Flooding in Accra

Title: Capitalism as a facilitator of flooding; the theories of infrastructure and informality as coping strategies.

Topic/ Question: In 3000 words, answer the question:

Flooding in Accra, Ghana: examining the impacts of flooding on residents through the dimensions of class and environmental racism, and how capitalism as a structural force (political ecology), drives flooding. How can the theories of informality and infrastructure be informed, as coping mechanisms?

Requirements

Your paper must meet the following requirements:

• Be approx. 3,000 words in length excluding references (this is about 12 pages double spaced)

• Have a title

• State a clear thesis/argument.

• Theories must well analyzed in context to the topic and class material.

• Include examples. Repetition should be avoided.

• Include a minimum of 3 readings from the course syllabus.

• Include a minimum of 6 peer-reviewed sources (i.e. a journal article, book, book chapter)

• Include a properly formatted list of references/bibliography.

Formatting requirements: include the essay title, use APA citation style, include page numbers on the bottom right of the page, use 12-point font in Times New Roman, and double-spacing.

Class readings:

• Zeiderman, A. (2012). On shaky ground: the making of risk in Bogotá. Environment and Planning A, 44(7), 1570-1588

• Pulido, L. (2017). Geographies of race and ethnicity II: Environmental racism, racial capitalism and state-sanctioned violence. Progress in human geography, 41(4), 524-533.

As you read this piece, pay attention to how Pulido defines and/or uses environmental racism, racial capitalism, white supremacy, and the "environmental racism gap".

• Gandy, M. (2017) "Mosquitos, Modernity, and Postcolonial Lagos". In: The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination. MIT Press. (pp. 81 - 108)

• Heynen, N., Kaika, M., & Swyngedouw, E. (2006). "Urban Political Ecology" One In the nature of cities: Urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism. London, New York. (pp. 1-