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Personality psychology

Paula Umutoni

4/12/2021

PSY-255

Dr. Kevin Brown

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Personality is the dynamic integration of the totality of a person's subjective experience

and behavior patterns, including conscious, concrete, and habitual behaviors, self, and the

surrounding world, deliberate, clear psychic thinking, and regular desires and fears. It also

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Cherry, 2020). The other characteristic is the multiple expressions; personality is displayed in

more than just behavior. People can also see the character in their thoughts, feelings, close

relationships, and other social interactions (K. Cherry, 2020).

Personality type can also connect to your health, including how you often visit the

doctor and cope with stress. Researchers have found that specific personality characteristics may

be linked to illness and health behavior (K. Cherry, 2020). Understanding the psychology of

personality is very simple as an academic exercise. Character is essential in medicine, health,

business, economics, technology, and many others. To build a better understanding of mainly

how personality works, we can look for new ways to improve personal and public health (K.

Cherry, 2020).

Personality comprises three levels of psychological individuality dispositional traits,

and characteristics adaptations lie the motives, goals, and the integrative life stories. Traits

adaptations and reports include the three most recognizable variations on human psychological

nature grounded in the human evolutionary heritage and situated in cultural and historical

contexts (W. Revelle, 2013). Although some term personality refers to all aspects of a person's

individuality, typical usage divides the field into studies of ability and personality. Personality

measures are usually the estimates of average performance. This includes reports of preferences

and assessments of what one usually does and how one perceives oneself and is perceived by

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includes unconscious behavior patterns, experiences and views, and intentional states (O.F.

Kernberg, 2016). It is a dynamic integration so far as it implies an organized, integrated

association of multiple traits and experiences that influence each other, the outcome of

coordination of various dispositions (O.F. Kernberg, 2016).

Personality derives from the human organism's capacity to experience subjective states

that reflect the body's internal condition and the perception of the external environment within

which this functions (O.F. Kernberg, 2016). It includes discrete psychic functions such as effects,

perception, cognition and instrumental as well as declarative memory, and various levels of self-

reflective processes, from relatively simple mirroring of perceived and intended motor

movements and perceived sensory experiences to a complex self-reflective evaluation of

cognitive and affective states (O.F. Kernberg, 2016).

At its most basic, personality is characteristics patterns of thoughts, feelings, and

behaviors, making a person very unique. It is believed that personality emerges from within the

individual and remains pretty consistent throughout life (K. Cherry, 2020).

Characteristics of personality

The characteristics include consistency which is usually a recognizable order and

regularity to most behaviors. Essentially, people act in similar ways—the other factors

psychological and physiological, the behaviors and actions. Personality mainly influences how

we move and respond in our day-to-day environment and causes us to act in specific ways (K.

others (W. Revelle, 2013).

Some term personality as all aspects of a person's individuality, typical usage divides the

field into ability and personality studies. The ability tests are usually viewed as maximal

performance measures; the ability is constructed as the best one can do on a particular measure in

a limited time, which is the speed test or unlimited time, which is the power test (W. Revelle,

2013). Personality measures are estimates of average performance and typically include reports

of preferences and assessments of what one usually does and how one perceives oneself and is

perceived (W. Revelle, 2013).

Measures of ability and personality mainly reflect observations aggregated across

time and occasion and require inferences about stable latent traits to account for various observed

behaviors. Other individual differences are readily apparent to outside observers and require little

or no inference about latent characteristics (W. Revelle, 2013). The most common variables like

sex, age, height, and weight. These are the differences that require some knowledge, and

inference are differences in ethnicity and social-economic status. The apparent group differences

are sometimes analyzed in terms of the more subtle personality and ability measures or real-life

outcomes, examples being sex differences in neuroticism, mathematics ability, or income (W.

Revelle, 2013).

Most researches on personality traits explain their impact on human behaviors in

different situations. The theory of personality postulates that people naturally deal with various

problems and interact with their environment differently. An individual's personality can provide

valuable information about the best method of communicating with them and identifying what

types of jobs and tasks they are most suitable for; however, the personality traits may also be the

key indicators of the other facets of an individual's life (I. Ali, 2019).

The five personality traits

Although several popular models o personality traits continue to influence most researches.

Personality builds upon the 35 bipolar clusters of terms related to personality traits developed

and the classic Myers Briggs type indicator by adding an important personality trait. They

include neuroticism or emotional stability, which is the core domain predictive of depression and

anxiety disorders (I. Ali, 2019).

The five personality traits include extroversion, which is how individuals engage with the

external world and experience enthusiasm and other positive emotions. The second trait is

agreeableness, which is how individuals value cooperation and social harmony, honesty,

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decency, and trustworthiness. Agreeable individuals also tend to have another view: the

optimistic view of human nature (I. Ali, 2019). The third trait is conscientiousness, which is how

individuals value planning and possess the quality of persistence ad are achievement-oriented (I.

Ali, 2019).

The fourth trait is neuroticism, which is how individuals experience negative feelings and

tend to overreact emotionally. The fifth ad the last trait is the openness to experience, which is

the extent to which individuals exhibit intellectual curiosity, self-awareness, individualism, and

nonconformance (I. Ali, 2019). A number of the mini markers of each personality trait have been

defined and studied. They include talkative or extraversion sympathetic for agreeableness

disorganized for conscientiousness, temperamental for neuroticism, and imaginative for the

openness to the experience (I. Ali, 2019).

The positive attributes associated with extraversion include being friendly, assertive, and

active. This allows extroverted individuals to create and engage with their social networks

successfully. The qualities of enthusiasm and positive emotions enable extroverted individuals to

try new things (I. Ali, 2019). Extraversion positively affects the level of individual

innovativeness. Extraversion might determine an individual's propensity to socialize;

agreeableness is an essential determinant of whether the individual is accepted by social groups

and can effectively maintain the social and business relationship, which are vital for the success

of innovative initiatives (I. Ali, 2019).

