (2013) IMMUNIZATION SUMMARY:

A statistical reference containing data through 2011. The

2013 Edition.

• Y. H. Yassin (2010) The UN-Support to the National Spatial

Strategy and Urban Planning Efforts of Saudi Arabia UNDP

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• UN-Habitat NATIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS: Lessons

Learnt from International Experiences

• Dar Al Sahan (1995) Urban Development in Saudi Arabia:

Challenges and Opportunities. ISBN 9960-9054-0-3

A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D

2016