final paper

Running Head: RESULTS PAPER

RESULTS PAPER 12

RESULTS PAPER

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Institution

Results

The paper focuses on the results of the data which was collected using the interview method of gathering data. It details the outcomes of the thoughts of medical practitioner regarding the hospital acquired infections among patients in hospitals in Florida. The participants give their opinions on activities which are conducted in the health facilities that could potentially lead to the transmission of diseases to patients during administering of care as well as the ways to prevent these occurrences. The people who were interviewed were asked to state their demographics such as gender (male or female) and their educational background. The interview also examined the familiarity of the participants with the concept of nosocomial infections and the hospital acquired infections as well as their understanding of measures which are recommended to be used as a way of reducing these cases of infections in the healthcare setting.

Demographical characteristics

Only eight participants were used as the sample group in this research. Three of the participants reported that they were male whereas five individuals indicated their gender as female. Therefore the female participants comprised of 62.5% whereas the male interviewee were 37.5% of the total sample group. Their ages were not asked during the interview because it was assumed that all the participants were 20 years and above. The job positions that the participants occupy in the healthcare sector was also questioned. Their respective job positions were; doctors comprised of 25% since they were two, nurses were 3 (37.5%), there was one dentist (12.5%), one radiologist (12.5%) and one gynecologist (12.5%).

Table 1

Demographical Characteristics of Individuals working in the healthcare facilities (n=8)

Characteristics			N (%)
Gender
Male			3 (37.5%)
Female			5 (62.5%)
Job positions
Doctors			2 (25%)
Nurses			3 (37.5%)
Dentists			1 (12.5%)
Radiologists			1 (12.5%)
Gynecologists			1 (12.5%)

Note: n=0 variable for Missing*, Gender (n=0)

Hospital acquired infections

The table below displays the outcomes which are acquired from the three questions which are asked to determine the knowledge that the physicians have regarding the spread of diseases within the healthcare setting. One of the questions asked was “What are healthcare associated infections, nosocomial infections and hospital acquired infections?” gave results which indicated that 87.5% of the medical practitioners could effectively differentiate these two terms whereas 12.5% of the participants ( one individual) failed to give the expected answer to the question (Monegro & Regunath, 2018). This indicates that the health care practitioners are familiar with this problem and hence can be in a better position to prevent its occurrence.

The other question that is in this category is “What do you think contributes to the increase in cases of nosocomial infections?” which was asked to help understand what the medical care givers think regarding their responsibility in offering the needed care as well as protecting patients from any kind of harm that could affect them as they stay in the facility or receive the care they require. Doctors (25%) blamed their negligence as well as the poor hygiene of the facilities where patients are required to stay. Other medical practitioners 37.5% blamed the training institutions for failing to offer proper training to medical practitioners, 25% others blamed the management of the facility for failing to develop strict policies that could prevent the problem from occurring and 12.5% of the participants indicated that failure of corporation of the patients attributed to the occurrence of these cases of hospital acquired infections.

Further the interview asked “In what ways do you ensure that as a medical practitioner you reduce risks linked to hospital-acquired infection?” 50% of the participants indicated that the problem could be resolved when the medical care givers strictly abide by the outlined principles of handling patients, observing cleanliness and ensuring safety of patients when using any medical equipment. In addition, another group indicated that strict following of the basic training offered in college is the key to lowering risk of transmitting diseases as one gives care to patients.

Hospital acquired infection results from the medical practitioners (n=8)

Characteristics	n (%)
Hospital acquire infections Effectively differentiate the terms Unable to differentiate the terms Factors that increase nosocomial infections	7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%)
Negligence of doctors,	1 (12.5%)
poor hygiene of the facilities	1 (12.5%)
poor training of medical practitioners	3 (37.5%)
Ineffective management of facilities	2(25%)
Failure of patients to cooperate	1(12.5%)
Reducing risks linked to hospital-acquired infection
observing cleanliness	2 (25 %)
ensuring safety of patients when using any medical equipment	2 (25%)
Abiding by medical care giving training	4 (50%)

Medical practitioner’s training

This section of questions was designed to analyze whether the training that the medical care givers are given is sufficient in enabling them conduct the daily operations in this sector or has some loopholes that result in the cases of hospital acquired infections that endanger the lives of patients. It has four questions the first one being “Do you think that the training that medical practitioners receive is sufficient in preventing transmission of infections in healthcare facilities?” 25% male participants and 37.5% female participants answered yes whereas 12.5% male participant and 25% female participants believed that the training given requires to be improved.

The other question regards the hand hygiene of the practitioners and stated that “As a medical practitioner do you wash hand after patient encounter and do you believe that you have sufficient knowledge in relation to the hand hygiene?” 87.5% participants displayed that they fully abide by the hand hygiene guidelines but 12.5% or one participant (female) admitted to failing to abide by these principles sometimes due to the high number of patients that they attend to daily.

The third question was “Do you think that contaminated patient-care equipment result in an increased risk of communicable diseases?” and was answered by many physicians with a yes. 62.5% female participants and 37.5% male participants answered yes to this question. This shows that all participants understood the danger involved in using contaminated medical equipment of caring for patients (Barrasa-Villar.et.al, 2017). Moreover the last question was “ Which are the common mistakes that most medical care givers perform which puts patients at risk of infections?” which got many participants answering that the prominent mistake involved the hand hygiene (25% male and 37.5% female) as well as the use of contaminated equipments (25% female).

