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Section 1. Topic Endorsement

1.1 Research Topic (2 paragraphs)

FIRST PARAGRAPH: Describe the specific topic to be studied.

SECOND PARAGRAPH: describe the significance of this topic to your program/field (e.g., Psychology, Counseling, Business, Technology, Public Service Leadership, Education, etc.) AND your specialization within your program.

The Research Topic should be correctly formed:

· The Research Topic should be appropriate for the specialization.

· The Research Topic should use appropriate language for key concepts/phenomena.

· Relationships between/among the concepts should be clearly specified (e.g., correlation).

· The target population should be named

· The concepts should be appropriately focused.

· Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

· Use APA style in citing all resources.

The research topic of this study is examining the relationship between spirituality, self-esteem and happiness among African America men. Spirituality is defined as a personal or a group search for the sacred. (Paloutzian, 2014). Self-esteem refers to the concept of self, which pertains to qualities and characteristics perceived to be positive. It reflects the physical image of an individual viewing their accomplishments, capabilities, values as success while living up to them (American Psychological Association, 1990). Happiness on the other hand refers to a specific emotion that people feel when good things happen, for instance, feelings of contentment along with moderate levels of arousal accompanied with the emotion, which often co-occurs with a specific facial expression – the smile (Argyle, 3013).

The significance of the study since it adds to the existing knowledge that define the relationship between spirituality, self – esteem and happiness which improves the well-being of the people. The study falls under the division of the society for personality and social psychology. The study has a close relationship to the division because the spiritual, self – esteem and happiness of an individual defines the social and personal life of the individual. Specifically, the study will focus on the African American men as the population of interest. The interest of the study is to examine whether there exists a significant correlation between spirituality, self-esteem and happiness among the study population.

1.2 Research Problem (1 Paragraph)

Write a brief statement regarding the need for the study that fully describes the problem or need being addressed. The “need for the study” is what we often refer to as the Research Problem.

In simplified terms, the research problem should take this form:

“The research literature on _________ indicates that we know ________, we know __________, but we do not know ______________.”

The Research Problem should be correctly stated:

· Existing literature and key findings should be summarized

· Gaps or problems in the existing literature should be clearly formulated

· The Research Problem should be explicitly stated, not implied.

.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

The research literature on the relationship between spirituality, self-esteem and happiness among African America men indicates that we know that there is a positive effect of the spiritual program on the happiness and well-being of average school going 13 – 15 years (Pandya, 2017), and we know that that higher levels of spiritual and religious involvement are found to enhance the well-being, improve one's perceptions of life quality, increase one's satisfaction with life and thereby, promoting one's happiness (Gaur, 2019), but we do not know the strength of the relationship (correlation) which exist between spirituality, self – esteem and happiness among the study population.

2.1 Research Problem Background (3 paragraphs)

Provide a brief SUMMARY of your review of the research literature on the topic. This should include citations from at least 10 articles, but should indicate that you have performed a full review of the literature (minimum of 75 articles) on the topic. This should be demonstrated by providing a statement about the body of existing literature on the topic, then, summarizing recent research findings on the topic, highlighting the findings that are most relevant to your proposed study, demonstrating how your proposed research could add to the existing literature on the topic. Be sure to provide appropriate in text citations and include references in the reference section.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

• This will not be your full dissertation literature review but an initial foundation. You will continue to add to your literature review throughout your dissertation process.

A review of existing literature on the subject the role of spirituality in self-esteem and happiness revealed that there is gap in research with the population of African American men. In addition, most studies fail to connect spirituality to psychology in handling psychological problems. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions explains the phenomenon as well as the underlying foundations of positive emotions in the human body and mind. Pandya, S. P. (2017) in his study on a cross – Country Longitudinal RCT study on Spirituality, Happiness, and Psychological Well – being between ages 13 – 15 years old found out that there is a positive effect of the spiritual program on the happiness and well-being of average school going 13 – 15 years. In his study, he used a random sample of 5339 adolescents from at least 60 schools in 50 different countries. The spiritual program comprises of various components such as self-awareness, relational consciousness, meditation, and mindfulness works for adolescents’ cross-culturally (Pandya, 2017). The direction and strength of the association is not reported, hence the gap in the study.

Sankul Gaur (March 2019) carried out a systematic review of 33 studies on spirituality, religiosity and happiness. The research question of the study was to explore the relation between spirituality, religiousness and happiness to establish them as the emerging predictors of happiness. The results of the study showed that higher levels of spiritual and religious involvement are found to enhance the well-being, improve one's perceptions of life quality, increase one's satisfaction with life and thereby, promoting one's happiness. The reports that spiritual and religious practices were closely associated with reduction in stress, anxiety and suicidal tendency. Del Rio, C. M., & White, L. J. (2012) in his study on separating spirituality from religiosity reported that spirituality must be separated from religiosity if effective epistemic endeavors are to be achieved on either construct.

