Marketing and advertising era

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Research Methodology Final Assignment

Submitted by:

Nasra Al-Aghbari 16-0154

Supervisor:

Mr. Mahmood Al-Wahaibi

Course:

Presentation Skills & Research Methods (SS 2020)

Date:

June 8, 2020

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Health Effects of Obesity

The dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in most countries has been

of great concern globally. This is estimated to be the cause of more than 3.4 million deaths

worldwide, 4% of Years of Life Lost (YLL), and at least 4% of Disability-Adjusted Life

Years (DALYs) all around the word. However, despite the urgency of this problem, there are

still some noticeable gaps in what is known about this subject. For instance prevalence of

obesity is most often estimated based on surveys or population studies. Not only that data on

prevalence and trends are based on measurements of weight rather than the body fat. This

increase in body mass presents public health challenges because of attractive physical

appearance of thin bodies, and poor health outcomes of overweight and obesity. Health

condition of obese persons is most often worse than people with normal weight and the life

span of obese people is on average is shorter by two years. Obesity is multi factorial

phenomena and associates with age, gender, ethnicity, levels of leisure time, physical

activity, education, parity, economical and marital statuses, smoking habits, alcohol

consumption, family history of obesity and dietary habits in both men and women. In

compare to men, such determinant factors of obesity were frequently accumulated in women,

the findings of several studies have shown that the incidence and the prevalence of obesity in

women in many countries are higher than men. Obesity substantially increases the risk of

four major health issues (Figure 1) which are physical health, mental health, spiritual health

and social health. Obesity is the main causes of chronic illness and risk of being obese is

increasing in women so this study will help to find out the prevalence and contributing

factors about obesity so that the problem will be addressed. The significant of this study will

include helping the women and other member of the society to adopt healthy lifestyle and it

will help the nation to minimize obesity and thus helps in reducing chronic illness.

Figure 1: The most common consequences of obesity on the main

domain of health.

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Research proposal flow chart

1. Introduction

Obesity is a major public health problem and becomes an important epidemic in both

developed and developing countries since an increase in the risky lifestyles. Internationally,

rates of obesity are higher in women than in men. Given that thinness ideals have become

deeply ingrained into our society and heavily promoted by the mass media, diet industry and

fashion industry, it's not surprising to see widespread weight stigmatization toward women,

even if they are not obese. For women, weight discrimination has been associated with

poorer body image, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and a range of unhealthy eating

behaviors including binge eating.The research problem is, what are the prevalence and the

contributing factors of obesity among the women?

2. Literature Review

The articles that supports my literature review are (Obesity and women, 2016) and

(Djalalinia, Peykari, Qorbani, & Kelishadi, 2015). They both explain as the body weight

alone is not a very sensitive indicator for defining obesity. Factors such as age, sex,

height, lean muscle mass and body fat percentage are all unaccounted for when using

weight on an individual level. Thus, weight alone should be avoided as a standard for

assessing a person's relative risk for overweight and obesity. Ideal body weight is an

unscientific measure, and can provide only an estimate of appropriate weight. A simple

way to calculate ideal body weight for women is as follows: 100 lbs for the first 60 in (5

ft) plus 5 lbs for every additional inch.

3. Methodology

Research design is based on a descriptive cross sectional study. The research procedures

used to identify select, process and analyze information applied to understand why obesity is

higher to women. Data used to assess obesity prevalence and trends are derived from a

wide variety of sources, including population surveys, school-based assessments, clinical

and public health services administrative data and cohort studies. Common setting in which

data procedures on obesity status are collected on women between the age group of 30-50

years also only the women giving consent and willing to participate will be included. The

study area will be in Muscat whereas the sample size will be determined by literature review

and by statistical calculation. The sampling frame will be obtained from healthy office. The

data collection will be through semi structure questionnaires. The data will be collected by

interview and measurement. Weighing scale and measuring tape will be used to calculate

body mass index (BMI). Reliability of tool will be done by taking 150 samples and

calculated by using cronbach's alpha. The content validity of the research tool for its

completeness and clarity will be maintained through literature review and consultation with

concerned advisor, subject teacher, guides and experts. Data will be analyzed using

statistical package for social science (SPSS). The Chi square test and binary logistic

regression with categorical variable will be used. The ethical issues will includes, formal

approval that will be obtained from the concerned authorities, informed verbal consent will

be obtained from each respondent before giving the questionnaire and the confidentiality

will be maintained throughout the study. The budget for this research including personal

cost, material cost and expert cost is about OMR 1000.

