NRS-410V-0L191 Pathophisiology and Nursing Management of Client Health.
RachelYvonne
ReportPDF8.pdf
Submission Ide: e578b4b6-ba7b-45a3-bc68-b94a334330be
25% SIMILARITY SCORE 22 CITATION ITEMS 21 GRAMMAR ISSUES 0 FEEDBACK COMMENT Internet Source 9% Institution 16%
Gillo Gombeh
Nursing Management of Client Health..docx
Summary
2007 Words
Running head: NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 1
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 2
Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client Health
Cancer is a disease characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide and
Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client Health
Name
Institution
proliferate uncontrollably. This disease can infiltrate and destroy normal tissues in the body.
Cancer spreads throughout the body, eliminating the normal cells. It is classified as the second
largest cause of death in the world. However, cancer screening and treatment improvements have
increased survival rates (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Cancer symptoms include fatigue, lumps
under the skin, unexplained bleeding, and breathing difficulties. Gene mutation instructs healthy
cells to allow rapid growth that creates many cells with the same mutation. The risk factors for
cancer include a person's habit, family history, environment, underlying health conditions and
age. This paper provides a comprehensive view of cancer and care approach based on the nursing
process's utilization.
Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer.
Cancer Diagnosis
Cancer causes many symptoms that result from benign tumors or other complications. If
a person has symptoms that last for a couple of weeks, a doctor does a physical examination and
may also order other tests to determine the cause of the symptoms. Physicians involved in the
care of cancer patients understand that it is a prerequisite to assess an individual patient's
prognosis to determine the best treatment ( Brierley, Gospodarowicz & O'Sullivan, 2016). Early
diagnosis of cancer provides the best chances for treatment and cure. Research findings suggest
that screening tests can save lives because the diagnosis will be done early enough. When
carrying out a cancer diagnosis, physicians may conduct several tests to determine the symptoms'
cause.
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 3
Physicians may conduct a physical examination to feel the body's areas with lumps that
suggest the growth of tumors. During the examination, doctors look for abnormalities, such as
the enlargement of organs or skin color changes that could suggest cancer presence (Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2018). Also, laboratory tests such as urine and blood tests can help identify abnormalities
resulting from cancer. A complete blood count is done to determine an unusual number and type
of white blood cells for leukemia individuals.
Elsewhere, physicians conduct imaging tests to determine the bones and internal organs'
conditions in a non-invasive way. Imaging tests done in cancer diagnosis include computerized
tomography scans, bone scans, ultrasound, x-ray, and magnetic resonance imaging (Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2018). Also, doctors do a biopsy to collect cell samples for laboratory tests. Several ways
are employed to collect cell samples. Elsewhere, the type of cancer and its location determine
which biopsy procedure is suitable for a patient. In most cases, doctors conduct biopsy tests as
the only definitive way to diagnose cancer.
Staging of Cancer
Once doctors diagnose a patient with cancer, they work to determine the cancer staging.
Doctors use cancer staging to determine the appropriate treatment options and the chances of
survival (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Doctors cannot determine the best treatment option unless
they know how much cancer is in the body and its location. Also, cancer staging helps to predict
Spelling mistake: Gospodarowicz
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
type of (omit): type of
Possible wordiness: in a non-invasive way
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Web Content: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370594…
type of (omit): type of
Web Content: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370594…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
the likely course it will take and the likelihood that the treatment will be successful. Cancer
staging is also a way that doctors describe the extent of cancer when talking with each other
concerning a person's cancer. Cancer is staged when it is first diagnosed and before any
treatment.
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 4
The first cancer staging is the clinical staging, where the extent of the cancer is estimated
based on the results of imaging tests, biopsy, physical examinations, computerized tomography
scan, and endoscopy examination. In some types of cancer, the results of blood tests are also
used in the clinical staging of cancer (American Cancer Society, n.d). The clinical staging is
often the determinant of a suitable treatment option. It is also used to get an idea of what the
patient's prognosis will be. The second stage is the pathological staging, where surgery is done to
remove cancer. This stage relies on the previous tests' results before surgery and what doctors
learn about cancer during surgery. The pathological stage provides more precise information that
doctors can use to determine what other treatments might be needed and the prognosis's
prediction.
