Literature Review on Diabetes and high amount of sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical exercise can significantly increase the risk of diabetes.

Running head: TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 1

The running head is a shortened version of the paper’s full title, and it is used to help readers identify the titles for published articles (even if your paper is not intended for publication, your paper should still have a running head).

Technology is Transferring Human Education to Computers

Student Name

Columbia Southern University

The title should summarize the paper’s main idea and identify the variables under discussion and the relationship between them.

The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12- point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized.

The author’s name and institution should be double-spaced and centered.

Blue boxes contain directions for writing and citing in APA style.

Green text boxes contain explanations of APA style guidelines.

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 2

This is an example of a direct quote in-text citation. Notice how the information is integrated into the paper and notice the placement of the punctuation.

Review of Literature

Matthew Etherington (2008), the author of the article “E-Learning Pedagogy in the

Primary School Classroom: The McDonaldization of Education,” writes about the

dehumanization of primary students as a direct result of online pedagogy. Human evolution has

led to the creation of better technology. That technology led humans to become reliant on

machines, which do not require any social interaction to be effective. This is confirmed by

Etherington (2008) when he stated, “When a child gets on their computer….there is no sense of a

physical connection – there is only a mask” (p. 34).

To delve further, socialization is defined from an industry perspective by John Macionis

(2009) in his book Society the Basics in this statement: “sociologists use the term socialization to

refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn

culture” (p. 72). Macionis also stresses that socialization is also significantly enhanced by

children attending a physical school. It is in school that they begin to recognize cultural, racial,

social, and gender differences between themselves and others and what makes them different, in

addition to being able to decipher which characteristics allow them to connect with others.

Additionally, while in school, children also begin to form their own peer groups, which permit

“escape [from] direct supervision of adults” (Macionis, 2009, p. 81). This freedom is how they

first begin to establish personal relationships outside the family.

In demonstration, W. E. Ross attended the Wired Culture Forum that was hosted in the

city of Toronto. At this forum, he found that more than 400 high school students expressed

remarkable concern that technology is beginning to take over their lives. Those students noted a

continually increasing reliance on their own personal devices, that the internet isolates them from

interacting with others, and that “technology threatens their… ability to relate to others” (Ross,

Notice the header and page numbers on this page. The actual words Running head are not on any other pages after the first page.

In place of the title, you will use Review of Literature here centered. Once it is placed into the final paper, it may be used as a level one heading.

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 3

2009, p. 483). While some high schools in many states and countries have already converted to

the online format, in Pennsylvania, there is “currently a proposal for a cyber-school that would

enroll children as young as 5 years old” (Ross, 2009, p. 482).

In order to understand some of the reasons for the issues that children face in pedagogical

technology, it is imperative to understand some of the definitions of behavior. In Psychology: An

Introduction, Benjamin Lahey (2007) defines psychology as “the science of behavior and mental

processes” (p. 5). To further understand this, here are some of the common terms that define

psychology and help to accomplish the goals of psychology. Lahey (2007) defines science as

“psychologists attempt[ing] to understand people through careful, controlled observation” (p. 5).

Also, behavior is considered any direct, physical action that can be observed; finally, mental

processes are any “private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives that others cannot directly

observe” (Lahey, 2007, p. 5).

Additionally, Lahey (2007) also compares our closest evolutionary ladder match in which

he illuminates the “nature versus nurture” debate as inapplicable to childhood socialization, by

illustrating how two researchers (the Harlows) studied the effects of early social deprivation on

monkeys by taking a small group of infant monkeys and raising them in isolation for the first few

months of their lives. These monkeys seemed to be completely normal at the conclusion of this

stage. At adulthood, the monkeys were then released into population with normal monkeys, and

later (at 3 years of age) they were placed in specific breeding cages; “it was then that the

Harlows first noticed that the social, sexual, and emotional behavior of these monkeys was

distinctly abnormal” (Lahey, 2007, p. 319) in both the male and the female of the species,

characteristically. The females were afraid and withdrew from their normal male counterparts,

while the males that were paired up with normal females were clumsy, awkward, and overly

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 4

This is how you cite a secondary source. It shows that Mead was quoted in a book by Macionis. This is how to use Mead’s quote and still give credit to Macionis, who is the author of the book. Notice the placement of the author and year and the page number after the quote.

anxious. The research was further proven by the reactions of these same monkeys upon the

birthing of their own baby monkeys and their extreme behavior to their own offspring, which

often included murder.

