Annotated Bibliography And Literature Review

profilerachealbizz1
Reviewingpolicy.pptx
Home>Nursing homework help>Annotated Bibliography And Literature Review

Reviewing and evaluating policy

Reviewing policy

Aims

To define ‘policy’ and consider importance and types

Discuss how policy is developed

Look at the ways in which ideology impacts upon policy

Explore the policy review stages and policy evaluation

Defining Policy

A law, regulation, procedure, administrative action, incentive, or voluntary practice of governments and other institutions;

Policy states specific principles and responsibilities

Focused upon action and who should do what and when

It is a statement of authority

Good policy allows people to get on with core business more efficiently and effectively

UK policies – https ://www.gov.uk /

Types of Policy

1. Influenced by the reason for development

Reactive policy

A response to a problem or emergency – so can be formed quickly

Designed to remedy existing problems.

Proactive policy

Designed to prevent a concern, problem, or emergency from occurring

Policy includes: Financial and economic, Environmental, Industrial, Energy, Security and defence, Education, Health

5

Types of Policy…

According to the scope of development

Private: relating to institutions, organizations, and privately held companies

Public: related to governmental bodies and developed for the greater public good

According to their affect on individuals

Distributive policies affect the distribution of goods or services as well as their costs among members of an organization

Regulatory policies limit or compel certain types of behaviour

Constituent policies create executive power entities or deal with laws

How policy is developed?

There are a number of different ways in which policy is devised by Government and depends upon the type of Government which exists.

In Britain the existence of a democracy should mean that the public are able to influence policy.

The different political parties will make public their approach to policy and fight their election campaign based on such issues as health, welfare, and education

Policy is influenced by lobbying and campaigning

Origins of policy for human services in UK

Changing attitudes towards poverty 1880s and 1890s

World War 1 and its aftermath:

The impact of World War 2

Welfare State

The Beveridge Report – Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942)

Want - Income maintenance – social security

Ignorance - Education

Disease - NHS

Squalor - Housing

Idleness - Employment (employment exchanges)

On the day it was published a queue a quarter of a mile long formed

‘for the first time in history all citizens were insured from the cradle to the grave… At a stroke, therefore, they were released by the state from the fear of poverty’

Lowe (1999: 13)

Possible influencing Factors

The European Union (1945-1959) was originally established to consider Economic factors, including the production and sale of goods. The Union has become increasingly concerned with other issues, such as the provision of welfare and employment law etc.

Brexit creates uncertainty around policy

Globalisation and Global awareness has led to greater knowledge about other societies and opinions about how our government should deal with others

Those who are against Globalisation believe that multi-nationals have too much power (sometimes more than governments), and that they undermine national identity

Political Ideology and Policy Development

An ideology is a set of ideas, attitudes and opinions form a belief system or philosophy

Political parties have specific ideologies which influences attitudes towards policy

New Right (Neoliberalism)

Deserving and undeserving poor: Some people are poor through no fault of their own i.e. disability deserves help

Those who are fit and well, such as the young unemployed, are considered to be undeserving

Family Owe a duty to each other and State should only intervene if there is no family / if the state provides the family wont (decline in the ‘family’)

Charity: Self help is good / More state intervention = less charity and voluntary work

Dependency culture - greater state intervention encourages dependency and therefore people are less likely to help themselves / Growth of the underclass

Implications: Means testing – targeting those in need / State should only provide for those in greatest need (safety net) Mixed economy state, voluntary and commercial

Social Democracy

Implemented the welfare state

Democracy suggests people have an equal say in government decisions

Everybody should receive benefits and health care according to need

Belief in full citizenship – political (right to vote), legal and social (right to welfare)

Market: Importance of government intervenes /Free market economy harms the weak and benefits the rich

Family: Families are important and should be helped by the state in care of disabled and older relatives

Lone parents should be helped to bring children up so that they are free from poverty

Social Democracy

Charity is Accepted with a comprehensive state system

Deserving and undeserving

Welfare benefits should be available to all who seek them

Criticisms of Social democratic approach

Criticised because the original problems still remain i.e. poverty & inequalities

The group that benefits most are the affluent middle classes

Third way

Associated with Blairism and the New Labour government of 1997

Described as centre left and modernised social democracy committed to social justice, democracy, liberty, justice and internationalism

The role of government is to ensure that private businesses are successful so as to ensure high employment

There is also an emphasis on self help – so people have to help themselves and each other.

Emphasis on anti discriminatory policies

Ideology is important when reviewing policy as it influences decisions made

Policy review

Related to changes in policy

Why review is needed:

1) Policy is no longer followed

2) Policy is no longer effective or having the desired impact

3) New issues have arisen that mandate the policy to be amended

4) Changes to the mother policy make the existing policy redundant or non compliant

Steps to conduct a policy review

Policy owner is responsible for conducting a comprehensive review periodically to stay updated

Needs Analysis:

1) Log the issues for review or development

2) Address the problem through mechanisms other than the policy process (Implementation gap)

3) Proceed with a review analyze any relevant information that could inform the policy review

(data analysis, literature review, and best practice)

Steps to conducting Policy Review Continued

Policy review should consider the impact upon other policies, stakeholders, administration and systems development

Depending upon the extent of change, urgency and timing, stakeholders will be consulted and comment on the draft policy

Approval

The final draft of the policy is submitted for final approval

with a Communication and Implementation Plan

A Policy Issues Log should be maintained by throughout implementation

To ensure the policy is being followed auditing of compliance or evaluation

Policy Evaluation:

“to systematically investigate the effectiveness of social interventions….in ways that improve social conditions” (Rossi, Freeman and Lipsey, 1999:20)

Policy evaluation applies evaluation principles and methods to examine the content, implementation or impact of a policy

Evaluation is the activity through which we develop an understanding of the merit, worth, and utility of a policy

Why Policy Evaluation is important?

Documenting policy development

Documenting and informing implementation

Assessing support and compliance with existing policies

Demonstrating impacts and value of a policy

Informing an evidence base

Informing future policies

Providing accountability for resources invested

Group activity

Consider the importance of policy evaluation from the perspective of implementing service

With consideration of the examples, or from your own research, what is a policy evaluation trying to achieve

What became the main aims?

How is the information presented?

Summary

Policy development and implementation is essential to human services

Policy upholds the rights of people

The development of policy is influenced by history, ideology and internal and external factors

The review of policy is critical to ensure they are still fit for purpose and achieving their aims

Policy evaluation is part of the way of understanding for both implementation and change

Undertaken by Government / other stakeholders / campaigners for change

References

Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State in Britain since 1945, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan.

Rossi, P., Freeman, H., & Lipsey, M. (1999). Evaluation: A systematic approach (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.