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Research Introduction

Week 3 Assignment

High School football declining due to injuries

In the past 10 years, enrollment to high school football in the country has gone down by 6.6% according to National Federation of State High School Associations (Bogage, 2018). Between 2016 and 2017 20,000 students dropped out of participating in this sport. By 2017 20 schools across the nation had completely dropped the sport (Bogage, 2018). Could we be living to see the end of high school football and all associated benefits for our children?

There is not that football participation in high school has been going down over the past few years. Experts bring up reasons such as cost, shifts in demographic, as well as single sport specialization as being the cause of the decline. However, one sure reason that is cited across board is the injuries that are associated with this sport. Scientific Research has shown a connection between playing football and traumatic brain injuries. The literature present tells about a wide range of factors that could be causing the decline without investigating further into each of the factors to determine the extent to which each one of them is contributing to the problem.

This study will be of great interest to high school boards and faculties since football for a long time has been a major part of the extra curriculum activities for high schools helping students learn important life lesson and also helping to develop talent and its decline will have an impact on education. The study would also be of greater interested specifically to high school football coaches to help them understand the problem further and how they can solve it. The study will also be of interest is the government and sports governmental agencies because this sport is not only a major part of education but also a sport that is of great interest for the country at large.

References

Bogage, J. (2018). High school football participation continues to drop as concerns over cost, injuries persist. The Washington Post. From: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/08/28/high-school-football-participation-continues-to-drop-as-concerns-over-cost-injuries-persist/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.20b0091c6e92

Research Paper Worksheet

Injuries in Sports

Week 5 Forum

     It is without a doubt that millions of teenagers participate in high school sports every year. Cases of high school sports injuries have been on the rise. The pressure to play can contribute to decisions that may further lead to injury with long-term effects. From own experience and observation, high school sports injuries can causes problems even in adult life. In case of a sports injury, it is essential to seek proper treatment to avoid future problems. Safety in sports is a collective initiative that must involve parents, coaches, and athletes. That said this paper shows the distinction of the topic ‘sports injuries in high schools’ when written in different forms of research questions.

     Typically a qualitative research question begins with ‘what’ or ‘how.’ Qualitative research questions seek to explore, discover or get an insight into a particular phenomenon. A good qualitative research question is usually written in a single sentence which entails the objective of the study with specific keywords. On the contrary, a quantitative question with respect to the topic would start with either ‘how’ or ‘why.’ Unlike qualitative research question, the quantitative research question, in this case, would contain different variables. Simply, the question would find correlation between variables (Creswell, 2018). In regard to sports injuries in high school, mixed research question would embed both qualitative and quantitative features.

Qualitative question- What are the experiences of injured high school athletes?

     Generally, a qualitative research design is based on social constructivism approach. I would use a relatively small sample size (n=50). I would then involve interview and observation as methods of data collection. Analysis of data will depend on researcher’s perspective and data gathered. 

Quantitative question- How often do high school athletes get injured?

     Prior to designing a quantitative research study, it is crucial to decide whether the study will be descriptive or experimental. Conferring with Stanley et al (2016), this is adamant because it dictates the mode of data collection and interpretation of the results. In this regard, I would use descriptive research study.

Mixed Method Research Question- Examine the lived experience of high school athletes and their insight toward different learning outcomes

     According to Creswell, (2018) developing mixed research, design can be tough. However, in regard to the research question, I would choose the appropriate quantitative or qualitative approaches crucial to deciphering he research question. For example, in regard to the quantitative approach, I would develop an instrument such as a survey while I use interviews to gather more information that might help compliment the study.

 

References

Creswell, J.W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. (5th Ed.) Twelve Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Stanley, L. E., Kerr, Z. Y., Dompier, T. P., & Padua, D. A. (2016). Sex differences in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscal injuries in collegiate and high school sports: 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. The American journal of sports medicine, 44(6), 1565-1572.

 

Week 6 Forum Validity

Challenges in determining the validity of an electronic survey

     The concept of validity is critical in any survey especially because it helps in showing to what extent a survey is relevant with regard to the conclusion that is being drawn. To be more precise, the concept of validity focuses on determining if what is intended to be measured is actually what is being measured and this it shows if the survey information is accurate and if it completely supports the conclusion (Creswell, 2018). This implies that measuring the validity of a survey is essential. Nevertheless, despite the fact that determining the concept of validity is essential, there are various challenges in determining the validity of an electronic survey.

     Typically, the challenges in determining the validity of an electronic survey are threats which raise various questions and end up affecting the outcomes. These threats are experimental procedures and participants’ experiences which will end up impacting a researcher’s ability to correctly come with a conclusion from data in an electronic survey. Regression is a challenge in determining the validity of an electronic survey. Probably, scores of participants may change over time in an electronic survey and as a result, this may affect validity. A researcher may end up selecting participants without extreme scores for the survey. Another challenge is the threat of selection whereby a researcher may choose participants with certain assumed characteristics (Creswell, 2018). This may affect validity.