Where does personality come from?

Our personalities come from or develop around basic needs. The proper psychological

needs come with the need to predict our world, build competence to act on our planet, and

because we are social beings, the need for acceptance from others (Dweck, C.S, 2017). Infants

arrive highly prepared to meet the needs; they are brilliant, voracious learners looking for

market-relevant information. Then as infants, they usually try to meet their needs, and this leads

to something meaningful. They start building beliefs about their world and their role in it. These

beliefs, plus the emotions and the actions tendencies that are sorted with them, are termed

BEATS (Dweck, C.S, 2017).

These represent the accumulated experiences people have had trying to meet their

needs and BEATS. They usually form the basis of personality, and they drive and guide the

visible part. The visible part happens when the conditions and BEATS create the actual goals

people pursue in what people can do (Dweck, C.S, 2017). Research shows that most people hold

the belief that their abilities are the fixed traits. When they are confronted with a slightly

challenging task carries a risk. It could expose their improved ability as deficient, which could

undermine their sense of competence (Dweck, C.S, 2017).

Temperament can also be important. An example, when children are shy and fearful,

it can make specific needs, such as the need for predictability, more substantial than others, it can

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affect the way they react to things that happen to them both which can mold the BEATS they

develop and carry forward (Dweck, C.S, 2017). Our personality develops around our daily

motivations, our needs, and goals and is not only about traits we are born with. This reveals the

invisible parts of character and shows how we can identify and address essential BEATS,

particularly the beliefs to promote personality change (Dweck, C.S, 2017).

Why is a personality report critical?

The person-situation debate is probably one of the most significant debates in the history

of psychology. Most of the empirical issues that ignited the discussion have been resolved.

Many researchers recognize that both the characteristics of persons and situations have essential

effects on behavior. Personality traits help predict cognitions, emotions, and behaviors across

many problems, and features of a specific situation are useful I making successful predictions of

a given individual (A. Pinon, 2019).

Several meta-analyses have found robust statistically significant relations between

personality characteristics and a wide variety of variables. An example is conscientiousness

shows consistent connections with job proficiency and training proficiency, neuroticism, and

extraversion influence job satisfaction; males are more assertive and have slightly higher self-

esteem than females (A. Pinon, 2019). The females are more elevated than males in

tendermindedness, extraversion, anxiety, and trust, repressive defensiveness, trust, emotional

stability, locus of control chance, the desire of control, hardiness, positive affectivity, private

collective esteem, and tension are closely associated wellbeing (A. Pinon, 2019).

Researchers tend to describe situational variables reasonably well in their studies. Most

psychology focus on static situations, that is, the situational variables that do not or cannot

change. The majority are simply following the current conventions of their field (A. Pinon,

2019). Most psychologists recognize that human beings are complex psychological entities

composed of multiple dimensions. Honesty, or the humility factor, and the other five factors

model include its broader agreeableness factor (A. Pinon, 2019).

While personality is relatively stable over time, it also subjects to change across the

entire lifespan. Researchers have identified normative and differential development patterns

affected by biological and environmental factors, specific life events, and social role

investments. However, on a micro-analytical level, little is known about the underlying process

model of personality development that incorporates and builds on previous process approaches to

personality (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017).

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The power of personality

Personality traits usually can predict important life outcomes has traditionally been

frequently questioned because of the putative minor effects of personality. Results show that the

magnitude of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was

indistinguishable from socioeconomic status and the cognitive ability of these outcomes (K.

Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017). This demonstrates the influence of personality traits on

important life outcomes and highlights the need to routinely incorporate personality measures

into quality surveys(K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017).

Personality psychology began a profound renaissance and how now become an

extraordinarily diverse and intellectually stimulating field. Personality traits predict essential

outcomes in life such as health longevity, marital success, and educational and occupational

attainment (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017). Personality traits are also related to health,

love, and achievement is not a stringent test of the utility of personality traits. These associations

could be the third variable results, such as the socioeconomic status (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk,

et al., 2017).

Personality tests how individuals negotiate the tasks they face across their lives, then the

processes contributing to the development of those traits. There has been a tendency in

personality and developmental research to focus on personality traits how they continue to

change in adulthood (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017). Socializing factors may affect

personality traits changes as the resulting changes would then be leveraged across multiple

domains of life (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017).

It is essential to recognize that it may be possible to improve individuals' lives by

targeting those processes without directly changing the personality trait driving those processes.

In all prevention and intervention work, it will be essential to attend to the possibility that most

personality traits can have positive or negative effects depending on the outcomes in question,

the presence of other psychological attributes, and the environmental context (K. Geukes & M.

Van Zalk, et al., 2017). Personality research has led to a contentious history, and there are still

vestiges of doubt about the importance of personality traits. Personality traits are just as crucial

as socioeconomic status and IQ in predicting these essential life outcomes (K. Geukes & M. Van

Zalk et al., 2017).

The three domains of individual differences in the level of and contingencies between

state processes. Goals and strategies, actions and experiences, and the evaluations and

reflections. These process domains build a continuous sequence with each part guiding state

processes (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk, et al., 2017). Well-established effects of environmental

and biological structures, social roles, age, and life events on personality trait development can

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be explained by systematic links of these macro-level determinants to the outlined micro-level

state processes (K. Geukes & M. Van Zalk et al., 2017).

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Ali, I. (2019). Personality traits, individual innovativeness, and satisfaction with life. Journal of

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Pinon, A. (2019). Why Most Psychologists Should Assess and Report Personality. Frontiers in

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