PSY timed quiz help

Applied Learning Section

Expertise & Decision Making

1.What does it mean to be an expert? The best in your field. Best of the best.

2.Describe the steps to becoming an expert

Plan/Goal - What’s the outcome, Why are you doing it How to Accomplish It - Break it down and in order Start at the Bottom - Basics and then add on - Piano first learn one hand then the other Effort - Challenging NOT overwhelming - weightlifting example easy, reasonable, to hard Mindful Practice - Goals, Cognition - Am I meeting my goals Evaluation - Coaches, mentors, feedback, opinion, review, comments; how well and what you’re doing wrong, someone needs to be able to let you what to work on

3.How does practice relate to becoming an expert?

Consciousness, paying attention to technique; must be mindful practice

4.How does time relate to expertise? Time isn’t necessarily the biggest factor. It is focused time. Some say expert 10 years, some say 10,000 hours; it the effect you put in and not the necessarily the time. Deliberate practice debate

5.Compare and contrast Inductive and deductive reasoning **Inductive Reasoning - uses patterns to arrive at conclusion. **Deductive Reasoning - uses facts, definitions, or rules to arrive at conclusion

6.Identify and describe all the components and types of a conditioning reasoning task

7.Identify and describe all the coronets of a syllogism Syllogism - 2 statements assumed to be true plus a conclusion judged as valid, invalid or indeterminate - 3 parts

• Major Premise - All mortal die; all dogs have four legs* • Minor Premise - Men are mortal ; kitty is a dog* • Conclusion - All men die (vaild) ; kitty is a dog* (indeterminate)

8.***Create a universal affirmative syllogism All human are mortal, all mortals die, all humans die

9.***Create a particular negative syllogism

10.***Create a mixed syllogism

11.Explain how bias influenced deductive reasoning We will take information that confirms our thoughts or opinions and reject those that done’t

12.Describe how heuristics influence decision making - BE SPECFIC

Distractions & Cell Phones

1.Describe perceptual load Perception is the process of selecting, categorizing, and interpreting sensory information from our environment. Perceptual load refers to the total amount of sensory information needed to process a relevant stimulus.

2.How does capacity impact cognitive load? Cognitive capacity is the total amount of information the brain is capable of retaining at any particular moment. This amount is finite, so we can say our total capacity is only ever 100%. How much of one’s cognitive capacity is being used towards a particular task at any given time is called the cognitive load. Doing activities that are habitual does not create a heavy cognitive load, so you can do several of these tasks at once.

3.Explain how high and Low cognitive load impacts distraction - When we use a lot of our capacity we are more likely to be more attentive - when we have room for more capacity we get to comfortable and are more likely to make mistakes. Driving for example with lots of time verses driving through a storm, more focused.

4.Describe the different types of cognitive load • Intrinsic - Nature of material; how difficult the task is • Extraneous - non relevant, unimportantly; outside of the task; distractions; internal thoughts • Germain - working memory source that facility learning; top down processing - build schema

5.What can distract a person while driving - people, music, phone, a conversation, weather, food, an accident

6.How do cell phones detract from driving? Why do people think they can do it? Because driving has become an automatic process (mindless driving) so we have a false confidence. Visually (not looking at full vision field), mechanically (hands off wheel), and cognitively (mind elsewhere).

7.SPECIFICALLY, how do cell phones impact cognitive & visual processing? Slow reaction time, decreased monitoring, decreased visual scanning, increased hard breaking

8.Compare and contrast the different experimental techniques to examine cell phones and driving- HINT make sure you look at the studies and the results as well

• On Road Experiments - Slow reaction time - decreased monitoring - decreased visual scanning - increased hard breaking - No difference hands free and with hands

• Closed Track Study - Delayed and hard breaking - Predictability - helps anticipate events is limited - Study Limitations - Realism, simulated conversations • Simulator Study - Reduced speed - Slow reaction to signs - Increased cognitive workload - Conversation was puzzle solving - Reduced situational awareness - Increased cognitive load - No difference hands free and with hands

9.Compare either driving and texting to driving and talking on a cell phone Both are dangerous, while texting impairs visual attentiveness and cognitive function talking impairs cognitive

abilities. It’s very hard to concentrate on having a conversation and paying attention to the road and environment. That is why even hands free there is no difference is cause of accidents.

Perceptual Disorders

1.Describe Agnosia - loss of the ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds shapes and smells - not the loss of cognitive abilities - completely sensory based - caused brain injury, stroke most likely in the ventral (what) stream - less than 200K in US has it

2.Describe the difference between Apperceptive and associative • Apperceptive - visual problem due to impaired (higher order) visual perception; Intact vision - acuity brightness,

discrimination, color vision Deficits - abnormal shape perception, grouping process deficit - the perception is way off X’s are to lines

- Integrative Agnosia (subtype) - see items are parts but does not use Gesalt principles of grouping, can recreate images; pig example, can see the parts but don’t see them together as a whole; could guess based on pigtail

• Associative - recognition problem to due lacking as association of percept with meaning; can’t recognize objects by sight alone, intact general knowledge of objects, can recognize by touch or definition, not naming a deficit like they just can’t remember; there visual perception is accurate but can’t identify the object; can replicate in drawing but can’t identify what it is unless they are touch it

3.Create a table that contains each type of perceptual discussed in lecture - it should include

a.Name b.SUBTYPES c.Description of deficits - BE SPECIFIC d.Brain area involved e.Causes 


SEE TABLE

Motivation

1.Understand the biological, learned, and cognitive components that contribute to drug use. Nucleus Accombens - Dopamine is released and response to natural rewards verses synthetic drugs - Sex and Food stimulates the same part of the brain about pleasure

Biological is Reward = Survival Heat and get ice water = more reward Exhaustion = sleep Liked an image on FB = pleasure Brain is hard wired to give reward in terms of survival

Learned is knowing how that response works even if synthetic Cognitive is the Old and Milner experiment where rats risked their life and some died to activate the pleasure

part of the brain.

2.Know about the experiment conducted by Olds and Milner, what they discovered and why it was relevant.

Old and Milner 1954 - Reward Centers Video - Pleasure Centers in The Brain - Rats put themselves at risk and die to get pleasure sensation We will do anything even risky to ignite that part of the brain. Addiction plays on our natural reward responses.

3.Be able to describe homeostasis and regulatory behaviors. Homeostatic Mechanism (maintains body) = outside regulatory system the brain sends signals and rewards - Regulatory Behavior • Behavior required to meet basic needs • Controlled by homeostatic mechanism

4.Understand reward pathways that we discussed. Pathway 1 - Higher Order Cognitive Function - Getting a good grade in school to get into Grad School. Check list checker offer - Mesocortical Pathway 2 - Lower Order - More Emotion - Mesolimbic - Limbic System

5.Understand and be able to identify the actions of cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, and psychedelic drugs on the brain and the effects of these actions.

Dopamine - Neurotransmitters are associated with many functions, associated with drug seeking behavior; rats wanting dopamine

Drugs - a chemical that intentionally changes the neurophysiology of the brain; no new reactions only modifications of processes; works with the same systems just modifying; WHO accounts for 8% of worldwide burden on disease (huge) also has to do with how to classify drugs Classifications of drugs: • Legal verse illegal • Effect