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Conducted by: Offered to :

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2019-2020

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Assistant professor of Civil Eng.

Department of Engineering Management

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

Undergraduate Students –Senior Level.

Engineering Management Department.

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

2nd semester- Year 2019-2020.

EM 306 : Soil Mechanics and Foundations

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mailto:[email protected]

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TENTATIVE WEEKLY COURSE SCHEDULE WEEK UNIT/ TOPIC

Number of Contact

hours

1 Introduction 5

2 Soil Formation 5

3 Engineering Properties of Soil 5

4 Soil Exploration 5

5 Soil Compaction 5

6 Water in Soil 5

7 Stress in soils 5

8-9 Consolidation of soil 5

10-11 Shear Strength of soil 10

12-13 Bearing Capacity and Shallow Foundations 10

14 Deep Foundations 5

15 Lateral Earth Pressure & Retaining Structures As Scheduled

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SOIL CLASSIFICATION & SOIL EXPLORATION

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INTRODUCTION

•

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GENERAL TYPES OF SOIL

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• Soil Colour, and bulky shape.

• Soil Textural Class [Grain size].

• Density of Soil [bulk, dry, saturated,

Submerged].

• Pore Space [water content, void ratio,

degree of saturation, porosity].

• Soil Consistence [Atterberg Limits].

PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Physical properties Chemical properties

Engineering properties

(Mechanical properties)

• Soil Strength (stresses at failure).

• Soil deformation (settlement).

• Soil water behavior and its effect

in soil mass.

• Soil Structure [Composition].

• Minerals

• chemical analysis

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PHASES SYSTEM OF SOILS

•

Voids (air or

water)

Solid Particles

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SOIL GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

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Classification

Test

Soil

Type

Atterberg Limits

Hydrometer Analysis

Sieve Analysis

Classification of Soil

Non-Cohesive soil Cohesive soil

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Example .1

Sieve number 4 10 20 40 60 100 200 Pan

Sieve diameter

(mm)

4.75 2.0 0.85 0.425 0.250 0.150 0.075 Pan

Weight retained

(gm)

28 42 48 128 221 86 40 24

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Step (1): Determine finer percentage % :

Sieve

No.

Opening

Mass

retained

% Retained

on each sieve

(R%)

∑

%Retained

% Pass

4 4.75 28 4.54 4.54 95.5

10 2.00 42 6.81 11.35 88.7

20 0.85 48 7.78 19.13 80.9

40 0.425 128 20.74 39.87 60.1

60 0.250 221 35.81 75.68 24.3

100 0.15 86 13.94 89.62 10.4

200 0.075 40 6.49 96.11 3.9

pan - 24 3.89 100 0

Total mass (m) = 617 gm 100%

Solution: 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Check !

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Step (2): Draw Grain Size Distribution Curve:

•

Solution:

Semi Log Scale Paper

95.5 88.7

80.9

60.1

24.3

10.4 3.9

100

0.01 0.1 1 10

P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

Grain Size Distribution

% Pass

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100

0.01 0.1 1 10

P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

% Pass

D10 = 0.16mm Ans.

Step (3): Obtain D10 , D30 , D60 :

Solution:

D30 = 0.28mm Ans.

D60 = 0.42mm Ans.

D10

D30

D60

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Solution:

Step (4): Calculate Cu, and CC:

CU = 𝐃 𝟔𝟎

𝐃 𝟏𝟎

CC = 𝐃 𝟑𝟎 𝟐

𝐃 𝟔𝟎 . 𝐃𝟏𝟎

= 0.42/0.16 = 2.625

= 1.167

= 0.282/(0.42*0.16)

• Uniformity coefficient (Cu);

• Coefficient of gradation (CC );

 Poorly Graded Course Grained Soil (GP or SP) ??

