Help Revising And Inserting On A Thesis Paper That’s Already Written Only For GradesMasterO

EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON HUMAN INTERACTIONS

By:

TALIA ELLIS, B.S.

ALCORN STATE UNIVERSITY

JUNE 05, 2018

ALCORN STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES

JUNE 05, 2019

To the Graduate Studies Administrator:

I am submitting herewith a thesis written by me entitled “EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON HUMAN INTERACTIONS.” I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master humanities and socio sciences.

_________________________

Jermiah Billa, Ph.D.

Thesis Advisory Committee Chair

We have read this thesis and

recommend it for acceptance:

_______________________

Steve Adaznu, Ph.D.

Committee Member

_______________________

Mamie Griffin, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Accepted:

_______________________

XXXXX, Ph.D.

Dean, School of Advanced Technologies

_________________________

Graduate Studies Administrator

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to give a vote of thanks to my instructor for her helpful advice that has led me to the completion of this thesis. She taught me different skills that I could employ to make the thesis a success. She was readily available for consultation whenever I needed her.

I would as well like to appreciate the efforts of the graduate studies staff for their technical assistance in ensuring this publication was ready for publication. Lastly, I appreciate my fellow colleagues who have supported me in carrying out the research.

ii.

This proposal is my original work and has not been presented for an award in any other University or college.

Signature.............................................. Date.........................................

Name

Reg no

I confirm that the work reported in this proposal has been carried out by the candidate under our supervision

Signature.................................................. Date..................................................

Supervisor

I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mom. She has stood with me throughout my entire education life. She has given me not only financial support but also emotionally on times that I felt like I could not do it. Being a strong hard working woman, she has been my source of motivation. A woman who finds time out of her busy schedule to attend to family matters. I look up to her my dream is be like her in the future.

SCO- social comparison orientation

This thesis is aimed at evaluating the effects of technology on the social aspects within the society. Recent advancements in technology has revolutionized the way people interact associate or rather interact with one another. Forms of communication has also changed, which were used as the main forms of communication has changed as other are on the verge of distinction. What is important to note is the effects that these technological advancement have had on the quality of communication, nature of relationships between people and the social and psychological behaviors among individuals. There are both positive and negative aspects associated with technology on human interaction although the negative seems to outweigh the positive. This is because the suitable forms of communication in certain situations is replaced by forms which are right. Therefore, this will be aimed at discussing this phenomena in an effort to establish how this effects can be minimized.

Keywords: society, technology, forms of communication, technological advancements, psychological behavior, and human interaction.

Contents EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON HUMAN INTERACTIONS 2 A THESIS 2 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS 2 FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 2 STUDENTS NAME, B.S. 2 SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2 LORMAN, MISSISSIPPI 2 JUNE 06, 2019 2 Declaration 5 Dedication 6 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 7 Abstract 8 CHAPTER ONE 11 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Background of the Study 11 Effect of Technology on Interactions 12 1.2 Statement of the Problem 13 Technology could be fueling virtual distance 14 1.3 Objectives of the Study 14 1.3.1 General objective 14 1.4 Research Questions 14 1.5 The significance of the Study 15 1.6 The scope of the Study 15 1.7 Limitations of the Study 15 CHAPTER TWO 17 LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Effect of technology on human interactions 17 2.2.1. Effect of technology on quality of communication 18 2.2.2. Effect of technology on the nature of relationships between people 19 2.2.3. Effect of technology on social and psychological behavior 19 2.3. Research Gaps 20 CHAPTER THREE 21 METHODOLOGY 21 3.1. Introduction 21 3.2. Research Design 21 3.3. Target Population 22 3.4. Sampling Techniques 22 3.5. Data collection techniques and procedure 23 3.5.1. Questionnaires 23 3.5.2. Interviews 24 3.5.3 Pilot Testing 24 3.5.4 Validity 24 3.5.5. Reliability 24 3.5.6. Data Analysis 25 Chapter IV 26 Results and conclusion 26 CHAPTER V 27 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 References 28

Effect of Technology on Human Interactions

As humans evolve, technology is also evolving. Mobile technology has had revolutionary developments over the last recent years in terms of hardware, software, and network communications. These new developments have made it possible for the leaders of mobile technologies to develop inventions such as applications and mobile services that are captivating for a huge portion of the population. The result of this revolution is that smartphones are slowly becoming an integral part of life. Websites have been linked with huge numbers, running into billions of regular users especially in social media websites. With the increasing access to the internet in every part of the globe, social media usage is bound to continuously increase.

