25 paged thesis paper for homeland Security and Emergency Management

Akoo, Duncan: FIGHTING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

Introduction

· 9/11 changes the face of homeland security (Giermanski 2009; Jizba, 2015and Steinmetz, 2011)

· US occupation of Middle East lands.

· Resentments, extremism and radicalization of western population (Hunter, 2010; Karimi, 2012; Stasinopoulos, 2003; Walters, 2019 and Wolfberg, 2012).

Discussion

· Economy

· Jobs

· EMPLOYED 60,014 MEN AND WOMEN INCLUDING:

· 23,477 CBP officers; 2,430 CBP Agriculture

specialists; 19,555 Border Patrol agents; 592 Air Interdiction agents (pilots); 343 Marine Interdiction agents; 265 Aviation Enforcement agents; 937 Trade personnel (Burns 2018; cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/typical-day-fy2018)

· Income for state & federal (Black, 2009, 09)

· Possible Threats

· Agricultural

· Immigrants

· Terrorists

· Stowaways

· WMD and Biohazards (Leonard 2015)

· Crime (Steinmetz, 2011)

· International

· Domestic (Steinmetz, 2011)

· Security at the ports

· Tools for detection/Scanners

· X-Ray machines

· K9 Dogs

· Radio Isotope Identification Device (RIID)

· Personnel Radiation Devices (PRD)

· Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM). The partnering of SFI with the

Department of Energy to deploy networks of radiation detection and imaging equipment at six overseas pilot ports remains a challenge that was worth taking. (Black, 2009 and House homeland security subcommittee on border and maritime hearing 2012).)

· Agents

· Experience (class discussions on Border and Ports Protection)

· physical security

· Perimeter fencing

· Cameras

· Motion detecting lights. Using delay tactics like fences and

locks on ports yards and tactical approach of cameras and sensors makes it a little harder for terrorists to execute their intents (Black, 2009; Pinto 2006).

· Prevention Actions

· International arena. The DHS has introduced numerous noteworthy

initiatives, platforms and programs, to include CSI, C-TPAT, and TWIC (just some) to act as screens for security (Burns 2018).

· Vehicles and Cargo Inspection System (VACIS)

· Agriculture Inspectors

· Local arena

· Scanners

· VACIS

· Pallet VACIS

· Layered Approach (Taquechel, 2015 and https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat):

· 24 Hrs. Rule

· Container Security Initiative (CSI)

· National Targeting Center and Port Analytical Targeting Center (NTCATC)

· Non-Intrusive Exam Technology

· Custom Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)

· Importer Security Filing '10+2'

· A U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officer's

border search authority is derived from federal statutes and regulations, including 19 C.F.R. 162.6, which states that, "All persons, baggage and merchandise arriving in the Customs territory of the United States from places outside thereof are liable to inspection by a CBP officer."

· Reaction/Response Actions:

REFERENCES:

Bach, R. (2005). Transforming border security: Prevention first. Homeland Security Affairs, 1(1)

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1265818402?accountid=13713

Black, J. R. (2009, 09). Port security gets smart. Security Technology Executive, 19, 38-41.

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/232098185?accountid=13713Burns, M. G. (2018). Participatory operational & security assessment on homeland security risks: An empirical research method for improving security beyond the borders through public/private partnerships. Journal of Transportation Security, 11(3-4), 85-100. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-018-0193-1

Bush, G. W. (2006, Oct 16). Statement on signing the SAFE port act. Weekly Compilation of

Presidential Documents, 42, 1817-1818. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/195208554?accountid=13713

Casey, R. (2017). Transit: An analysis of networked criminal groups and criminal

Opportunities at transit ports. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.130118

Congresswoman Hahn introduces legislation to increase security from terrorist attack at US

ports. (2014). (). Washington: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc. Retrieved from Political Science Database Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1561516380?accountid=13713

Giermanski, J. Container Security: Is it working Logistics Management (2002); Framington

Vol. 48, Iss. 10, (2009).

Holmes, J.L. "Global Logistics Management Software May Hold the Key” Coping with U.S

Customs Container Security Initiative

House homeland security subcommittee on border and maritime hearing: "balancing maritime

security and trade facilitation: Protecting our ports, increasing commerce and securing the supply chain - part I.". (2012). (). Washington: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc. Retrieved from ProQuest Central Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/920280424?accountid=13713

Hunter, T. B. "Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption, and the War on Terrorism." Journal

of Strategic Security 2, no. 2 (2010): 1-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.2.2.1

Jizba, M, Cheu, L.C. Horak, T. 1 & Helena Binova, H. Analysis of screening checkpoint

operations for transatlantic container transportation, J Transp Secur (2015) 8:79–97 DOI 10.1007/s12198-015-0159-5

Karimi, Y; Cimbura, A; and Loza, W. "Assessing the Prevalence of Middle Eastern

Ideologies among some Iranians. "Journal of Strategic Security12, no. 3 (2019): 157-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.12.3.1719 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol12/iss3/4

Leonard, T. J., Gallo, P., & Véronneau, S. (2015). Security challenges in united states seaports:

An overview. Journal of Transportation Security, 8(1-2), 41-49. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-015-0155-9

Pare, Armand (2014). Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce. The Safe Port/Safe Berth

Warranty and Comparative Fault. Vol. 45, No. 2.

Pinto, C. A., & Talley, W. K. (2006). The security incident cycle of ports. Maritime Economics

& Logistics, 8(3), 267-286. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100159

Steinmetz, T. (2011). Mitigating the exploitation of U.S. borders by jihadists and criminal

organizations. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(3), 29-48. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.3.3

Stasinopoulos, D. (2003). Maritime security - the need for a global agreement. Maritime

Economics & Logistics, 5(3), 311-320. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/194506960?accountid=13713

Taquechel, E., Hollan, I., & Lewis, T. (2015). Measuring the deterrence value of securing

maritime supply chains against WMD transfer and measuring subsequent WMD risk reduction. Homeland Security Affairs, Xi Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1728289850?accountid=13713

Walters, J., Feb, L. D., Dougherty, M., Grace Elletson Feb, & Kit Norton Feb. (2019, June 23).

Haviland Smith: The challenges of the Middle East. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from https://vtdigger.org/2019/06/23/haviland-smith-the-challenges-of-the-middle-east/

Wolfberg, W. S. (2012). The homegrown jihad: A comparative study of youth radicalization in

the united states and europe (Order No. 1531100). Available from Political Science Database. (1268401312). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1268401312?accountid=13713

Zoubir, Bouzerzour (2014). Jihad as a source of terrorism a reality or propaganda. The Politics

and Religion Journal 8 (1):93-114.

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45903314

https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Mar/FY-2016-CBP-PAR-

508C.pdf

https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/success/profit-sharing-delta/index.html

http://www.thebowenlawgroup.com/blog/the-most-challenging-security-issues-facing-the-port-

of-savannah

https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/typical-day-fy2018

Bergen, Peter L. 2019 September 11 attacks Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk -45903314