introduction and literature review

Writing Style: The graduating project should be written in the 3rd person passive. (For example:

instead of: “I met Mr Y of company XX”, write: “Mr Y of company XX was interviewed”). Avoid

reference to “I” or the researcher. Writing should be clear, concise and well organized. All efforts

should be made to avoid ambiguity and unnecessary repetition. Paragraphs should contain entire

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Citation：The Harvard System

• Quotations – as a general rule in the University, if the quote is less than a line it

may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Longer quotations

are indented and single-spaced, quotation marks are not required. For citations

of particular parts of the document the page numbers etc. should be given after

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• Diagrams, illustrations – should be referenced as though they were a quotation

if they have been taken from a published work. For anything else refer to BS

1629:1989.

• If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they

should be given after the year within the parentheses.

• Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic

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etc., e.g. "[35 lines]" or "[approx. 12 screens]".

Examples

i) If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in

parentheses:-

e.g. In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that we have to teach good practices…

e.g. As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, “good practices must be taught” and so we…

ii) If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are

given in parentheses:-

e.g. A more recent study (Stevens 1998) has shown the way theory and practical

work interact.

e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain the

practice (Stevens 1998).

iii) When an author has published more than one cited document in the same

year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the

year and within the parentheses:-

e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject…

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be given, followed by et al.:-

e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most business (Wilson et al. 1997)

(A full listing of names should appear in the bibliography.)

vi) If the work is anonymous then “Anon” should be used:-

e.g. In a recent article (Anon 1998) it was stated that…

vii) If it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author the name of the paper

can be used in place of “Anon”:-

e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail home delivery (The Times 1996)

(You should use the same style in the bibliography.)

viii) If you refer to a source quoted in another source you cite both in the text:-

e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited Jones 1994) showed that…

(You should list only the work you have read, i.e. Jones, in the bibliography.)

ix) If you refer to a contributor in a source* you cite just the contributor:-

e.g. Software development has been given as the cornerstone in this industry (Bantz

1995).

See Section 2 below for an explanation of how to list contributions (chapters in

books, articles in journals, papers in conference proceeding) in the

bibliography.

x) If you refer to a person who has not produced a work, or contributed to one, but

who is quoted in someone else’s work it is suggested that you should mention

the person’s name and you must cite the source author:-

e.g. Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology plays in advertising in an

interview with Marshall (1999).

e.g. “Advertising will always play on peoples’ desires”, Richard Hammond said in a

recent article (Marshall 1999, p.67).

(You should list the work that has been published, i.e. Marshall, in the

bibliography.)

Personal communications:-

• Taken from: APA, 1983. Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association. 3rd ed. Washington: APA.

subject: The relationship between collectivism orientation and affective commitment under culture shock: a study of employees of Generation Y in Chinese Internet startups

literature review Outline:

Some literature shows that although China is Collectivism orientation,due to social factors such as the one-child policy and the influence of western individualistic culture, there are generational differences in the degree of collectivism orientation among Chinese people.

Hypothesis 1: Generation Gap appears in the degree of collectivism orientation of employees in Chinese Internet start-ups

According to previous literature, collectivist oriented culture is positively correlated with employees' Affective commitment.

Hypothesis 2: In Chinese Internet start-ups, the output of collectivist culture has an impact on employees' affective commitment

The individual-collectivism orientation at the individual level of employees will affect the work values of employees. Previous studies have shown that the preference of work values affects the organizational behavior of employees, which in turn affects their organizational commitment to the organization

Hypothesis 3: The work values of employees have a moderating effect on the relationship between collectivism orientation and affective commitment

The literature review needs to support my hypothesis.

Please use the Harvard citation system, that's very important.