All around the world, people have incorporated the internet and its various uses into their daily lives. Smartphones are needed to communicate with friends and family, to send emails at work, find information such as direction, share photos and videos of fun moments with friends and family, keep track of appointments, play games, store information and contacts, and as the go-to device or action to generally pass time among other countless functions Samaha Maya (2016).

With the increased engrossment into the internet, several outcomes have been observed. Some are quite helpful while others seem to threaten the well-being of its users. There are several posts regarding how the internet may be affecting people’s social lives and may be resulting in loneliness and sad tendencies among cyberspace fans. There are concerns from different high-profile people including the representative of the Catholic church, Pope Benedict who warned the public against letting the internet or virtual contact as he referred to, taking over the position that has conventionally been occupied by human contact. Scholars have done research and concluded that indeed social media has vital consequences for both psychological and physical health

In modern society, interaction has taken a new platform. Interaction has been integrated with technology and this has altered the way people used to communicate. The need for a human to human exchanges and meetings has considerably been reduced by contemporary innovations. People tend to look at the time, cost efficiency, cost factors in choosing the means of communication and in most circumstances, face-to-face communication is seen as a non-efficient method of communication therefore, people tend to choose non-human alternatives. In fact, with the current technological developments, a typical person who resides in an urban set up could easily meet all of their basic needs with little-to-no human contact.

Public transportation used to be an avenue where people met and communicated forming relationships but currently, ticketing machines and turnstiles have made it possible for people who use public transport to travel without having to interact with a single person, not even a cashier. Most of the cities have taken up the use of smart cards as the go-to the payment system. When taking a taxi, people now have the option of using Uber where one can get a car with the relay of a button, relay the point where he/she would like to be picked and dropped using the same device and travel for numerous hours without interacting with the driver and eventually pay with the smart card. This has made it unnecessary to have conversations with our human counterparts.

Shopping while indoors has been made possible by Amazon. One can buy goods and they get delivered within 30 minutes through drones. There are several grocer and food to deliver applications that use the self-checkout system and eliminate the need to communicate with the people who produce and sell these products. Someone can live next to a store or a restaurant, shop from the same enterprise but never come into contact with the actual shop or owner of the shop. It can be said that with the introduction of technology, people can now live more comfortable, fast-paced and efficient life than what we were initially accustomed to. The important consideration that this paper tries to look into is what are the costs made regarding human connection to be able to live this efficient life? Does the price of minimizing human effort worth the cost of human losing connection (Boucher, 2018)?

Interactions are becoming more and more oriented towards transactional types. There were initially only in the professional sphere but are now beginning to transcend social circles. For many elderly people and even the young, social interactions are and have always been their main way to have conversations over the course of their days. The big establishments such as Amazon Go that bring to the market a new shopping experience where one can do shopping without going to the store among other useful innovations have received a lot of positive public reception. They, however, tend to raise some questions. As far as the elderly are concerned, most of them generalize all these innovations and rarely have any interest in them as shown by the median age of Yelp reviewers. These innovations further require one to have a smartphone and their respective applications. For people who lack smartphones such as the elderly, there are chances that they will easily be left out and socially isolated.

People are turning to online communication at the expense of offline communication. The quality of communication in online platforms is however believed to be less valuable and impoverished than that of spending the time to communicate with some in person, face to face or through a phone call.

