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Is Gender Equity Present
in Sports?

Researching into multiple aspects of Title IX and Gender Equity in Sports

Equity vs. Equality

Equity

  • Fair and inclusive system where advantages are available to all.

Equality

  • Equal sharing and equal division.

Topics to Be Discussed

  • Gender inequity
  • Funding
  • Media exposure
  • Crowd support
  • Appreciation
  • Ability to excel

Gender inequity is very present in sports.

When it comes to funding, exposure, crowd support and appreciation men receive more than women.

Women are just as capable to excel in athletics as men and with Title 9 women are beginning to receive more opportunities to do just that.

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Inequity in sport

  • Participation opportunities in sport
  • Scholarship money
  • Overall sports budget
  • Recruiting budget

Before Title IX women received 35 percent less participation opportunities in sport than men.

In terms of scholarship money women receive 37 percent less and

Some places only allow 28 percent of the total sports budget to be given to women

Out of the recruiting budget only 20% is given to women, this is quite a big difference from men

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Pay Inequities

Men

  • PGA Tour: $256 million
  • NBA maximum salary: $15.355 million
  • World Cup Quarterfinals: $200,000 each
  • NCAA Division 1-A head coach: $1,783,100 (King 2008)

Women

  • LPGA Tour: $50 million
  • WNBA maximum salary: $89,000
  • Women’s World Cup 3rd Place: $25,000 each
  • NCAA Division 1-A head coach: $850,400 (King 2008)

http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/Content/Articles/Issues/Equity-Issues/P/Pay-Inequity-in-Athletics.aspx

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Media Coverage

Who’s more likely to be featured on the cover of a magazine:

Men or Women?

When it comes to media coverage, men get more attention. They are featured on magazines, in news papers and get the prime time spots on televised games. Women athletes practice and play just as hard as men however they still receive less media attention and are less likely to be featured on a prime time televised game.

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Men’s Basketball

Women’s Basketball

Crowd Support

Why Gender Equity Towards Women is Unfair

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Unequal Time

  • Women are deprived of more time/rounds in some sporting events.
  • Tennis is a perfect example:
  • Women play three sets where as men play five sets.

Unequal Time

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Unequal Competition

In a marathon, women are not allowed to begin the race with men.

They must start at another appointed time.

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Media

For women to get media coverage she must double up her work load and become a model/cover girl.

The woman on each cover of Sports Illustrated is most often portrayed in a sensual perspective.

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Coaching

It is much more common to see men coaching women, but it is less common to see women coaching men.

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Why Gender Equity Towards Men is Unfair

University Setting

Men’s sports are usually cut when a University needs to create another women’s sport.

Money goes to women’s fund when a men’s sport gets cut.

Title IX hinders men’s athletic opportunities.

More men than women are interested in taking part in college sports.

Kelley vs. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois

  • Eliminated men’s swimming, fencing, and diving due to comply with Title IX.

  • 76.58% of athletes at Illinois were men

  • 23.42% of athletes at Illinois were women

  • Court found that Illinois did not violate Title IX and the decision to eliminate men’s swimming would have left the school vulnerable to a finding of noncompliance with Title IX.

Arizona State University

  • Eliminated men’s wrestling, swimming, and tennis teams because of budget cuts(Tennis ranked top 20 in nation)

  • 85 scholarships went to the football team, so the men have 152 scholarships and the women have 153.

  • Football paid for a new indoor practice facility that costs $8.4 million dollars.

What Was Found?

  • Demonstrates the court’s approval of universities’ adoption of team elimination, instead of expanding programs.

  • Male athletes in small, non money making sports (wrestling, swimming, and

gymnastics) lose the risk of taking part in collegiate sports.

Title IX

Facts from 2010

  • 80% of schools are not in compliance with Title IX
  • Has led to decreased athletic opportunities for males
  • Dismantling of men’s sports regardless of their participation rates

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NCAA Sport Participation

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Proportion of Men vs. Women Enrolled in U.S. Universities

  • According to Title IX, the percentage of men and women participating in sport, must be equal to the percentage enrolled in the university.

  • Statistically, women attend college at a higher percentage than men.

  • This is resulting in the removal of men’s sports to accommodate for Title IX.

