write a 3–4 more page paper to be added to existing applied research project

EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP SYTYLES ON DECISION MAKING PROCES S

Richard Hairston

GM 599-01 Applied Research Project

4/30/2018

Professor

Craig McCoy

Introduction

Leadership involves influencing other people to achieve organization goals. Nowadays the leadership styles and management practices adopted by any organization’s leaders has been paramount in determining the direction of the organization and influencing the success factors of the organization. Leadership is one of the key determinants of the success level of any organization. It therefore plays an essential role at the heart of the decision-making process influencing the styles applied and the effectiveness of the process. The manner and approach used in providing directions, delegating roles, implementing decisions and motivating staff influence the organization’s culture and affect the performance of the organizations.

The impact of the styles of leadership is felt both in small and large organizations. The level of participation and involvement of employees and other important stakeholders influences the results achieved in the organization and defines the direction of the particular organization towards its objectives.

Leaders are responsible for making decisions in the organization. They should do this under organized structures and process that are defined and laid out. The process adopted and structuring of the process of decision making impacts customer satisfaction, execution and the general effectiveness of the organization. Management should decide on what levels decision making takes place, how much input from other stakeholders is required and lay out a concrete roll out and implementation plan that defines the timelines and level of employee participation (Karina Nielsen, 2011). It is therefore important to carry out research linking leadership and organization management

The purpose of this research therefore is to investigate various leadership styles that may have a negative effect on the decision-making process within educational organizations. This research will add on to previous research focusing on management practices and their impact on organization but will provide a unique perspective by examining how impacts of styles of leadership trickles down to the employees influencing the execution process of a decision and generating measurable impacts on the recipients of the decision, in this case, the students.

Statement of the problem

Many schools lack effective leadership training in decision-making l eading to poor institution management, success, and productivity. This research focusses on a school setting by comparing the management and leadership styles adopted and determining the success by focusing on the success indicators such as performance, employees’ satisfaction and discipline of the students. Great schools do not exist apart from great leaders. Many schools and education facilities face challenges of settling on the best administrative structures, bureaucratic systems and determining the appropriate levels of leniency and strictness in engagements with staff and students all the same. The complex nature of a school setting that facilitates close daily interaction between the business, its leaders, employees and clients (students) calls for the need of a system of leadership and decision making that caters for all involved stakeholders while taking into consideration the diverse and dynamic characteristics of the decision recipients.

Research in this area of study has been conducted focusing on the correlation that exists between different school variables and the performance of these institutions (Hanushek, 1997). Among these variables are recourses, teacher qualifications, diversity, racial tolerance and parental contribution (Melvin V.Borland, 1992) (Erick, 1981) (Darrow, 2003). These reports have established the importance of assessing these variables together as alone, they barely amount to an influence over the institution. However, the case of leadership is quite different. The relationship between a principal, the teachers is a heavy determinant on its own and has even more significance and influence on the school’s performance when assessed in conjunction with the trickle-down impact of the relationship between the staff(teachers) and students (Price, 2011). These relationships are determined by the management styles applied, whether democratic, inclusive, dictatorial, overly bureaucratic etc. (Garyl Yukl, 2009).

Intended Audience

This research will be of great help to prospective organization leaders; particularly, those involved in educational institutions who seek practical guidance in determining the level of leadership, structuring, hierarchy establishments and delegation levels to use in their organizations in order to adopt a work culture that is not too soft to allow misdemeanor and yet is not too bureaucratic to create fear and suppress or inhibit employee and other stakeholder’s contributions. It will help define relationships between leadership and various stakeholders while defining limits and codes of engagement which should be established to govern engagements and avoid overstepping beyond mandated levels (Kark, 2012). This research would find audience among both leaders and employees in all organization types as the general concepts and findings underlined by this research have a broader scope of application and can be adopted to any organization seeking to use the recommendations and suggestions of this research to evaluate its leadership and influence necessary changes.

Value to the audience

The reader of this research is bound to benefit from the widely researched empirical results that this research will arrived at. One will be able to access practical approaches where effective organizational leadership styles has been used to solve organization problems leading to desired outcomes. Besides this, this research shall instill in the reader great knowledge of organizational structures and levels of leadership, expound on their appropriateness and reveal as experienced by the researcher first-hand, the appropriateness of each management leadership style contingent to the different environments and needs of the organization. A reader is able to acquire some of the most important leadership qualities and management guidelines which will make him/her suitable to manage an actual organization.

Summar y

Leadership is essential determinant of success for any organization. It is a component that acquires different forms depending on the uniqueness and the needs of the organization. It heavily affects the relationships that exist between different levels of employees in an organization and influences policy making and implementation process. (Chowdhury, 2014). It is paramount that an organization seeking success should adopt a style that is reflective of its needs and desired objectives of the organization (Suleman Sabir, 2011).