Another problem with online communication is that it is leading to a society where people prefer to have connections with strangers which often have weak ties. This is because online communication is insensitive to distance therefore people from two edges of the globe can communicate with the touch of a button, secondly, the cost of online communication is relatively cheaper to offline communication. These types of connections in most cases are less beneficial for the parties involved as has lesser psychological benefits as that of offline communication with people who you have stronger ties with. Even though, over time, it is possible for friendships that were developed and initiated online to develop further into closer and stronger relationships, the majority of ties from social networks are mainly weak ties. If technology is resulting in a scenario where relationships with weak ties are substituting relationships with stronger ties, then the internet and technology could potentially result in a decrease of the social support that most people have and leave their psychological well-being exposed.

Virtual distance is an emotional and psychological sense of detachment. It is a feeling that slowly accumulates either sub-consciously or consciously when a person begins to substitute interaction between each other face to face or through phone calls to “screen skating” which involves activities such as pinching the screen, swiping the screen, tapping the screen among other activities that people do while chatting online. Virtual distance is a phenomenon that can actually be measured and it has been known to result in several effects include distrust. It has been observed that the levels of distrust between people are directly proportional to the levels of distrust. This implies that as virtual distance increases so does the level of distrust of the affected parties. The result of this is that people becoming secretive, they become unwilling to share the ideas they have and this tends to affect the companies. Sharing ideas is integral when taking risks which are important when it comes to innovation, learning, and collaboration. Virtual distance also discourages people from helping other people, it develops the notion on its victim's minds that people need to fend for themselves and these results in a majority of the people who are left without any help, feeling isolated and disregarded (Sobe, 2015).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the advancement of technology particularly social media on human interactions.

Specific Objectives

i. To evaluate the effect of technology on quality of communication.

ii. To examine the effect of technology on the nature of relationships between people.

iii. To assess the effect of technology on social and psychological behavior

i. To what extent does technology affect the quality of communication in society?

ii. What is the influence of technology on the nature of the relationships between people who communicate through online platforms developed due to improved technology?

iii. What is the influence of technology on the social and psychological behavior of people in terms of happiness, emotion, and loneliness?

The research presents an investigation into a social issue that may have adverse effects on the community if awareness is not created and changes are not imposed. The research will assist in the delivery of information regarding what effects technology has on society. With billions of people currently undertaking most of their daily duties and spending most of their time using phones, laptops, the internet, and computers, it is imperative to understand what potential threats or benefits this could have to the society. Once the threats have been pointed out, it will be easier for other scholars to make use of that information to develop studies that can assist in mitigating the negative effects that may have been discovered by the research. Quality of face to face communication need to be upheld as they are vital to the development of a person.

The study will focus on the observed effects of technology on various forms of interaction and social behavior. Specifically, the study will focus on the effect of technology on the social behavior of the people who tend to use online means of communication as opposed to face to face communication or phone calls, the quality of communication in online platforms as opposed to the quality of communication and relationships in offline platforms. The geographical scope is the United States of America. The contextual scope of the study will be the American public sector. The study will be carried out in 2019.

The research plans for making use of interviews and questionnaires as the main sources of data. This means that to gather information, we will solely rely on the respondents. The data collected will rely very much on their cooperation, some of the respondents might be unwilling to share some information useful for the study or be unwilling to be interviewed or to give confidential information. This will require assurance of confidentiality to be given to the respondents. There is a possibility that some of the respondents may claim to be too busy to participate in the study hence the researcher will have to visit and encourage them to fill the questionnaires. The representative sample used will be limited in scope since the study only focuses on technology users in the USA. This may, therefore, limit the generalization of the findings from the research.

This chapter will present relevant information on existing literature on the effect of technology on human interactions. It will gather and present the ideas on this topic as they are presented by different analysts, authors, and scholars. The review will also draw its format and materials for further review and understanding from research by other scholars who share common objectives and themes to the study being undertaken. Empirical review by different scholars will clearly illustrate the various areas of interest that were highlighted under the objectives of the study.

An empirical review will be conducted. In the empirical review section, previous studies, both international and local will be reviewed in line with the following measures, their title, their scope, and methodology. The section will critique these measures from these sources with an aim of identifying the research gaps that are there in the topic.