The third cancer staging is post-neoadjuvant therapy staging. For certain types of cancer,
chemo and drug therapy are done first to shrink the tumor before surgery is done. This is
described as neoadjuvant therapy that doctors opt for if it is not clear that surgery is the best
option (American Cancer Society, n.d). This staging is done to determine the patient's response
to cancer treatment. It is done in the same way as clinical staging to determine the patient's
appropriate type of surgery. The fourth cancer staging is the recurrence or retreatment staging.
This is done at some point if cancer comes back or progresses. This information obtained from
this staging helps in guiding the decisions about any further treatment.
Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods
to lessen physical and psychological effects.
Cancer is associated with several complications that adversely affect the body. One of the
complications is chemical changes in the body. This occurs when cancer upsets the normal
chemical balance in a cancer patient's body to increase the risk of several other serious
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 5
complications (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Also, cancer causes brain and nervous system
problems. In most cases, cancer presses nearby nerves, causing one part of the body to lose its
functions. Elsewhere, brain cancer causes severe headache and stroke-like signs such as
weakness in one side of the body. Another complication is an unusual immune system reaction to
cancer. The body's immune system reacts to the presence of cancer by attacking healthy cells.
Web Content: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html…
Web Content: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html…
Web Content: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html…
Spelling mistake: post-neoadjuvant
Spelling mistake: neoadjuvant
Passive voice: it is not clear that
type of (omit): type of
Spelling mistake: retreatment re treatment
Web Content: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html…
obtain (get): obtained get
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
This causes difficulties in walking and seizures.
There are several side effects associated with the treatment of cancer. For instance,
research suggests that chemotherapy and radiation cause cardiotoxicity, increasing the risk of
developing cardiovascular diseases (Gegechkori, Haines & Lin, 2017). Cardiovascular
complications include coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and stroke.
Another complication associated with cancer treatment is lymphedema. This complication occurs
in about twenty percent of women who undergo surgery or radiation. Studies show that regional
lymph nodes increase the risk of developing lymphedema. Elsewhere, experts assert that
chemotherapy causes the impairment of cognitive function. The risk of developing this condition
increases based on age and genetic factors.
Several methods are employed to lessen the physical and psychological burden of cancer.
For example, doctors use chemotherapy drugs to kill the cancerous cells in the body. In some
cases, surgical procedures are recommended to remove cancer from the body and lessen the
physical pain (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Elsewhere, physicians use immunotherapy to help the
body's immune system recognize cancer and attack it. Also, healthcare practitioners recommend
using cognitive-behavioral therapy to help cancer patients respond to pain with a shift in their
thoughts. CBT helps cancer patients focus on reframing pain-related thoughts such as I will die,
or this pain is killing me.
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 6
Discuss what factors contribute to the yearly incidence and mortality rates of various
cancers in Americans.
Research shows that lifestyle behaviors contribute to the yearly incidence and the burden
of various types of cancer in America. For example, tobacco use is cited as the leading cause of
lung cancer. Lung cancer is among the leading causes of death in men and women in America.
Elsewhere, a sedentary lifestyle increases the risks of colon cancer in America and across the
world. Also, environmental exposure, such as ultraviolet radiation, contributes to all types of
cancer in America yearly. Besides, studies suggest that some plastic chemicals such as vinyl
chloride continued to increase cases of cancers of all types in America and elsewhere.
Several factors cause mortality rates of various types of cancer. For example, chronic
comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease are among the leading causes of death
among cancer patients. Elsewhere late screening that causes late detection of various cancer
types is cited as one of the leading causes of cancer patients' deaths. Late detection causes
patients to start their treatment when it is already too late, which does not help them as
anticipated. Also, the high cost of treatment and disparity in healthcare contributes to death
among cancer patients.
Explain how the American Cancer Society (ACS) might provide education and support.