Table 3

Effectiveness of medical training n=8

Question	Results	demographics	n %
Do you think that the training that medical practitioners receive is sufficient in preventing transmission of infections in healthcare facilities?
	Yes	Male	25%
		Female	37.5%
	No	Male	12.5%
		female	25%
As a medical practitioner do you wash hand after patient encounter and do you believe that you have sufficient knowledge in relation to the hand hygiene?
	Fully abide	Male	37.5%
		female	50%
	Fail to abide	Male	0%
		female	12.5%
Do you think that contaminated patient-care equipment result in an increased risk of communicable diseases?
	Yes	male	37.5%
		female	62.5%
	No	Male	0%
		female	0%
Which are the common mistakes that most medical care givers perform which puts patients at risk of infections?
	hand hygiene	Male	25%
		Female	37.5%
	use of contaminated equipments	Male	12.5
		Female	25%

Note: Never (n=0%)

Common infections

This section has three questions which were targeted at offering details of the most common infections that affect patients who stay in the healthcare facilities. Its initial question asks, “Which are the most common types of infections which are observed in this facility?” The answers vary from urinary tract infection to surgical site infections to lower respiratory tract infections and blood stream infections. Most doctors (25%) seem to list the blood stream related infections, nurses (37.5%) indicate urinary tract infection and surgical site infections, while gynecologist, radiologist and dentists (37.5%) list the lower respiratory tract infections as the prominent infections.

The other question asks “Do you think that the healthcare associated infections contributed in any way to the high cases of readmissions of patients?” and is answered as follows 37.5% male and 62.5% participants answered yes. None of the participants opposed this fact. The other question indicates “In what ways does the hospital acquired infections affect the effectiveness of the healthcare system?” and is answered as follows: 25% males and 37.5 female answered that the contribute to deterioration f the health of patients and 12.5% and 25% answered that the nosocomial infections lower the capability of physicians to treat patients.

Question	Results	demographics	n %
common types of infections which are observed in this facility
	blood stream related infections	Doctors	25%
	surgical site infections	Gynecologist, radiologist, dentist	37.5%
	urinary tract infection	Nurses	37.5%
Do you think that the healthcare associated infections contributed in any way to the high cases of readmissions of patients?
	Yes	Male	37.5%
		female	62.5%
	No	Male	0%
		female	0%
Do you think that contaminated patient-care equipment result in an increased risk of communicable diseases?
	Yes	male	37.5%
		female	62.5%
	No	Male	0%
		female	0%
In what ways does the hospital acquired infections affect the effectiveness of the healthcare system?
	they contribute to deterioration f the health of patients	Male	25%
		Female	37.5%
	nosocomial infections lower the capability of physicians to treat patients	Male	12.5
		Female	25%

Note: Never (n=0%)

Measures to reduce hospital acquired infections

The first question in this section is “What recommendations would you give to ensure that the percentages of hospital acquired infections are lowered?” It enables the participants to give opinions of what should be done in order to improve how the healthcare sector operates. 37.5% male and 50% female participants answered that the patients and health care givers need to collaborate in observing hygiene in the hospital setting whereas 12.5% female participants supported that the medical staff ought to ensure that they handle medical equipments effectively.

The next question states “how would medical care givers ensure that they promote the health of their patients instead of causing deterioration of the patients’ health through the transmission of diseases in hospital setting?’. 100% of the participants stated that the care givers should ensure that they adhere to the set standards of treatment and follow their trainings that are given in medical schools.

Finally, the last question which evaluates the training given to medical practitioners states “In what ways can the healthcare sector improve the basic training that is given to doctors and other medical practitioners as a way of lowering the healthcare associated infections?”The participants indicated that the sector requires to focus on improving its hygiene trainings as well as develop strategies to improve the ability of physicians to apply safety measures at all times

Question	Results	demographics	n %
What recommendations would you give to ensure that the percentages of hospital acquired infections are lowered?” 37.5% male and 50% female participants answered whereas 12.5% female participants supported that
	The patients and health care givers need to collaborate in observing hygiene in the hospital setting	Male	37.5%
	surgical site infections	Female	5o%
	the medical staff ought to ensure that they handle medical equipments effectively	Male	0%
		Female	12.5%
How would medical care givers ensure that they promote the health of their patients instead of causing deterioration of the patients’ health through the transmission of diseases in hospital setting?
	The care givers should ensure that they adhere to the set standards of treatment and follow their trainings that are given in medical schools	Male	37.5%
		female	62.5%
In what ways can the healthcare sector improve the basic training that is given to doctors and other medical practitioners as a way of lowering the healthcare associated infections?
	focus on improving its hygiene trainings as well as	male	25%
		female	50%
	develop strategies to improve the ability of physicians to apply safety measures at all times	Male	12.5%
		Female	12.5%

Note: Never (n=0%)

References

Barrasa-Villar, J. I., Aibar-Remón, C., Prieto-Andrés, P., Mareca-Doñate, R., & Moliner-Lahoz, J. (2017). Impact on morbidity, mortality, and length of stay of hospital-acquired infections by resistant microorganisms. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(4), 644-652. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/65/4/644/3788023

Monegro, A. F., & Regunath, H. (2018). Hospital acquired infections. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441857/