It is common for people to perceive that they are less vulnerable to the negative effects that media as compared to their counterparts. Research by Brosius and Engel (1996) did in-depth research on these common beliefs and what psychological mechanisms are responsible for it. His findings reported that most people tend to build a positive image about themselves hence it explains why they tend to believe that others are more influenced by negative media content. Davison (1983) was the first to term the self-perception bias that Gunther (1995), and Brosius and Engel (1996) refer to. He termed it as the “third-person effect,” and since then, it has been widely used whenever the effects of social media and technology are being examined. It has been noted in research that this effect is prevalent in many situations and might be in fact responsible for the blame technology especially social media is are receiving because of the declined quality of human interactions. The phenomena are also prevalent when discussing the effects of the Internet (Lo and Wei, 2002), reality shows (Cohen and Weimann, 2008), music (Sun et al., 2008). television (Salwen and Dupagne, 1999), violent games (Gilkins, 2007), first-person shooter games (Scharrer and Leone, 2008), and advertising (Henriksen and Flora, 1999; Huh and Langteau, 2007). Research by Feldman (2011) in his book Fundamentals of Psychology gives a somewhat collaborative inference regarding the effect on youth behavior when it comes to effecting particularly violent games found in video games and phones. He states that indulgence in violent gaming and watching violent media often seen by people who indulge on the internet to scavenge for news. In general, these tendencies have the power to have real-life violent consequences.

Research by Drago (2015) was aimed at the impacts of technology on face-to-face communication. The researcher conducted a survey where she sought the opinion of the public. Her research asked questions regarding the use of social media and they were to be answered in terms of the level to which they agreed with the statement with strong disapprovals being represented with strongly disagree and strong approvals represented with strongly agree. After asking respondents what was their opinion for the statement, “It bothers me when my friends or family use technology while spending time with me.”. 78% of the respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with this statement while 20% neither disagreed nor agreed. This is an indication that a vast majority of the public feel that technology interferes with the people when they are spending time together. A similar question was asked to further reinforce the opinion people have regarding the use of social media. They were asked whether they believed that the presence of technology while spending time with others, affects face-to-face interpersonal communication negatively. 92% of the respondents agreed with this statement indicating a huge portion of the public believe technology has negatively influenced face-to-face communication. Only 15 of the respondents disagreed with this statement and 7% neither agreed nor disagreed with the statement.

Another question aimed at evaluating the effect of technology on the quality of face to face communication asked the respondents whether they noticed quality degradation in conversation amongst the presence of technology. The result showed that majority of the people witnessed quality degradation in the community when technology was involved as 89% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed with the statement and only 5% of the sampled population disagreed with the statement.

Research by Drago (2015) also looked into the effect technology has on the relationships between people. To further expand on this matter, the researcher conducted field observations that unearthed negative impacts in terms of the effects of technology on the quality of communication. In an instance during the field study, a student was observed to ignore her friend in order to facetime. The field study at Lakeside Dining Hall revealed that during lunch break, most of the students were seen sitting with their friends but very few engaged in conversations. 73% of the people in the dining halls were on their phones either texting or using their computers or tablets.

Social networking websites are commonly known to contain information of its users and some of it is available for viewing from the other users. With it offering information about others, it gives rise to social comparison or SCO. Research by Vogela, Rose, Okdie Eckles & Franz (2015) compares the effect of SCO from internet use specifically social networking using Facebook to the psychological outcomes. The researchers conducted a study on SCO participants, a correlational approach was used to identify the levels of SCO tendencies on Facebook. The researchers did a second study where they took an experimental approach and from their results, there were indications that for the participants who were high is SCO, it was common to find them with behaviors or thoughts that imply they have poorer self- perceptions, they have lower self-esteem, and lastly, they exhibited more negative affect balance than their counterparts who had lower -SCO tendencies on Facebook.