What ACS services would you recommend, and why?
The American Cancer Society has several programs and services that help people living
with cancer to understand the disease, manage it through treatment and find the needed
emotional support. Therefore, ACS can provide education and support by publishing brochures
Spelling mist...: cardiotoxicit... cardio toxici...
Spelling mistake: Gegechkori
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Spelling mistake: lymphedema lymph edema
Spelling mistake: lymphedema lymph edema
Spelling mistake: immunotherapy
Spelling mistake: reframing rephrasing
Web Content: https://brainmass.com/health-sciences/disease-management/pathophysiology-and-nursing-management-of-clients-health-482508…
Spelling mistake: comorbid co morbid
Punctuation error: Elsewhere Elsewhere,
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
that promote healthy lifestyles and teach cancer patients about managing the disease. Also, ACS
provided education and support through accurate and updated information about cancer and how
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 7
to manage it. Besides, it provides support to cancer patients by helping them locate resources that
can help them cope with the disease. Elsewhere, ACS services I would recommend are
community programs and services. This enables ACS to access cancer patients that are
diagnosed each year and provide them with emotional support.
Explain how the nursing process is utilized to provide safe and effective care for cancer
patients across the life span.
The nursing process utilizes five phases of nursing to provide holistic and patient-focused
care to cancer patients. The nursing process provides a systematic guide to client-centered care
(Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2020 ). The nursing process begins by assessing the cancer patient or
the caregiver to provide accurate information about how the patient feels. Once the healthcare
practitioner gathers information about the patient, they make the diagnosis by employing clinical
judgment. The diagnosis is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs to prioritize and plan care
based on the outcome.
Once the medical staff and the cancer patient agree on the diagnosis, the former plans a
treatment course that considers the short-term and long-term goals of treatment. After the
medical staff determines and plans the patient's appropriate treatment, they implement the plan
by performing the required medical interventions. The healthcare practitioner then asks the
patient to adhere to the treatment plan for optimum recovery. After the cancer patient has been
treated, the healthcare practitioners evaluate the treatment's effectiveness to determine what
worked and what did not.
Discuss how undergraduate education in liberal arts and science studies contributes to the
foundation of nursing knowledge and prepares nurses to work with patients utilizing the
nursing process.
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 8
Liberal arts and nursing constitute a significant component of the educational discipline
in the nursing field. They bolster the ability to think critically, creatively and provide holistic
care. The nursing profession recognizes that liberal arts such as social science improve the
nursing students' communication skills and enable them to navigate diversity and make decisions
that help them improve their human selves ( Kooken & Kerr, 2018 ). Elsewhere, physical sciences
enable those in the nursing profession to assume a disease focus instead of a person focus. They
help the nurses to understand the diagnosis, treatment, outcome and the side effects of different
treatment options. Elsewhere, mathematics contributes to nursing's foundation since it dictates
accurate: accurate right
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Three successive sentences begin wit...: The
accurate: accurate right
Web Content: https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-diagnosis/…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University…
the efficiency of treatments that healthcare practitioners administer. This is because healthcare
professionals use mathematics to write prescriptions. Also, mathematics is used to draw
statistical graphs of diseases and the success rates of treatments.
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 9
References
American Cancer Society. (n.d). Cancer staging. American Cancer Society.
https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html
Brierley, J., Gospodarowicz, M., & O'Sullivan, B. (2016). The principles of cancer
staging. Ecancermedicalscience, 10, ed61. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2016.ed61
Gegechkori, N., Haines, L., & Lin, J. J. (2017). Long-term and latent side effects of specific
cancer types. The Medical clinics of North America , 101(6), 1053–1073.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.06.003
Kooken, W. C., & Kerr, N. (2018). Blending the liberal arts and nursing: Creating a portrait for
the 21st century. Journal of Professional Nursing, 34(1), 60-64.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Cancer diagnosis. Mayo Clinic Staff.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20370594
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Cancer. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20370588
Toney-Butler, T. J., & Thayer, J. M. (2020). Nursing Process. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499937/
NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE 10
