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ResearchMethodsEssentialKnowledgeBase_2e_Ch13_PowerPoint.pptx13
Research Communication
William M. Trochim
James P. Donnelly
Kanika Arora
2e
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“Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community” (APA, 2010, p. 9)
Developing a concise and effective report is an art form in itself
You may need to compose multiple presentations and reports that show the results at different levels of detail for various types of audiences
13.1 Research Communication
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Research communication is essential throughout the research- practice continuum—when it works, that is
The file drawer problem
Many studies might be conducted but never reported, and they may include results that would substantially change the conclusions of a research synthesis
13.1a Research Communication and the Research-Practice Continuum
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The audience
Who is going to hear or read the report?
What is their interest in your study?
The story
Every research project has at least one major story in it
That story may be methodological problems, or a research finding, or a characteristic of the sample used
13.1b General Considerations for Research Communication
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APA format
The current standard guide for formatting research write-ups in psychology and many other applied social research fields
Described in detail in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
Includes specifications for all subsections of a research paper
13.2 The Written Report
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Title Page
Abstract
(separate, single page)
Introduction
(2–3 pp.)
Method (7–10 pp.)
Results (2–3 pp.)
13.2a Key Elements and Formatting of a Research Paper
Discussion (2–3 pp.)
References
Tables
(one to a page)
Figures
(one to a page)
Appendices
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The initial page of a formal research write up that includes the title of the study, the author’s name, and the institutional affiliation
Running head: brief version of the title (50 characters or less) that is included at the top left of every page of a research write-up
13.2a Title Page
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A written summary of a research project that is placed at the beginning of each research write-up or publication
150-200 words
Double spaced
Placed at the top of the page, centered
Should be labeled
13.2a Abstract
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Not labeled as an “introduction”
Statement of the problem
Literature review and citations
Statement of constructs
The research questions or hypotheses
13.2a Introduction
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Should be labeled
Includes
Participants
Measures
Design
Procedures
13.2a Method
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Results should be labeled and state:
Descriptive characteristics of the participants
Psychometric or descriptive data
Initial hypothesis and what kind of analysis was done
State the alpha level, effect sizes, confidence intervals; and practical or clinical significance
State the implications of your results for the null or alternative hypotheses
13.2a Results
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Discussion
Interpret and explain your results
Did your prediction come true?
Place results in context with other studies
Conclusions
State any conclusions reached
Discuss any limitations of your study design
Make suggestions for future research
13.2a Discussion and Conclusions
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References
Reference citations in the text of your paper
Author’s last name
Year of publication
Page number only if that specific section is referenced (always for quotes)
Reference list in reference section
Variety of forms for books, journal articles, newspapers, magazines
13.2a References
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13.2a Citations I
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13.2a Citations II
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13.2a Citations III
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13.2a Citations IV
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Tables
Always have a heading of Table # followed by the title of the table
In text, place the words “Insert Table # About Here”
Figures
Always have a heading of Figure #
In text, place the words “Insert Figure # About Here”
13.2a Tables and Figures
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Used for the presentation of measurement instruments, detailed descriptions of the program or independent variable, and any relevant supporting documents
13.2a Appendices
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Professional writing: avoid first-person and sex-stereotyped forms
Present material in an unbiased and unemotional, but interesting, fashion
Parallel construction: keep tenses parallel within and between sentences
Sentence structure: use correct sentence structure and punctuation; avoid incomplete and run-on sentences
13.2a Stylistic Elements
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Spelling and word usage: make sure that spelling and word usage are appropriate
Avoid jargon and colloquialisms
Correctly capitalize and abbreviate words
General style: ensure that the document is neatly produced and reads well and that the format for the document has been correctly followed
13.2a Stylistic Elements (cont’d.)
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Consider your audience
Organize your presentation (15-20 min)
Introduction (about 1–2 minutes)
Literature Review (about 5 minutes)
Methods (about 4 minutes)
Results (about 4 minutes)
Conclusions (about 1 minute)
Questions/Discussion (about 5 minutes)
13.3a Presentations
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Audiovisuals & other guidelines
Don’t read your slides
Simple is better
Triple-check your spelling
Practice: know your presentation so well that you could do it without slides
Aim for no more than one slide per minute of your talk
Last, but not least, try to have fun
13.3a Presentations (cont’d.)
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13.3b Posters
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Figure 13.1 Doctoral student Francisco Lopez presents his poster on the quality of life of children with cancer, for which he won the conference’s Best Student Poster award.
Courtesy of Jim Donnelly
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In what ways can the file drawer problem can lead to bias and potential fraud in the publication of research studies?
What are the differences between a published paper, a conference presentation, and a poster presentation?
Discuss and Debate
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This can be an open ended discussion meant to get your students thinking about bias in research reporting, and how incentives are built into the system to produce “positive” results. If a researcher has received grant money, needs to publish a report to gain tenure, and spends months or years on a research project, only to find his or her research hypothesis was not supported, there may be a high incentive to skew or bias the result on ethics. Revisit Chapter 2 on ethics as needed.
Published papers usually are written in APA format, following specific formatting guidelines, and are submitted to academic journals for publication. Conference presentations are “talks” and are similar to a published paper, but are delivered orally. Poster presentations synopsize the major sections of a published paper, but in a visual format displayed on a large poster at a conference. Conference attendees then browse the posters, and may ask the presenter questions about his or her research.
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