Independent Design Project: Rough Draft
revenant33
revisedagingrobotic.docxRunning Head: WORLD AGING AND NEED FOR ROBOTS 1
WORLD AGING AND NEED FOR ROBOTS 4
World Aging and Need for Robots
ASCI 531-Robotics and Control
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Worldwide
Oct 26, 2019
Dr. Terwilliger
Abstract Comment by Terwilliger, Brent A.: Plan to update this section AFTER you have concluded your research and development work
This paper aims to conduct a literature review on how robots can be used to provide care for the elderly in society. The paper also identifies a robotic system tool that can be used to enhance human-robot interaction. The paper also analyzes the link between this topic and other related studies. Through analysis of linear increment, rapid application and spiral models, the project will adopt the linear increment due to its quality and easiness of design. The project will have various parts such as sensor, collector and arms which will be coordinated to enable the working of the robot. Finally, the paper provides design an architectural view of the robot to be designed showing the various parts.
Keywords: Robots, cue cards, loneliness, toolkit
Introduction Comment by Terwilliger, Brent A.: See the following for guidance on formatting headings in APA: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_headings_and_seriation.html
Number of aging people throughout the world is expected to increase from 12% currently to 22% by the year 2050 (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). Prior research indicates that effective health care extends the lifespan of the elderly (WHO, 2018). This objective has proved to be impractical due to expense and the current state of infrastructure, which does not support the elderly to a higher extent (Chamie, 2019). Increasing the number of caregivers represents one option to lower the ratio of assigned responsibilities and improve individualized care (Chamie, 2019). Therefore, the extension in use of robots to homes and hospitals and more uses for the elderly in the provision of major services, such as feeding and washing may provide an effective mechanism to greatly reduce the costs of medical care for the elderly.
Research indicates that though medical robots are yet to be widely adopted in homes, hospitals have used the technology for providing social interaction (Espingardeiro, 2017). In countries such as Japan, where the elderly numbers are very high, Robots have been used in providing social interactions and monitoring in hospitals (Espingardeiro, 2017). Robotics are necessary for hospitals in providing relief to caregivers' routine chores (Espingardeiro, 2017). When using robots, caregivers have the opportunity to attend to more pressing responsibilities (Espingardeiro, 2017)Additionally, robotics have made medical procedures safer and cost-effective for many patients (Espingardeiro, 2017)
Robotic systems have been demonstrated to support feeding people with different foods, when given little time to learn (McQuate-Washington, 2019). Eating, social comfort, and monitoring may not be the only help required for the elderly. Therefore, a proposition to create a ground robot with abilities to prepare and feed the elderly will be the focus for this development project. The robot will feature technology and processes to support the scanning and detection of objects such as knife, plate, and food; identify different objects; and formulate an image for each item. After the Robot has formulated the different objects, it will support the selection of appropriate utensils, prepare the food for consumption, and place it on a plate to serve. The robot would contain various parts to assist, including mechanical elements (e.g., motor, piston, grippers, wheel, and gearing; Siciliano & Khatib, 2016). These parts are key in movement, grabbing and lifting of objects. The main idea is to support the elderly to eat simple foods, without requiring the help of a human caregiver.
The concept use robots to provide care for the elderly become more relevant as the gap between the elderly and caregivers continue to widen. This issue is more pronounced in countries such as Japan where it is estimated that by 2025 there will be a shortage of about one million caregivers (Chamie, 2019). The United States is also facing the same challenge as the elderly population is expected to rise to 26% by 2050 (Chamie, 2019). The cost of elder care is also becoming uncontrollable. The shortage of caregivers together with the growing financial burdens calls for a better way to care for the elderly population.
Literature Review
According to Espingardeiro, (2017), various healthcare organizations across the world have adopted robotic technology in providing care for the elderly caregiving and administering of drugs are among the first uses of AI. Today, robots are used in monitoring patients in hospitals and providing social comfort such as interaction with the elderly in Hospitals
Background
Social isolation and loneliness have already become a big problem for the elderly population and are linked to various adverse effects such as cognitive decline (McQuate-Washington, 2019). With the expected increase in the population of the elderly, many are worried that the experiences of social isolation may also increase (McQuate-Washington, 2019: Espingardeiro, 2017). Studies have however shown that social robots trained to communicate and interact with humans could address this issue effectively (Espingardeiro, 2017) Researchers believe that this technology will increase independence and reduce loneliness in the elderly population (McQuate-Washington, 2019).
The Japanese government is considering introducing robots in elderly home cares to address the issue of loneliness (McQuate-Washington, 2019).
Design and Development Processes and Models
Spiral design model
This design has a faster development pace and allow addition of features in a systematic manner. However, the design process is more expensive for small projects.
Rapid application
The process takes into consideration the development of the prototype which leads to lesser defects of the final product. This makes the design process highly effective for major projects (Chen, et al. (2017). Despite its advantages, the final product is rigid as it is developed from the prototype which evolves to a final product.