The research will indulge further on an analysis of existing literature covering the area of research and the specific problem inquiry linking leadership style, decision making and organization performance. This will be helpful in acquiring a better perspective of previous research done in the particular area of research covering different target audience and help one establish a basis and guide to data collection and analysis procedures. This will be achieved by undertaking a meta-analysis methodology which outlines different managerial and leadership challenges which are experienced by different organizations as well as different approaches which have been used by organizations to achieve their desired objectives.

Meta-analysis Methodology

The following meta-analysis methodology provides a qualitative analysis of different resources that have used first-hand data or data derived from other sources so as to develop a list if various hypotheses which are related to the main topic of research. Most importantly, it gets to examine the history of leadership styles and how it has been used in the corporate world over the past decades, its trends, and the effect it has on organization success or failure. The selection of different resources and generation of this methodology was based on thematic meta-synthesis. This was conducted by searching for articles with the keywords “leadership styles,” “educational leadership,” and “school management and leadership.” Even though each of the used resources has conducted different researchers, only the relevant and useful information has been used for this study to ensure that the research does not deviate from its intended purpose (Cobb, (2002).

Basic fundamental information concerning the history of organizational leadership, theories of leadership, and importance of corporate leadership and management was provided by the articles A study on the impact of leadership styles on employee motivation and commitment by Chowdhury and Workplace Intimacy in Leader-Follower Relationships by Kark. According to these articles, there are different types of employee motivation which can be used to enhance employee commitment in different workplaces. One of these methods is through employee retention in the corporate sector (Chowdhury, 2014). This is considered important because giving employees a sense of job security works a long way in developing their trust for the organization which earns a competitive advantage in the respective industry. Even though these resources focus on specific organizations, it was evident that the same leadership concepts and approaches apply to leadership in schools.

Having an overview of the general corporate world is important so as to depict possible differences between corporate leadership and leadership in a school. However, the difference between the management and leadership styles used in these two levels is negligible. The success of the educational processes is dependent on the role played by the school administrators. As such, resources which have addressed leadership in educational institutions have been analyzed. This has also been another area of focus so as to establish the most desirable behavior for school administrators. The various selected articles have addressed this issue differently. However, only those that have provided adequate, research-oriented, and evidence-based research have been selected for this analysis. According to Melvin and Roy, most administrators find it challenging to satisfy the large educational markets which lead to the decline of students’ academic performances. This is one of the resources which offer adequate information which can be used in evaluating the challenges which are experienced in managing different components of the school; in this case, maximization of educational utility and at the same time improving academic performances.

This research has been intensified by Hanushek in the article Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance which investigates the relationship between school resources and students performance. This article provides an evidence-based research of past research which has been conducted by other researchers. About 400 research of student achievement shows that the relationship between student performance and school resources is inconsistent (Hanushek, 1997). Another evidence-based research was conducted by Gooding and Yinger concerning the case of schools which cater for students with disabilities. This article was informed by 20 different articles which addressed issues which concerned trends in educational practices for disabled students who were receiving training in the string classroom. There was still need for more research to inform this study however the limited experimental research which mostly relied on experts’ information, was adequate to inform this research .

References

CHOWDHURY, R. G. (2014). A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND COMMITMENT:. Navi Mumbai. Retrieved from http://www.dypatil.edu/schools/management/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-study-of-the-Impact-of-Leadership-Styles-on-Employee-Motivation-and-Commitment-An-empirical-study-of-selected-organisations-in-Corporate-sector-Rima-Chowdhury.pdf

Cobb, A. K. (2002). Qualitative Research: What Does It Have to Offer to the Gerontologist? The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 57(04), 197-202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.4.M197

Darrow, A.-A. (2003). Dealing with diversity: The inclusion of students with disabilities in music. Sempre, 21(01), 45-57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X030210010401

Erick, H. (1981). Throwing money at schools. Journal of Political Analysis and Management. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3324107

Garyl Yukl, M. O. (2009). Influence of leader behaviors on the leader‐member exchange relationship. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(04), 289-299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910952697

Hanushek, E. A. (1997). Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update. American Education Research Association Journal, 141-164. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737019002141

Karina Nielsen, R. R. (2011). The importance of employee participation and perceptions of changes in procedures in a teamworking intervention. Work and Stress, 91–111. doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.682721

Kark, R. (2012). Workplace Intimacy in Leader-Follower Relationships. Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship, 10(1093), 423-438. doi:9780199734610.013.0032

Melvin V.Borland, & Roy. M. (1992). Student academic achievement and the degree of market concentration in education. Economics of Education Review, 11(01), 31-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(92)90019-Y

Price, H. E. (2011). Principal–Teacher Interactions - How Affective Relationships Shape Principal and Teacher Attitudes. UCEA, 48(01), 39-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X11417126

Suleman Sabir, M. A. (2011). Impact of leadership style on Organization commitment . Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 03(02), 145-152.