In the uses and gratifications side of internet and media, there have been several debates. Some claim internet and media have positive effects such as they improvement in the user’s ability to interact socially, improving ability to simulate or control one’s emotions and even improve the user’s cognitive skills (Sherry et al., 2006). However, there are several negative effects that have also been associated with the use of this media. Video game players were also reported to be overly aroused and had aggressive thoughts after indulging in the media (Lee and Peng, 2006). (Kraut et al., (1998) describes some of the negative effects associated with computer and internet use including playing video games are anxiety, psychological disorders and depression. Lee and Peng, (2006) describe that there have been reported cases of internet users being overly aroused after playing video games and having aggressive thoughts as a result of what they encounter emotionally whenever they see some violent media in the internet.

There are very little research and literature on this problem. There are very many new developed technologies that have been developed and become popular among people that have not been reviewed at all. Most research on this issue is close to four years old. This in the world of technology is very outdated material. Four years ago, the number of people who had smartphones was very small as compared to know. This challenges and research gaps make it difficult to form a proper basis for conducting my research, it is difficult to paint a proper picture on what the current situation is like because of the lack of information.

This chapter will contain information regarding the techniques and methods that will be applied to obtain the data necessary for the study. The section will cover the information on the research design that will be applied, the target population for the study, the sampling techniques that will be used and finally the appropriate sample size. The last section of the chapter will also describe the techniques that will be used for collecting data and how the interviews and questionnaires will be structured will be analyzed.

Descriptive research is a research design with the ability to provide a clear picture of any situation as it really is and as is naturally occurs according to Burns and Grove (2003). In situations where the researcher aims at justifying the current practice, developing theories and making a judgment on certain issues, it is advisable to make use of descriptive research. For the research in question, descriptive research and will be employed to make a judgment and develop theories on the effect of technology on human interactions. The research will make use of mixed research method referred to as triangulation where both qualitative and quantitative research methodology is applied to ensure the question is fully grasped (Wimmer and Dominick, 2006). Mixed methodology often faces the critique that it is flawed especially since researchers fail to always bring the findings together and that the quantitative and qualitative components are treated as separate domains.” (Bryman, 2007). Careful consideration will, therefore, be put to ensure that when the results are obtained, they will be synchronized and treated as one domain. The research will try to apply Ercikan and Roth’s proposition: “The purpose of research is to generate knowledge rather than to concretely realize one method or another. Research methods are a means to answer knowledge-constitutive questions. We, therefore, suggest that research questions, not a method, ought to drive education research” (Ercikan and Roth, 2006).

According to Teddlie & Tashakkori (2009), the chosen approach is best suited for this study as it will make it possible for the researcher to generalize the data that will be obtained through application of qualitative methods mostly through analysis and simultaneously make it possible for the researcher get thick and rich data through qualitative methods such as use conducting interviews.

According to Creswell, 2009; Cooper and Schindler, 2014, the population can be described as a group of objects or individuals that share a common characteristic that is noticeable. For this specific study, the appropriate population for the research is people who take part in using technology to socialize and communicate. People who have incorporated the use of technology in most aspects of their lives. These people have first -hand experience on how they observe the effects that technology has human interaction. An interview of these group of people/population will also reveal how using technology has affected their quality of communication, their nature of relationships between people and their social behavior.

Qualified respondents for this research are members of the public who have to use any form of technology as a means of communication regardless of their demographic background. This includes features such as gender, age, nationality, and individual belief. Since the research will be in English including the questionnaires and interviews, the respondents need to be conversant with the language so as to understand what is required of them. Probability -the sample was used for this research. Probability-sample was used to ensure the error margin was controllable. The error comes to the picture since the research was the final thing, it was not a preliminary meaning its results were to be used in making the conclusions and recommendations to the general public (Saumure and Given, 2008; Wimmer and Dominick, 2006). To accurately compute an appropriate sample size, a formula was used based on the target margin of error that seemed practical for us. I obtained this formula from research by Fostgate (2012), Georgiadis, Johnson and Gardner (2005) and Dohoo, Martin and Stryhn (2003) is applied:

N=Z2*p*(1-p)/d2

Where:

N = Sample size for large population

Z = Normal distribution Z value score, (1.96)

P = Proportion of units in the sample size possessing the variables under study, where for this study it is set at 50% (0.5)

D = Precision level desired or the significance level which is 0.1 for the study

The substituted values in determining the sample size for a large population are as follows.