D10 = 0.16 mm

D30 = 0.28 mm

D60 = 0.42 mm

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100

0.01 0.1 1 10 P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

% Pass

Step (5): Percentages of different Components

Solution:

sand

Clay+ silt

- Form grading curve:- • % Fines (% Clay + % Silt)

[0- 0.075 mm] = 3.9%

• % Sand

[0.075-4.75 mm] = 88.7 – 3.9

= 84.8%

• % Gravel

[4.75- 75 mm] = 100 – 88.7 = 11.3%

Gravel

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Step (5): Percentages of different Components

Solution:

- Form grading Table:- • % Fines (% Clay + % Silt)

[0- 0.075 mm] = 3.9%

• % Sand

[0.075-4.75 mm] = 88.7 – 3.9

= 84.8%

• % Gravel

[4.75- 75 mm] = 100 – 84.8 - 3.9 = 11.3%

Sand

Clay

Gravel

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•

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE:

•

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CONSISTENCY LIMITS

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Test No. Tin weight (gm) Tin + wet soil (gm) Tin + dry soil (gm) No. of blows

1 23.68 40.86 34.68 13

2 22.93 42.62 35.78 20

3 26.27 38.02 34.27 47

• Plastic limit test:

Test No. Tin weight (gm) Tin + wet soil (gm) Tin + dry soil (gm)

1 25.34 32.17 31.01

2 24.83 30.48 29.51

• Liquid limit test (Casagrande Apparatus):

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Example .2

0 10 20 30 40 50

W a

te r

C o n

te n

t %

Number of Blow

Wc%

Test W1 W2 W3 Wc% No of blows Log N

1 23.68 40.86 34.68 56.18 13 1.11

2 22.93 42.62 35.78 53.22 20 1.30

3 26.27 38.02 34.27 46.88 47 1.67

Solution:

Step (1): Find Liquid limit (L.L):

You can draw on a semi log scale.

Or on a normal scale.

25 Below

Or, Log 25 = 1.4corresponding to N = 25 blows

Wc = LL = 51.60% Ans.

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Test W1 W2 W3 Wc%

1 25.34 32.17 31.01 20.46

2 24.83 30.48 29.51 20.73

PL = 𝐖𝐜𝟏+𝐖𝐜𝟐

𝟐

Pl = 𝟐𝟎.𝟒𝟔+𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝟑

𝟐 = 20.60%

Step (2): Find Plastic limit (P.L):

Solution:

Step (3): Find Shrinkage limit (S.L):

SL = γ𝒘

γ𝒅 −

𝟏

𝐆𝐬 =

𝐞

𝐆𝐬

Sl = 𝟎.𝟕𝟗

𝟐.𝟔𝟓 = 29.80%

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Solution

PI = LL - PL

Ic = 𝐋𝐋 −𝐖𝐜

𝐋𝐋 −𝐏𝐋

IL = 𝐖𝐜 −𝐏𝐋

𝐋𝐋 −𝐏𝐋

In organic Clays of highly Plasticity (CH)

= 51.60 - 20.60 = 31% Ans.

= 𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟑𝟓.𝟔𝟕

𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔 = 0.5138 Ans.

= 𝟑𝟓.𝟔𝟕 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔𝟎

𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔𝟎 = 0.486 Ans.

Step (4): Find consistency indices

Plasticity index:

Consistency index:

Liquidity index:

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• Burmister (1949)

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Summary of Soil Classification

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Percentages of Components:

Classification using USCS

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Example 3

Sieve opening (m) 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.075

Weight retained (gm) 11.8 9.43 103.62 42.05 66.33 8.56 8.3

Size (mm) 0.06 0.052 0.043 0.023 0.014 0.0064 0.0027

% Finer 99.0 93.7 91.0 89.5 80.6 55.4 24.33

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Solution:

Sieve opening

(mm)

Weight Retained

(gm)

Total Weight

Retained (gm) % Retained % Pass

5 11.8 11.8 1.3 98.7

2 9.43 21.23 2.4 97.6

1 103.62 124.85 13.9 86.1

0.5 42.05 166.9 18.5 81.5

0.2 66.33 233.23 25.9 74.1

0.1 8.56 241.79 26.9 73.1

0.075 8.3 250 27.8 72.2

% Pcorr. = %P * 𝐖𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬

𝐖𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = %P *

𝟔𝟓𝟎

𝟗𝟎𝟎

Diam. (mm) 0.06 0.052 0.043 0.023 0.014 0.0064 0.0027 0.0013

% Pass 99.0 93.7 91.0 89.5 80.6 55.4 24.33 6.4

% Pcorr. 71.5 67.7 65.6 64.6 58.2 40.0 17.57 4.62

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Solution:

MIT Classification

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SOIL EXPLORATION

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Example 4

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❑



❑



Solution:

For square footing with a design

pressure between 50-450 kN/m2

Reminder

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Number of Borings

❑ Approximate spacing

requirements of Boreholes

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❑ Method 2:

𝑵 = 𝑵′ × ( Τ𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝟎) Τ𝟏 𝟐

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (S.P.T)

❑

❑ Method 1:

𝑪𝑵 = 𝟎.𝟕𝟕𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓

𝒑𝟎 𝒑𝟎in kN/m

𝟐

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Example 5

CN = 0.77 log10 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓

𝑷𝟎

N = N’ * (100/p0) 1/2

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SOLUTION

❑Using Method (1):

𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓

𝐏𝟎

❑

❑Using Method (2):

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❑

RESULTS OF STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

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❑

EXAMPLE 6

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SOLUTION

( ) ( ) 

( ) ( ) ( )

N/m94.8233

0920

18400920

mN5023

 

  

 +



 =

+ =

... π

. c

/dh/dπ

T c

Reminder

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❑ 

❑

SOLUTION

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RECIPE FOR SUCCESS,

As long as you live, Just Keep

L e a r n i n g …

References • Das, B., M. (2014), “ Principles of geotechnical Engineering ” Eighth Edition, CENGAGE Learning, ISBN-

13: 978-1-133-10867-2.

• Knappett, J. A. and Craig R. F. (2012), “ Craig’s Soil Mechanics” Eighth Edition, Spon Press, ISBN: 978-0-

415-56125-9.

• Orabi, A. (2015),Soil Mechanics, “Introduction &Properties of Soil lecture notes”, International university of

sciences and technology.

• Terzaghi, K. (1936) "Stress Distribution in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door",

Proceedings. First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, pp. 307-311.

• Terzaghi, K. (1943). “Theoretical Soil Mechanics”. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Meyerhof, G. G. (1951). “The Bearing Capacity of Foundations”. In Géotechnique, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-

332.

• Radwan, A. (2013), “fundamentals of Soil Mechanics”. Helwan university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• El-Kadi, F. (2002), “Principles of Soil Mechanics”. Ain shams university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• Vesic, A. S. (1975). Principle of pile foundation design. Soil Mechanics Series No 38, School of

Engineering, Duke University.

• Joseph E. Bowels, (1999), "Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils"; McGraw Hill Book.

• Cheng Liu and Jack B. Evett, Soils and Foundations, 8th Edition; 2013.

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• Presentation of the theories and principles of soil mechanics

and foundation engineering.

• Explore the equipment's and instrumentations used for in-situ

and laboratory testing of soil.

• Outline the design standards of different types of foundation,

soil support systems according to several international codes.

• Provide sufficient field case studies and solved examples so that

students can make judgements as to the credibility of results

that they may obtain, or review, in the future.

Soil is a complex multiphase material. A sound understanding of

the fundamental principles and design applications of soil

mechanics is needed to predict the behavior and performance of

soil as a construction material or as a supporting medium for

engineering structures.

The main objective of this course is to provide the undergraduate

student with an insight into the theories and principles of soil

mechanics and foundation engineering, and its applications in

practical problems. The methodology that will be followed in this

course to achieve its objectives are directed towards the following

points:

Preface

Course Instructor

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat obtained his Ph.D. Degree from Ain Shams University, Egypt, in 2018. He joined the Prince Sultan University (PSU) in 2019 as an Assistant Professor in the area of Civil Engineering. He has broad experience in the field of geotechnical engineering on academic and professional works. Also, he has published many international journal and conference publications in the area of Geotechnical Engineering. He is a member of several international technical committees, such as the American society of civil engineers (ASCE).

On the other hand, Dr. Ezzat participated in many consultancy projects involving site investigations, problematic soils, evaluation of stability of slopes and escarpments, construction and permanent dewatering, design of deep excavation support, traditional and specialized lab testing, field monitoring, geophysical studies, foundation and bridge design, effect of tunnel induced ground deformations on adjacent surface and underground structures. His main research interests are in the Large Diameter bored piles, tunneling and deep excavations, Dynamic soil-structure interaction, Ground Improvement, and Energy and Sustainable Geotechnics.