Williams, C. (2007). Research Methods. Journal of Business & Economic Research, 05(03), 65-69. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/RANJI%20MAN/Downloads/2532-Article%20Text-10126-1-10-20110207%20(1).pdf

GM599: Applied Research Project — Meta-Analysis Methodology
Item criteria Areas to be evaluated	Points Possible	Points Earned
Title Page Created a unique title for the paper that captures the essence of the organizational problem.	2	1
Introduction · Described the objective or purpose in writing your applied research project. · Informed the reader on the logical flow of your paper. · Set the stage in how this applied research project will advance understanding of the investigation of a real-world organizational problem.	8	6
Statement of the Problem · Stated the nature of the problem clearly and succinctly. · Generalized the problem that is common in a wide range of organizational settings. Assessed the distinction between symptoms/issues and what is truly the underlying problem. · Convinced the reader of your paper on the development of a formal and comprehensive plan to advance the applied research project.	14	12
Intended audience · Identified and described what person or group would be interested, receptive, and motivated in reading the applied research project.	5	5
Value to the Audience · Informed the reader how the applied research project will advance greater understanding of the organizational problem. Identified and described key lessons the reader of this paper can take away.	5	4
Meta-Analysis Methodology · Described the value of using a meta-analysis research approach. · Identified features and benefits of meta-analysis. · Described specific elements that a qualitative approach can achieve (insights from “Applied Organizational Research: Arguments for a Holistic Ontological Approach” article, pp. 1–15). · Assessed how a systematic methodology procedure defines a scope of the project to achieve desired outcomes.	28	25
Summary · Summarized key points. · Connected back to the nature of the problem and convinced the reader that the investigation of the problem is moving forward. · Described how an iterative approach advances project improvements. · Identified the components coming up in the next steps in the research process.	8	6
Reference Page · Cite relevant course reading sources. · Cite at least two other peer-reviewed journal articles outside your course materials that support the investigation of the problem. · Include citation and reference page per APA 6th edition.	6	6
Paper Length: Writing the meta-analysis methodology section will add 2 pages (600 words), double spaced, not including the title page and reference page.	4	4
Writing Style: Appearance, spelling, grammar, originality, organization, clarity, and APA 6th edition format and style.	20	18
LATE Paper Deduction	-X
Total Points	100	87

Comments:

Richard,

The focus of this iteration of the Applied Research Project is on describing the Meta-Analysis methodology. All research endeavors need to follow an accepted and credible research approach.

Please review my track change edits and comments within your paper as you continue to refine and enhance your previous sub heading section as you add new components in the research process. In Unit 3 you will be adding a section called - - Brief Review of the Literature.

Prof. McCoy

You earned 87 out of 100 points (87%)

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Please continue to work on a refinement of the title that captures the essence of the problem that will be investigated

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Richard, here are some edits that I've inserted to frame the purpose of the research to investigate an organizational problem.

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Yes, now the purpose in writing the applied research project aligns with this verbiage that articulates the statement of the problem.

Thank you for reading and responding to my previous comments inserted into your unit 1 paper. I can see a nice enhancement here.

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Indeed, many organizational leaders within educational institutions would be very interested in reading your applied research project.

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Again, a reminder that the summary subheading section is the final component in the paper.

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Please make the adjustment that meta-analysis methodology is a section that needs to be inserted immediately after the section-- value to the audience. Then, the summary section is the final component.

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Okay… But the actual searching for articles in the collection of data, and the analysis of data is what will be forthcoming in the upcoming unit 3 new sub heading section called--- a brief review of the literature.

This section on meta-analysis methodology, needs to strictly focus on the features and benefits of this methodology that allows you, as the researcher, to gather data.

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Much of this information is going to find a better home in the upcoming unit 3 subheading section called--- a brief review of the literature. Please move at their in the coming days as you work on this new component.

However, there is still room for improvement in the subheading section on meta-analysis methodology. In particular you could bring in some key insights from the unit 2 reading resources. Bring in some insights from Swanson and Holton in which you advance the features and benefits of utilizing a meta-analysis methodology. Again, this section should simply be a way to inform the reader on how this methodology is appropriate for your own applied research project. Again, the basic quality of meta-analysis is that it will allow you, as the researcher, to gather relevant and credible data from the existing body of literature.

Thank you for making this change and I'll be watching for this type of improvement in your upcoming unit 3 version of the paper.