Hence, the sample size for this study will be 96 members of the public who have used technology to interact/communicate.

In order to ensure this study is unique, it will mainly rely on primary data. Use of primary data will also be advantageous as it gives the investigator a chance to address issues that are specific to the study in question and have control on how the information needed will be collected, the sample size to use, the location where the information will be collected, the most appropriate time for him/her (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003).

.

Questionnaires will be the main source of primary data for this study. The researcher will formulate an introductory letter which will letter be furnished to the intended respondents. So as to ensure the respondents are cooperative and have the confidence to take part in the research, the letter will be from the university. Names and other personal details will not be collected from the respondents. This will allow them to give reliable, accurate and detailed information without the fear of their identity being revealed. The questionnaires will be administered through survey monkey. A website that allows people to formulate and distribute questionnaires. The type of questions in this study aims to measure the attitudes of the respondents about to what extent they agree and/or disagree with the given statements.

The study will involve conducting some face-to-face personal interviews with some people in the student fraternity who participate in the questionnaires. Interviews are important. Patton (2002) emphasizes the importance of interviews since people do not have the ability to observe anything, directly. We need to ask in order to be informed. He also advocates on using interviews because he believes getting perspectives of third parties to better understand what is in their minds is important.

Interviews also serve as complementary sources of information because when quantitative methods are used together with qualitative methods such as interviews, crucial information from third parties as earlier presented would not be obtained. Qualitative interviews are additionally very flexible, they offer an avenue whereby the researcher can clarify on what he/she wants to know from the respondents, it is possible to restate or rephrase questions that may be hard to understand by the respondents in real time.

A pilot study will be conducted to establish the validity and reliability of the instruments the study aims to use for data collection (Saunders, Lewis &Thornhill (2007). To evaluate whether the questions in the questionnaire can be comprehended and whether it is logical and relevant to the study, 8 people will be given the questionnaire before the actual research. Because of fatigue and monotony, these respondents who participate in the pilot study will not be used in the final research. Changes will be affected based on the results of the pilot study, therefore, the results from the 8 respondents will also not be included in the final data analysis. The checks will go through the content, wording, layout, sequence, question difficulty, and the form of the questionnaire, get feedback and effect necessary changes.

To countercheck whether the questionnaire is valid, researchers will randomly select respondents and a research supervisor who will go through the questionnaire to ascertain its validity.

Note: The value of .7 to .8 is an acceptable value for Cronbach’s alpha; values markedly lower indicate unreliable scale (Field, 2004). Also, the value higher than .8 is highly appreciated. However, a high value of Cronbach’s alpha does not necessarily imply the absence of multiple latent dimensions (Gardner, 1995). * r less than .30 is considered as a weak correlation for item-analysis purpose, it is suggested that such item should be removed and not used to form a composite score for the variable in question.

**If the item has been deleted, the value of Cronbach’s Alpha will be higher.

In analyzing the data, an inferential and descriptive research analysis will be conducted. After these two have been successfully done, a test for validity and a hypothesis test will be done. The descriptive analysis will be used to determine the basic components of the research which are useful when it comes to making a decision-based understanding of the research. It will also serve to explore the metadata that is valuable in the illumination of the data that is useful in the study. On the other hand, inferential statistical analysis will be used to illuminate into the depth of the research analysis and to demonstrate that there are no potentials for accidents in the manner in which interpretations of the data elements is made. The section will include a correlational data statistical presentation, as well as the regression analysis, that are ways to show the in-depth interdependencies so the data.

The objective of this study was to establish the effects of technology on the human social interactions. I made it an objective to discover what the general public opinion was concerning the modern forms of social interactions and how there relations have been influenced. I sampled and interviewed the public regardless of the demographic relations and I established that a lot of people are using modern forms of communication, which are a result of technological advancements, have greatly influenced the way people interact. Additionally, it has influenced there personal relations in one way or the other.

