Point Source pollution into water

Who//What population of humans is at risk?

Small Children

(Breton et al., 2017)

Poverty stricken communities

(Wang et al., 2016)

Uneducated and poor

(Breton et al., 2017)

Where is at risk?

Coastal bathing waters.

(Ma et al., 2020)

Factories and sewage treatments plants.

(Wang et al., 2021)

Polluted well water

(Qiu et al., 2020)

What is the environmental hazard of concern?

Toxic chemicals and heavy metals

(Li et al., 2018)

Oxygen depleting nutrients

(Li et al., 2018)

Unsafe drinking water

(Qiu et al., 2020)

Where does the hazard originate?

Oil refineries

(Cape et al., 2011)

Automobile and electronics manufacturers

(Cape et al., 2011)

Paper and pulp mills

(Cape et al., 2011)

What are the pathways for exposure to the hazard?

(Pathway=how does it get to the human?)

Drinking water

(Qiu et al., 2020)

Swimming in polluted water

(ZHOU et al., 2021)

Fishing

(ZHOU et al., 2021)

What are the routes of exposure to the hazard?

(Route=how does it get inside the body?)

Consumption of polluted water

(Wang et al., 2021)

Ingestion of food with toxins

(Wang et al., 2021)

Breathing polluted air

(Cape et al., 2011)

What happens to the body when contact with the hazard occurs?

Abdominal cramps

(National et al., 2013)

Nausea and vomiting

(National et al., 2013)

Dehydration

(National et al., 2013)

What are the human health effects of hazard exposure?

Contraction of Cholera

(Wang et al., 2021)

Typhoid fever

(Wang et al., 2021)

Death

(Wang et al., 2021)

How long does it take for the hazard to be toxic?

24-48 hours

(Wang et al., 2021)

Three to four days after eating

(Wang et al., 2021)

Sometimes up to ten days

(Wang et al., 2021)

Does toxicity from the hazard matter across life stages?

Yes