To add to these findings, John Macionis (2009) quantified that “humans need social

experience… to survive” (p. 72). Mead (as cited in Macionis, 2009), who developed social

behaviorism and the central concept of “self,” stated that, “the self develops only with social

experience” (p. 77). This indicates that without the social experience, the self does not develop.

According to Etherington’s (2008) postulation of dehumanization, some of the potential

problems that will stem from a child’s sole online pedagogy are “isolation, lack of community,

and decreased socialization of its learners” (p. 34). He also noted more physical problems such

as “repetitive stress injuries, eyestrain, [and] obesity” (Etherington, 2008. p. 43).

In addition to these physical dangers, there are also abnormal personality disorders that

can occur as a result of de-socialization. Some of those disorders are explained in detail by

Nevid, Rathus, and Greene (2009) in their book Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World:

avoidant personality disorder (similarly, social phobias), increased proneness to different types

of phobias, and a terror of rejection and criticism that renders that person generally unwilling to

enter relationships. As a result, they do not often have close relationships outside their family.

Another possible disorder is separation-individuation: a process by which children learn

to “differentiate their own identities from their mothers” (Nevid et al., 2009, p. 456). Failure for

a child to complete this process can create a personality disorder in an adult, and lead to

separation anxiety. To expound on this issue, the type of anxiety disorder that could easily result

from this could lead to a borderline personality disorder in which people lack confidence about

Use all 3

authors’

names

the 1st

time this

source is

cited.

The rest

of the

citations

will only

need the

first

author et

al.,

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 5

When

information

shortened in

a direct

quote,

ellipses are

used to

show that

words are

left out. If

additional

words are

needed to

help the

meaning of

the quote,

put those

words in

brackets.

their individual characteristics (which can include both personality and sexuality), leading to

constant feelings of emptiness and boredom.

Furthermore, physical communication disorders can quickly breed in children who are

unsocial because they do not experience proper enunciation and articulation of different letters

and sounds. These disorders range from an expressive language disorder, a mixed

receptive/expressive language disorder, a phonological disorder, to stuttering (Nevid et al.,

2009). Indeed, other physical and personality manifestations can result from a lack of

socialization: children become “more passive … [and] less likely to use [their] imagination”

(Macionis, 2009, p. 82).

Ross (2009) establishes that technology can certainly benefit a professional environment

by his statement that, “over 85% of Fortune 500 companies use remote training” (p. 482). In fact,

most companies today actually utilize remote computer training for new hires as a part of their

orientation to a new job. Again, the correlation between adult pedagogy in technology and child

pedagogy in technology is demonstrated by Etherington’s (2008) further study of a child being in

a physical school, and a teacher being absent from the classroom, but elsewhere conducting an

interactive activity. To recap, John Macionis (2009) stresses that necessary socialization is

significantly enhanced by children attending a physical school and interacting with other children

on a constant, daily basis.

TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN EDUCATION 6

References

Etherington, M. (2008). E-Learning pedagogy in the primary school classroom: The

McDonaldization of education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education: 33(5), 1-48.

Retrieved from Academic OneFile database.

Lahey, B. B. (2007). Psychology: An introduction (9th ed.). Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill.

Macionis, J. J. (2009). Society the basics (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice

Hall.

Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2009). Abnormal psychology in a changing world

(Custom ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Ross, W. E. (2009). The promise and perils of E-learning: A critical look at the new technology.

Theory and Research in Social Education, 28(4), 482-492. Retrieved from Academic

OneFile database.

The title (References) is centered, but not bolded.

The references are also listed in alphabetical order. Pay close attention to the small details of formatting different types of sources. Look closely at things such as punctuation, font formatting, and capitalization, as these do change depending on the type of source you are using.