Revisiting the main research question, which was whether technology has an influence on social interactions, by use of quantitate analysis, I interviewed people one on one form of communication and through questionnaires. I found out that there are several aspect of social life that has been influenced. Some have been impacted positively while others have been influenced negatively. It is evident the more technology continues to be used in communication and other social aspect, the more the effects become prevalent.

Through the interviews I conducted and respondents that I got from a hundred respondents, I was evident that impact that technology has caused on the social interaction is significant. While there are positive effects, mitigation policies have to be implemented to curb the negative effects caused by technology. The world is changing and we need technology hence we cannot say that since it has had a number of adverse effects on the social interactions, we discourage or do away with it. The important this to do is note down the negatives and formulate policies which will be aimed at curbing them.

If we use technology wisely, we are less likely to experience the adverse effects. There should be organized seminar or rather forums which the people can utilize to expand their knowledge on the effective use technology. This will in turn help people to manage themselves and know how to avoid this effects.

Barnes, R. W., Grove, J. W., & Burns, N. H. (2003). Experimental assessment of factors affecting transfer length. Structural Journal, 100(6), 740-748.

Boucher, K. (2018). Effects of Technological Innovations on Social Interactions – Social Connectedness. Retrieved from https://www.socialconnectedness.org/effects-of-technological-innovations-on-social-interactions/

Brosius, H. B., & Engel, D. (1996). The causes of third-person effects: Unrealistic optimism, impersonal impact, or generalized negative attitudes towards media influence?. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8(2), 142-162.

Bryman, A. (2007). Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of mixed methods research, 1(1), 8-22.

Collis, J., Hussey, R., Crowther, D., Lancaster, G., Saunders, M., Lewis, P., ... & Johnson, P. (2003). Business research methods. Chongqing, China: University Press. Cosier, RA and

Drago, E. (2015). The effect of technology on face-to-face communication. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 6(1).Harvey, M.(1998), The hidden strengths in the family business: functional conflict, Family Business Review, 11(1), 75-79.

Cooper, D. R. (2014). Schindler. Business Research New York: McGraw Hill.

Creswell, J. W., & Zhang, W. (2009). The application of mixed methods designs to trauma research. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(6), 612-621.

Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public opinion quarterly, 47(1), 1-15.

Dohoo, I., Martin, W., & Stryhn, H. (2003). Measures of association. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, 135-150.

Ercikan, K., & Roth, W. M. (2006). What good is polarizing research into qualitative and quantitative?. Educational Researcher, 35(5), 14-23.

Feldman, R. (2010). Essentials of understanding psychology (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Georgiadis, M. P., Johnson, W. O., & Gardner, I. A. (2005). Sample size determination for estimation of the accuracy of two conditionally independent tests in the absence of a gold standard. Preventive veterinary medicine, 71(1-2), 1-10.

Given, L. M. (Ed.). (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage Publications.

Gunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the X‐rating: The third‐person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 27-38.

Henriksen, L., & Flora, J. A. (1999). Third-person perception and children: Perceived impact of pro-and anti-smoking ads. Communication Research, 26(6), 643-665.

Mugenda, A. (2003). Research methods Quantitative and qualitative approaches by Mugenda. Nairobi, Kenya.

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.), London: Sage Publication.

Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (1999). The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences. Communication Research, 26(5), 523-549.

Scharrer, E., & Leone, R. (2008). First-person shooters and the third-person effect. Human Communication Research, 34(2), 210-233.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Theoretical framework In theoretical framework and hypothesis development. Research methods for business: A skill-building approach, 80.

Simon, J. L. & Bursten, P. (1985). Basic research methods in social science (3rd ed.), New York: Random House.

Sobe, K. (2015). Technology is rewriting the rulebook for human interaction. Retrieved from Https://phys.org/news/2015-03-technology-rewriting-rulebook-human-interaction.html

Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Sage.

Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2006). Mass communication research: An introduction. Belmont, CA.

Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Okdie, B. M., Eckles, K., & Franz, B. (2015). Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 249-256.