4. Preliminary Data

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research

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in women living in poor places and

furthermore to identify certain behavioural, lifestyle and physiological parameters

associated with body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP). There are few reports

relating to overweight and obesity to women. For this reason, the present thesis attempts

to research the issue and its aim are to assess the subject matter in some detail. The study

will be conducted among a group of 150 women. The average age of women is between

30-50 years. The present thesis is a preliminary report and the research is continuing at

the department of medical science.

5. Statement of Limitations

Sample will be selected only from one city, which will include only women with age

between 30-50 years and the selected variables will be studied. Available indexes do not

identify the percentage of body fat such as they do not discriminate between muscle, fat

and bone. The fat-to-muscle ratio varies with age, gender, ethnic group and race.

6. Conclusion

The aim of the research is to determine the prevalence and to identify the contributing

factors of obesity to women. Also the contribution of finding data to obesity research and

to describe the benefits and challenges encountered. The obesity research is important

because obesity is a grave public health threat, more serious even then opioid epidemic.

It's linked to chronic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure,

cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

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Research methodology steps

Overweight, obesity and their impacts in different dimension of health must be must be

considered as one of the most important public health priority. There is a need for

comprehensive strategies for prevention and control of this pandemic. The contribution of

promoting factors of physical activity, changes in food types and calorie consumption,

detecting and controlling the eating behavioral impairments, and other relate factors of

overweight and obesity prevalence are some of the issues which need further research. More

research is needed to better understand the nature and extent of gender differences in

experiences of weight stigmatization. However, it does appear that some differences may

exist, particularly that girls and women may have heightened vulnerability in certain contexts

compared to boys and men. These differences are important to be aware of, especially for

employers in the workplace and educators in schools, who can intervene to help reduce

weight stigmatization in these settings and be prepared to offer support to those facing

stigmatization, with the knowledge that girls and boys, or women and men, may be impacted

by weight stigmatization in different ways.

Program Planning

The Study design is a descriptive crossectional study. The study area is Muscat, the study population are women, sampling method is multistage sampling , sample size is determined by literature review and statistical calculation, sampling frame is obtained from medical care office and the inclusion criteria includes women between the age group of 30-50 years .

Survey Development

Tools and techniques of data collection that will be used is semi structured questionnaires also the weighing scale and measuring tape will be used to calculate BMI.

Survey Deployment

The pretesting will be done in 10% of the sample size for the feasibility and practicability of the tool. The Reliability of tool will be done by taking 150 samples and calculated by using cronbach’s alpha. The Validity will be maintained through literature review and consultation with concerned advisor.

Data Analysis

Data will be analyzed using statistical package for social science and chi square test together with binary logistic regression with categorical variable will be used.

Reporting

Formal approval will be obtained from the concerned authorities and confidentiality will be maintained throughout the study and later.

Consultation and Review

An obesity consultation involves a comprehensive physical examination includes a review of woman’s personal and family medical histories to work for underlying issues that may be contributing to the condition.

Research

Methodology

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Reference

1. Djalalinia, S., Peykari, N., Qorbani, M., & Kelishadi, R. K. (2015). Health impacts of

Obesity. Research Gate

2. Obesity and women. (2016, July). Retrieved June 2, 2020, from

https://womenshealthvic.com.au/resources/WHV_Publications/Clearinghouse-

Connector_2016.07.01_Obesity-and-women_July-2016_(Fulltext-PDF).pdf