Ivtzan (2016) in the study of how negative emotions such as fear and anger leaving behind positive emotions such as happiness. Positive emotions face neglect because they are less differentiated compared to negative emotions and a problem-focused approach of psychology fails to support a study of negative emotions. In addition, negative emotion’s models exist on prototypes while positive emotions fail to fit such models. Also, Samta P. Pandya (2017) in his study on Spirituality for Wellbeing of Bereaved Children in Residential Care founded out that spiritual intervention programs positively contributed to bereaved children’s outcome measures viz. psychological well-being, self-concept, health, happiness, quality of life, resilience and academic performance. Similarly, Samta P. Pandya (2015) in his study on Adolescents, well-being and spirituality among 396 adolescents from four cities – Vancouver, London, Johannesburg and Mumbai reported that Spirituality is generally perceived as having positive mental health and well-being influences and spirituality influences achievement, hope, well-being and happiness of adolescents. Therefore, past studies have showed that spirituality has a positive impact on the happiness and well-being of the teenagers below ages 25.

Joshanloo, M., & Daemi, F. (2015) on their study of how self-esteem mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being in Iran founded out that spirituality was a significant predictor of self-esteem in this Iranian-Islamic sample. The sample size for the study, N = 322. The respondents were undergraduate students from the local college. Hayman, J. W. et al, (2007) on their study on the spirituality among college freshmen where they were examining the relationships between self-esteem, body image, and stress reported that there was a positive relationship was found between spirituality and self-esteem. A sample of 204 college freshmen who identified themselves as being highly spiritual were used in the study. on the other hand, Stern, S., & Wright, A. J. (2018) in their study on discrete effects of religiosity and spirituality on gay identity and self-esteem founded out that there is a positive association between spirituality and identity affirmation, identity superiority, and self-esteem. Religiosity was negatively associated with identity affirmation and self-esteem and positively associated with internalized homonegativity and heteronormativity. The researchers used a sample of 376 self-identified sexual minority adults were given measures of religiosity, spirituality, LGB identity, and self-esteem. Lastly, Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014) in their study on workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological wellbeing among mental health professionals reported that and self-esteem with psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Self-esteem and workplace spirituality were predictors of psychological wellbeing. The sample size for that study was 120 mental health professionals.

A review of existing literature on the subject the role of spirituality in self-esteem and happiness revealed that there is gap in research with the population of African American men. In addition, most studies fail to connect spirituality to psychology in handling psychological problems. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions explains the phenomenon as well as the underlying foundations of positive emotions in the human body and mind. Pandya, S. P. (2017) in his study on a cross – Country Longitudinal RCT study on Spirituality, Happiness, and Psychological Well – being between ages 13 – 15 years old found out that there is a positive effect of the spiritual program on the happiness and well-being of average school going 13 – 15 years. In his study, he used a random sample of 5339 adolescents from at least 60 schools in 50 different countries. The spiritual program comprises of various components such as self-awareness, relational consciousness, meditation, and mindfulness works for adolescents’ cross-culturally (Pandya, 2017). The direction and strength of the association is not reported, hence the gap in the study.

Sankul Gaur (March 2019) carried out a systematic review of 33 studies on spirituality, religiosity and happiness. The research question of the study was to explore the relation between spirituality, religiousness and happiness to establish them as the emerging predictors of happiness. The results of the study showed that higher levels of spiritual and religious involvement are found to enhance the well-being, improve one's perceptions of life quality, increase one's satisfaction with life and thereby, promoting one's happiness. The reports that spiritual and religious practices were closely associated with reduction in stress, anxiety and suicidal tendency. Del Rio, C. M., & White, L. J. (2012) in his study on separating spirituality from religiosity reported that spirituality must be separated from religiosity if effective epistemic endeavors are to be achieved on either construct.

Ivtzan (2016) in the study of how negative emotions such as fear and anger leaving behind positive emotions such as happiness. Positive emotions face neglect because they are less differentiated compared to negative emotions and a problem-focused approach of psychology fails to support a study of negative emotions. In addition, negative emotion’s models exist on prototypes while positive emotions fail to fit such models. Also, Samta P. Pandya (2017) in his study on Spirituality for Wellbeing of Bereaved Children in Residential Care founded out that spiritual intervention programs positively contributed to bereaved children’s outcome measures viz. psychological well-being, self-concept, health, happiness, quality of life, resilience and academic performance. Similarly, Samta P. Pandya (2015) in his study on Adolescents, well-being and spirituality among 396 adolescents from four cities – Vancouver, London, Johannesburg and Mumbai reported that Spirituality is generally perceived as having positive mental health and well-being influences and spirituality influences achievement, hope, well-being and happiness of adolescents. Therefore, past studies have showed that spirituality has a positive impact on the happiness and well-being of the teenagers below ages 25.

