Week 3 Assignment Class 1

Complete Citation in APA format

Level of Evidence

Theoretical/

Conceptual

Framework if present

Research

Question(s)/

Hypotheses

Research Design Methodology

Statistical Analysis &

Results

Conclusions

Implications for

Future research and Practice

Alizada, F., Lachyan, A. S., & Simon, N. H. (2021). A literature review assessing knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices towards breast cancer among Indian women. http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2021.1204.5901

Peer-reviewed journal

Assessing the attitude and knowledge on preventive practices towards breast cancer.

Do women know about breast cancer and breast self-examination?

What is the attitude of women towards breast cancer?

The study used a review approach. The articles reviewed were identified and analyzed through an electronic data search through inclusion criteria of 2010 and afterward Malaysia (Alizada et. 2021).

The study utilized 12 articles, 7 of them conducted in India, and the rest from other parts of the world, including Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Iran, and Malaysia (Alizada et. 2021). 16% of the women revealed knowledge of breast cancer in India, 50% in Pakistan, and a 2% self-examination practice among Indian women.

The study illustrated poor knowledge of breast cancer and the self-examination among women. Most women were unaware of the mammogram or other screening methods.

Women with little knowledge of breast cancer and self-examination cause an increased incidence rate because they inhibit the early detection of breast cancer. Awareness and education are necessary to mitigate the challenges of inadequate knowledge about breast cancer and self-examination.

The study provides information illustrating gaps in breast cancer detection and prevention. More research is required to provide substantive information about the importance of early detection and prevention of breast cancer. The use of mammograms in screening and detecting breast cancer should also be emphasized.

Black, E., & Richmond, R. (2019). Improving early detection of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: why mammography may not be the way forward. Globalization and Health, 15(1), 3-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0446-6

Peer-reviewed journal

Early detection practices and the effectiveness of mammography in breast cancer detection and prevention in SSA.

Mammography and other screening methods may not be the most effective in SSA.

The study reviewed breast cancer literature, screening methods, and their effectiveness in SSA.

Results illustrate that women with breast cancer in SSA are younger than in high-income nations. Treatment options are limited, leading to poor prognoses. Engagement with early detection and screening practices, such as the mammogram, is low, contributing to late-stage diagnosis.

According to the study, early detection of breast cancer should be context-specific in SSA. Early detection strategies, such as mammography, need complementary methods to reduce mortalities from breast cancer in low-income nations, such as SSA (Black & Richmond, 2019).

Further research is required in evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of clinical downstaging as a tool for controlling breast cancer in SSA.

Jiwa, N., Takats, Z., Leff, D. R., & Sutton, C. (2021). Breast health screening: a UK-wide questionnaire. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, bmjnph-2021. https://doi.org/ 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000266

Peer-reviewed journal

The study emphasized on the concept of self-testing based on the nipple fluid.

NAF is an acceptable tool in screening breast cancer.

The study was conducted through an online survey. The survey consisted of four parts, including an overview of breast health, essential demographic data, questions on the acceptability of NAF as a screening tool, and opinions regarding NAF collection for cancer screening (Jiwa et al., 2021).

A total of 3178 respondents completed questionnaires, all having consent to participate in the study. This gave a 74.0% response rate out of the 4305 respondents who interacted with the questionnaires (Jiwa et al., 2021). The larger population of women (89.8%) were keen to understand the risks involved with breast cancer, 8.5% were not decided, and 1.6% did not want to know the risk involved with breast cancer. 29.2% of women needed to know the risk of breast cancer due to family history and 11.5% due to personal history. 83.4% of respondents were unaware of NAF, with 92.0% indicating acceptability for home screening.

The study illustrated that the concept of NAF as a screening tool was highly acceptable. The study also illustrated that public awareness of breast cancer screening protocols and mammograms needed improvements.

Evaluating improvements needed on mammograms as a tool for breast cancer screening. Increased public awareness is required to enhance the knowledge of breast cancer to more women.

Kang. (2018). Use of Breast Cancer Screening and Its Association with Later Use of Preventive Services among Medicare Beneficiaries. Radiology., 288(3), 660–668. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018172326

Peer-reviewed journal

Retrospective assessing the association between mammography screening with preventive services for women enrolled in Medicare.

There is an association between screening mammography and the use of a variety of preventive services in women who are enrolled in Medicare.

The study collected data for the research through retrospective Medicare claims from 2010 to 2014 identifiable research files (Kang, 2018, p. 666).

Qualitative analysis was conducted by applying a multivariate logistic regression model.