     Another challenge is the threat of mortality whereby some participants may end up dropping out before the survey is complete and thus leading to uncertainty in outcomes. Communication between participants in an electronic survey is also a challenge that may impact the outcomes (Creswell, 2018). Outcomes may also be affected if participants feel as if they are not treated equally or less valued. Outcomes may also be affected when participants are familiar with the outcomes and use them for another survey. All these threats may affect validity in an electronic survey. All the same, there are various measures that researchers can implement to ensure that these challenges are dealt with.

 

Reference

Creswell, J.W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (5th Ed.) Twelve Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Week 7 Forum

Pros and Cons of a Mixed Method  

   Mixed methods research refers to an approach to research and inquiry which combines both qualitative and quantitative methods into a single study. The aim is to obtain a research method which can offer a broader perspective than using either qualitative or quantitative method. The use of mixed method allows researchers to emphasize on the research problem and utilize all available approaches to gain a better understanding. Therefore, this paper highlights the pros and cons when using mixed methods for a research project.  

Pros for using a mixed method for a research project

   Mixed methods form the most preferred approach because it is associated with the following advantages. First, the combined pros of both qualitative and quantitative methods are found in a mixed method. Consequently, a mixed research method enables a researcher to use narratives, pictures, and terms to add connotation to figures or numbers. Also, by using mixed methods in research projects, researchers can achieve desired precision to narratives, words, and pictures. This way, a researcher can tackle a more complete range of research questions.      

Cons for using a mixed method for a research project

   Unfortunately, despite having gained an overwhelming support from most researchers, the mixed method has a few weaknesses. Firstly, because of the duplicity content, the use of mixed method in a research project in a particular could be difficult to handle especially when one researcher is involved I the study Palinkas et al., (2015). In addition, it is complex; one needs to learn multiple methods like qualitative and quantitative methods to understand the best way to mix them appropriately.   

 

References

Ahmed, T. A. (2018). Evaluating How Community College Students’ Understanding of Success Influences Outcomes Using a Mixed-Methods Research Design. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544.

Assignment Instructions

Please set your Final Project up as if you were submitting an actual research article for publication. However, you are not required to actually collect and analyze and data. You can if you want, but students usually choose to finish after the review of literature and opinion.

Much of this content you have already created in previous assignments in the course. Your final project should include each of the following sections and headings:

Title Page. The title page should be formatted according to APA guidelines. When selecting the final title for your paper, please keep in mind the importance of the Week 3 Narrative Hook forum. You will have an opportunity to address this in more detail in the introduction section of your paper. APA recommends that titles be limited to approximately 12 words. Remember, you want your title to be representative of the paper, but still peak the interest of potential readers.

Abstract . The abstract basically summarizes the content in the paper for the reader. It’s usually only a paragraph or two. This is a very important part of the research process. For example, when other researchers are looking for existing research to support their research studies, the abstract allows researchers to quickly determine if your paper is relative to their topic.

Introduction . A good introduction should present the main research problem; explain exactly what you are studying, and why your research is an important contribution to the existing literature. Also, based on the literature review of your topic, will your research fill an existing gap in the body of knowledge? In other words, does your research have a chance to be groundbreaking and have a significant impact? You should have much of this information from your Week 3 assignment. Modify it as needed and include it in this section. The length of this section varies, but is typically only 1-2 pages.

Methodology . In this section, please discuss the research methodology you propose for your study. Would you employ a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods method? Why did you select that method? Would you administer a survey or interview people? How would you recommend collecting data? Please consider the work you did in the Week 2 forum on ethical considerations, the Week 5 forum on research questions, the Week 6 forum on validity, and the Week 7 forum on mixed methods. The work you did in those forums may assist in this section of your paper. The length of this section also varies, but is typically only 1-2 pages.

Literature Review . This is where you share the information you found in the literature about your topic. In other words, what is already been written about your topic? This will likely be the longest part of your paper. The length of this section varies from student to student depending on the information available on the respective topic, but is typically 2-4 pages.

Limitations . This section briefly states where you think your research may be limited. For example, your study may be limited to only males, or college students, athletes, etc. This section is useful since it paves the way for future studies. The length of this section varies, but is typically no more than a few paragraphs.

Opinion . This section is usually called Results, but we will refer to it as Opinion since no data is being collected or analyzed. This is where you share your “opinion” of what you would expect to find if you were to actually complete the study. This is also referred to as your thesis. The length of this section varies, but is typically only 1-2 pages.

References . Your sources should be presented on a new page in APA format. In order to do a thorough review of literature, you should have a minimum of 10 research sources.