Joshanloo, M., & Daemi, F. (2015) on their study of how self-esteem mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being in Iran founded out that spirituality was a significant predictor of self-esteem in this Iranian-Islamic sample. The sample size for the study, N = 322. The respondents were undergraduate students from the local college. Hayman, J. W. et al, (2007) on their study on the spirituality among college freshmen where they were examining the relationships between self-esteem, body image, and stress reported that there was a positive relationship was found between spirituality and self-esteem. A sample of 204 college freshmen who identified themselves as being highly spiritual were used in the study. on the other hand, Stern, S., & Wright, A. J. (2018) in their study on discrete effects of religiosity and spirituality on gay identity and self-esteem founded out that there is a positive association between spirituality and identity affirmation, identity superiority, and self-esteem. Religiosity was negatively associated with identity affirmation and self-esteem and positively associated with internalized homonegativity and heteronormativity. The researchers used a sample of 376 self-identified sexual minority adults were given measures of religiosity, spirituality, LGB identity, and self-esteem. Lastly, Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014) in their study on workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological wellbeing among mental health professionals reported that and self-esteem with psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Self-esteem and workplace spirituality were predictors of psychological wellbeing. The sample size for that study was 120 mental health professionals.

2.1 Research Problem Background (3 paragraphs)

Provide a brief SUMMARY of your review of the research literature on the topic. This should include citations from at least 10 articles, but should indicate that you have performed a full review of the literature (minimum of 75 articles) on the topic. This should be demonstrated by providing a statement about the body of existing literature on the topic, then, summarizing recent research findings on the topic, highlighting the findings that are most relevant to your proposed study, demonstrating how your proposed research could add to the existing literature on the topic. Be sure to provide appropriate in text citations and include references in the reference section.

• Use current (within 5-7 years), scholarly, PRIMARY resources to support statements.

• Use APA style in citing all resources.

• This will not be your full dissertation literature review but an initial foundation. You will continue to add to your literature review throughout your dissertation process.

A review of existing literature on the subject the role of spirituality in self-esteem and happiness revealed that there is gap in research with the population of African American men. In addition, most studies fail to connect spirituality to psychology in handling psychological problems. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions explains the phenomenon as well as the underlying foundations of positive emotions in the human body and mind. Pandya, S. P. (2017) in his study on a cross – Country Longitudinal RCT study on Spirituality, Happiness, and Psychological Well – being between ages 13 – 15 years old found out that there is a positive effect of the spiritual program on the happiness and well-being of average school going 13 – 15 years. In his study, he used a random sample of 5339 adolescents from at least 60 schools in 50 different countries. The spiritual program comprises of various components such as self-awareness, relational consciousness, meditation, and mindfulness works for adolescents’ cross-culturally (Pandya, 2017). The direction and strength of the association is not reported, hence the gap in the study.

Sankul Gaur (March 2019) carried out a systematic review of 33 studies on spirituality, religiosity and happiness. The research question of the study was to explore the relation between spirituality, religiousness and happiness to establish them as the emerging predictors of happiness. The results of the study showed that higher levels of spiritual and religious involvement are found to enhance the well-being, improve one's perceptions of life quality, increase one's satisfaction with life and thereby, promoting one's happiness. The reports that spiritual and religious practices were closely associated with reduction in stress, anxiety and suicidal tendency. Del Rio, C. M., & White, L. J. (2012) in his study on separating spirituality from religiosity reported that spirituality must be separated from religiosity if effective epistemic endeavors are to be achieved on either construct.

Ivtzan (2016) in the study of how negative emotions such as fear and anger leaving behind positive emotions such as happiness. Positive emotions face neglect because they are less differentiated compared to negative emotions and a problem-focused approach of psychology fails to support a study of negative emotions. In addition, negative emotion’s models exist on prototypes while positive emotions fail to fit such models. Also, Samta P. Pandya (2017) in his study on Spirituality for Wellbeing of Bereaved Children in Residential Care founded out that spiritual intervention programs positively contributed to bereaved children’s outcome measures viz. psychological well-being, self-concept, health, happiness, quality of life, resilience and academic performance. Similarly, Samta P. Pandya (2015) in his study on Adolescents, well-being and spirituality among 396 adolescents from four cities – Vancouver, London, Johannesburg and Mumbai reported that Spirituality is generally perceived as having positive mental health and well-being influences and spirituality influences achievement, hope, well-being and happiness of adolescents. Therefore, past studies have showed that spirituality has a positive impact on the happiness and well-being of the teenagers below ages 25.

Joshanloo, M., & Daemi, F. (2015) on their study of how self-esteem mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being in Iran founded out that spirituality was a significant predictor of self-esteem in this Iranian-Islamic sample. The sample size for the study, N = 322. The respondents were undergraduate students from the local college. Hayman, J. W. et al, (2007) on their study on the spirituality among college freshmen where they were examining the relationships between self-esteem, body image, and stress reported that there was a positive relationship was found between spirituality and self-esteem. A sample of 204 college freshmen who identified themselves as being highly spiritual were used in the study. on the other hand, Stern, S., & Wright, A. J. (2018) in their study on discrete effects of religiosity and spirituality on gay identity and self-esteem founded out that there is a positive association between spirituality and identity affirmation, identity superiority, and self-esteem. Religiosity was negatively associated with identity affirmation and self-esteem and positively associated with internalized homonegativity and heteronormativity. The researchers used a sample of 376 self-identified sexual minority adults were given measures of religiosity, spirituality, LGB identity, and self-esteem. Lastly, Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014) in their study on workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological wellbeing among mental health professionals reported that and self-esteem with psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Self-esteem and workplace spirituality were predictors of psychological wellbeing. The sample size for that study was 120 mental health professionals.