The study recorded 555705 patients as cohorts. 185625 of them underwent mammography, reflecting 33.4% of the total cohorts (Kang, 2018, p. 667). The results did not indicate significant differences in screened and unscreened women in preventive services.

The use of mammography for screening breast cancer was associated with increased adherence to other preventive methods.

The association between mammography and cervical cancer screening should be emphasized through further research.

Klarenbach, S., Sims-Jones, N., Lewin, G., Singh, H., Thériault, G., Tonelli, M., Doull, M., Courage, S., Garcia, A. J., Thombs, B. D., & Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2018). Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in women aged 40-74 years who are not at increased risk for breast cancer. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 190(49), E1441–E1451. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180463

Peer-reviewed journal

Screening through mammographs may identify breast cancer earlier, leading to more effective and less invasive cancer treatment.

Recommendations for screening women for breast cancer should remain similar to those of the previous task force.

The study relied on two evidence reviews. Review protocols for the study were entered in PROSPERO. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was utilized in determining the quality of evidence provided and the strength of the recommendation

(Klarenbach et al., 2018).

Mammography screening for breast cancer causes modestly reduced breast cancer mortalities for women between 40 and 70 years. Mammography was recommended for such women, with more specific descriptions recommended for other screening methods.

From the study, mammography is considered more effective for screening breast cancer in women between 40 and 70 years.

Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of mammography in other age brackets and the effectiveness of combining mammography with other screening methods.

O'Donovan, J., Newcomb, A., MacRae, M. C., Vieira, D., Onyilofor, C., & Ginsburg, O. (2020). Community health workers and early detection of breast cancer in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review of the literature. BMJ global health, 5(5), e002466.

Peer-reviewed journal

The study examined the role of community health workers in the early detection and prevention of breast cancer.

The research questions included;

Where and how community health workers are deployed in the role of detection and prevention of breast cancer.

How the community health workers are trained on breast cancer detection.

The cost associated with the deployment of community health workers in breast cancer detection programs.

The study was conducted through a review approach. The review process effectively followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Eight databases were utilized to identify peer-reviewed publications from 1998 to 2019 (O’Donovan et al., 2020). Data were systematically extracted from the resources into data charting forms a shared spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel.

The initial search provided 2938. A total of 2574 studies were provided after deduplicating the initial resources. A screening of the 2574 studies yielded 47 studies subjected to full-text review (O’Donovan et al., 2020). Following the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 31 more studies were excluded, and only 16 were left. The roles of community health workers were identified, including awareness and community education, performing community-based breast screening, and making referrals for further examination or critical considerations.

Community health workers can play a vital role in the early detection and prevention of breast cancer. Therefore, they need to be supported in a wider health system.

Early detection is essential in the prevention of breast cancer. A study can examine how community health workers can promote detection and prevention of breast cancer and the connection they may have in mammogram utilization (O’Donovan et al., 2020).

Pashayan, Antoniou, A., Ivanuš, U., & Esserman, L. (2020). Publisher Correction: Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement (Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, (2020), 10.1038/s41571-020-0388-9). Nature Reviews.

Peer-reviewed journal

Risk-stratified prevention and early detection strategies for breast cancer.

Not Applicable

A descriptive qualitative approach is used in the study.

The study illustrates risk assessment for breast cancer, risk-stratified prevention, risk-stratified detection, and the implementation of these strategies.

The study shows substantial progress in estimating risks of developing breast cancer, applying risk stratification, and modeling the benefit-harm balance in early detection and prevention of breast cancer.

Further research is required to evaluate the acceptability and the feasibility of implementing risk-stratified detection and prevention of breast cancer.

White, M. C., Kavanaugh-Lynch, M., Davis-Patterson, S., & Buermeyer, N. (2020). An Expanded Agenda for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer: Charting a Course for the Future. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030714

Peer-reviewed journal

A structured, innovative approach to integrating

scientific evidence with community perspectives in developing a plan to reduce breast cancer incidences (White et al., 2020, p. 714).

Not Applicable

The study used a descriptive approach to reduce breast cancer incidences.

The results indicate that the new approaches by BCPP embrace expansive mind frames, which are essential in mapping prevention measures for the future. (White et al., 2020, p. 714).

The prevention methods identified in the primary prevention plan can reduce breast cancer incidences.

Extending research to ascertain the effectiveness of implementing dialogues and awareness to advocate reduced breast cancer incidences is an opportunity provided by the gaps in this study (White et al., 2020, p. 714).