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Men’s Non-Revenue at Risk

In order to equalize the percentages needed to satisfy title IX requirements, athletic departments are dropping the men’s sports that do not bring in revenue.

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Football brings in money…

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FBS Vs. D-III

The University of Delaware and Title IX

  • The proportionality rule of Title IX
  • The total participation in athletics will move to 61 percent female and 39 percent male, which matches the ratio of the current student body
  • Athletic Director Edgar Johnson
  • "We can't add another men's program with 20 men because then in compliance with the proportionality of Title IX, we'd need to add a team of at least 40 women to balance it out,"

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History of Gender Equity in Sport

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What was it like before Title IX?

  • Long before Title IX was enacted, women were not allowed to play sports because of the notion that physical activity would damage their reproductive organs

  • Prior to Title IX, the primary athletic opportunities for female athletes were cheerleading programs.

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Upward Progress in Women’s Sport

June 23, 1972 -Title IX of the Education Amendments is enacted by Congress and is signed into law by Richard Nixon.

1972 - For the first time ever, Sports Illustrated chooses a Sportswoman of the Year, Billie Jean King

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Upward Progress in Women’s Sport

1991 - The United States wins the first women's World Cup soccer championship

2007 - Wimbeldon announces they will pay women players the same as men in 2007.

1984 - Coached by Pat Head Summit, the U.S. women's basketball team wins Olympic gold

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What was it like before Title IX?

Prior to Title IX, 30,000 females competed in intercollegiate athletics. By 2001, that number jumped to more than 150,000, accounting for 43 percent of all college athletes.

  • Athletic scholarships for women were unheard of.

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Women’s Sports Timeline

1873 - Ten women compete in a one-mile swimming race in New York; first prize was a $175 silk dress

1896 - First women's college basketball game. Stanford defeats the University of California at Berkeley 2-1

1952 - Organized baseball formally bans women when shortstop Eleanor Engle's contract is voided

1965 - Donna de Varona became the first female sportscaster on network television

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Upward Progress in Women’s Sport

Why participation rates are at their highest levels ever:

  • Second generation of Title IX beneficiaries
  • Lawsuits supportive of Title IX
  • Societal acceptance of females as athletes
  • Improved and increased media coverage
  • Advocacy efforts of individuals/organizations

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CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE PARTICIPATION BY GENDER: 2001-2004

-Women’s Sports Foundation, 2007

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Top Female Athletes Opinion of Title IX

  • "The success of the women's national team and the women's pro league is immensely attributed to Title IX."
    -Saskia Webber
  • “It all fell in place. I don't know where I would be, or in all sincerity where this country would be, if it were not for Title IX."
    -Robin Roberts (Former ESPN commentator & standout basketball player)
  • "I have personally experienced the impact of Title IX over the past few years. Seeing little boys go from saying, 'girls can't play hockey' to 'hey, can we have your autographs?”

-Alana Blahoski

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Robin Roberts was a ESPN commentator and stand-out basketball player as Southern Louisiana University's third all-time leading scorer.

Saskia Webber was a member of the 1999 women's soccer World Cup championship team.

Alana Blahoski, member of the 1998 Olympic gold medal-winning ice hockey team

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“Although the number of female athletes has skyrocketed since Title IX's inception, the data show that a disturbing gap still exists in participation and funding. Twenty years after Title IX was passed, the NCAA commissioned a Gender Equity Task Force, which released some eye-opening numbers. Men made up 69.5 percent of intercollegiate athletes and their programs used 70 percent of the scholarship funds, 77 percent of the operating budgets and 83 percent of the recruiting budgets. As recently as 2004-05, females made up 55.8 percent of the undergraduate enrollment but only 41.7 percent of the athletes.”

Source: http://espn.go.com/espnw/title-ix/article/7729603/five-myths-title-ix

We Still Have a Long Ways to Go…

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3.5 percent+9,965295,180285,215Male

5.6 percent+11,043209,666198,623Female

Percentage ChangeChange2004-20052001-2002Gender

3.5 percent+9,965295,180285,215Male

5.6 percent+11,043209,666198,623Female

Percentage ChangeChange2004-20052001-2002Gender