Linear incremental
This is the preferred method for the project. This is as a result of the planning that has been taken into consideration and the preparations that have been made prior to the creation of the final product. The advantage of the design process is fast and evolves faster through the lifecycle (Dakwat, & Villani, 2018). The weakness of this types if that it requires a lot of planning which is not a problem in this case as it has been catered for.
The tools selected for efficient human-robot interaction includes robot components and social cue cards. These cards would help to improve the efficiency of interaction by applies cues that are normally applied between human to human interaction to robot-human interaction. This can help robots exhibit human behavior. Cards obtained from the robots can also be used for further studies on how to enhance human-robot interaction (Porfirio et al., 2019).
Related Research and Development
Research has established various applications where robots have been used in performing medical surgeries (Paging Dr. Robot, 2019). Brain surgeries have often been very challenging to doctors due to delicacy of the surgeries. Robots have been used in Hospitals in performing invasive surgeries with effectiveness and quality results. Expansion of this technology can be applied in designing robots that cannot only feed patients but also provide interactions to the elderly ion hospitals and homes.
Technological Advancements
A new technology known as push to talk can be used to reduce loneliness among the elderly. This technology allows caregivers to connect with the elderly and also allows people who are at home to explore the world. This technology is very cheap and also easy for use by the elderly. The Robot will contain an algorithm which will enable it to locate items, food, plates and faces. The robot will be programmed to enable simulation of actions by sending codes to the motor which will enable movement of the parts. This will enable the project work successfully.
Design Overview
This section contains a diagram and explanations about the proposed design of robot.
Architectural Overview
Figure 2 sourced from (Fig.3. (2019).
The sensor is located at the tip of the end effector to provide sensation when feeling the object. The controller is located at point in the base to coordinate all functions.
Theory of operation
The toolkit is made up of a robot case card, robot base card, human case card, and a human base card. The base cards are used to pass social cues that can be expressed by a robot and human. The human base card can be used to determine how a robot can perceive human cues.
Detailed Design
Charging mate
This is the charging system that the robot will have for its power system.
Controller
Controller which acts as the brain that enable the robot’s parts to coordinate.
End effector
The end effector which act as the hand of the robot to reach the manipulating material.
Drive
Drive which moves connections to their required places.
Arm
Arms varying in sizes besides shapes. it has various parts such as shoulders, elbows besides wrists which allow the twisting to enable end effector reaching the designated material.
Sensors
Sensors that allow the arm to retrieve feedback from the environment. The information received is then transmitted to the controller for action.
The toolkit is made up of a robot case card, robot base card, human case card, and a human base card. The base cards are used to pass social cues that can be expressed by a robot and human. The human base card can be used to determine how a robot can perceive human cues. The following diagram shows how the base card is used.
Figure 1: social HRI design toolkit components (Porfirio et al., 2019).
Design Decisions
Linear increment was the design process chosen for the project. This process is relatively cheaper in designing robots. Due to the high need for documentation of the processes used in designing the robot, all steps are double-checked to ensure quality end product is produced.
Logic Design
Conclusion
The proposed robotic design will be meaningful in helping to feed the elderly. The toolkit is made up of a robot case card, robot base card, human case card, and a human base card. The base cards are used to pass social cues that can be expressed by a robot and human. The human base card can be used to determine how a robot can perceive human cues. The following diagram shows how the base card is used. All these parts will interact with the use of the controller to sense and grab the objects using arm.
References Comment by Terwilliger, Brent A.: The presented references are not in correct APA format; see the following for guidance: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide
Chamie, J. (2019). The Costly Blessings of Old Age | YaleGlobal Online. Retrieved 22 October 2019, from https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/costly-blessings-old-age
Espingardeiro, A. (2017). Robotics and Elderly Care: Delivery of Quality Care Through Automation and Data | RoboticsTomorrow. Retrieved 22 October 2019, from https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/article/2017/03/robotics-and-elderly-care-delivery- of-quality-care-through-automation-and-data/9750Links
McQuate-Washington, S. (2019). The robot learns to feed folks dinner - Futurity. Retrieved 22 October 2019, from https://www.futurity.org/robots-food-disabilities-caregivers-2006242- 2/
Siciliano, B., & Khatib, O. (Eds.). (2016). Springer handbook of robotics. Springer.
Porfirio, D., Sauppé, A., Albarghouthi, A., & Mutlu, B. (2019, March). Computational Tools for Human-Robot Interaction Design. In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 733-735). IEEE.
Paging Dr. Robot: How Robotics Is Changing The Face Of Medicine - CB Insights Research. (2019). Retrieved 8 November 2019, from https://www.cbinsights.com/research/robotics-medicine- disruption/
Fig.3. (2019). Retrieved 8 November 2019, from http://www.rroij.com/articles-images/IJAREEIE-1750- g003.html
Dakwat, A. L., & Villani, E. (2018). System safety assessment based on STPA and model checking. Safety science, 109, 130-143
Human base card
human case card
Robot case card
Robot base card
