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Running Head: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 1
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 2
of the society are categorized into a social-economic group based on various factors such as
gender, race, level of education, wealth, power, and income. The term stratification can also be
found in geography, specifically geology. These are vertical layers found in a rock. A society is Web Content: https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter9-social-stratification-in-the-united-states/…
Sociological Analysis of the U.S Stratification Process
Tamika Kelly
SOC- 436
Lacey Chapman
10/01/2021
Social stratification is a common term in sociology, and sociologists use this term to
describe systems of social standing. Social stratification is an act or a situation whereby members
made up of layers of people, and resources within the society are distributed unevenly
throughout those layers. People who have a lot of wealth represent the top layer of the social
structure of stratification. On the other hand, the other group is at the bottom of the social
structure of stratification. This paper elaborates three sections: class, race, and gender within an
educational institution. The first section of this paper addresses class, race, and gender,
respectively. All these sections are bonded along within education on relating to different
theories, describing how each and every factor impacts education, and finding ways to eliminate
inequalities with educational institutions. Also, this paper entails a conclusion about how
learning institutions contribute to the social stratification of the United States for better and for
worse.
The U.S stratification system in regard to class
Social stratification has a lot of impact on different social institutions such as educational,
political, economic, religious, and family. The main social institution that this paper looks at is
education institutions. Education plays a significant role in determining the social class that a
person belongs. Mostly, uneducated people are classified in lower levels of social stratification in
society. On the other hand, people who are educated are classified at the top level of social
stratification. This section explains the impacts social stratification has on education, such as
social roles, class status, and position, as well as strategies that can be implemented to alleviate
inequality in education.
Impacts on education
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 3
Sociologists, scholars, and researchers have spent almost half of a century trying to show
the relationship between high education and social stratification. In this regard, they have
reviewed literature in order to highlight inconsistencies and complementaries. From this, they
state that social stratification is one of the major issues in higher education in the United States.
The way in which the education system is designed stratifies an individual into social class, and
as a result, it regulates social mobility across generations (Cin, 2017). For instance, people who
are educated, that is, those who have attained diplomas, degrees, masters, and PhD, are classified
as the top class of social stratification in the society. On the other hand, people who are not
educated are classified at the lower level of social stratification.
Also, people who are from lower social-economic classes have lower expectations of
joining colleges or universities. This is because the cost of college or university enrollment is
very high; thus, they cannot afford it. Also, it determines the type of college a person is likely to
join. Mostly, students from low economic classes are likely to join community colleges or enroll
in a certificate program that is affordable to them. On the other hand, students from wealthy
families are likely to be enrolled in four years programs in a national university. In this case,
education will maximize the gap between uneducated and educated, thus creating a class in
society.
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Social inequality & conflict theory
There are many forms of social inequalities that occur in education institutions. For
instance, the amount of money that one requires in order to be enrolled in a university or a
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 4
college. In this case, a lot of money is required, and therefore not all people can afford to get the
money. Mostly, to pursue a degree in a public university in the United States, a person must pay
almost $15,000. This creates a situation whereby there are some people who cannot afford this
amount of money, and others can afford it. Those who can will be enrolled, while others will not
be enrolled. This is a financial inequality in educational institutions because people from lower
social classes are disadvantaged in terms of their chances to be enrolled in a public university.
There are many mechanisms-based theories that increase the gaps of inequalities. The main
question that these theories raise is how class inequality can be avoided in education institutions.
When social inequalities analysts look at this issue, they conclude that it has expanded due to the
increase in competition for college slots. Max Weber, a theorist, tries to explain this situation
using social closure. He described social closure as the process by which social institutions such
as schools try to maximize reward by minimizing or restricting opportunities or access to
resources to a limited circle of eligible. This means that education institutions are set so that only
a few people will be enrolled in colleges or universities to have rewards, thus expanding social
inequalities in education institutions.
How to alleviate inequality in education institutions.
There are many strategies or measures that can be taken by the government to reduce
financial inequalities in higher education institutions. First, the government can increase the
qualification for a person to be enrolled in a college or university in terms of performance but not
on the basis of financial ability (Cin, 2017). This will ensure both high and low social-economic
students are competing fairly. The other strategy is providing education funds to students from
low social-economic class. Despite being provided with a fair competition ground, there is some
amount that a student is supposed to pay. In this case, there are students who cannot afford the
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 5
money, and therefore the government is supposed to chip in and provide funds to such students.
Lastly, the government can offer scholarships to students from low social-economic classes. This
will enable them to access high-quality education like other students from high social-economic
class. Therefore, the United States government is supposed to implement those strategies in all
fifty states.
The U.S stratification system in regard to race
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Racism is one of the current major problems in the United States. There are thousands of
people in the U.S that lose their lives every year due to racism. This is the act of discriminating
against another person on the basis of his or her skin color. When the term racism is mention,
people think about the blacks and the black lives matter policy. But the fact is that racism doesn't
only involve black people, but also White Americans can also be discriminated on the basis of
their race. For instance, in an African country, a white person might be denied a job opportunity
due to his or her skin color. Social stratification has a lot of impact on various social institutions
such as education institutions (Global Campaign for Education, 2017). Education has a lot of
impact on race inequality, which also contributes to inequality of economic status. This section
explains the effect of race in education institutions, forms of racial inequality within education
institutions, and ways that can be used to alleviate racial inequality.
The effect of race on education
When racism is practiced in social institutions such as schools, churches, and other social
gatherings, it is known as systematic racism or institutional racism. Racism still exists in the
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 6
United States despite that it had a black president. Mainly, racism affects people who are not
dominant in society; in other words, it affects only a specific group of people. Racial bias in
education institutions affects student learning and school discipline, and it influences how
students engage in each other. Students from the minority groups such as African Americans
don't get enough studying materials, while the whites are provided with all material. In this case,
Black Americans are discriminated, thus denying them access to high-quality education.
Also, African Americans are not provided with education funds as white students. This is
an indication that African Americans in the United States are not supposed to access education,
and if they have access, they are supposed to attend community colleges where education is not
of high quality (Global Campaign for Education, 2017). When such students are denied high-
quality education opportunities, they feel so isolated, thus lowering their esteem. Such students
will not perform well; thus, their chances of achieving their goals are very minimal.
Forms of race inequality
There are three main forms of racial inequality. The first is structural inequality. This
type of racism occurs when people of color within the society are discriminated and are denied
access to some social services within the society. For instance, an African American can be
denied a job opportunity despite having all the qualifications. The other form of racial inequality
is institutional inequality. This form of racial inequality involves the development of policies that
will discriminate people of color and, on the other hand, the policy will benefit the white. For
instance, African Americans are not provided with education funds in the United States, but
white students are given those funds as well as scholarships. The last type of racial inequality is
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individual or interpersonal inequality. This involves being biased or having stereotypes towards a
person of color. For instance, there was a time when a black person was seen as a criminal in the
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 7
United States. This is biasness as well as negative stereotyping. This denied many black people
opportunities to be employed because people had a notion that African America were robbers.
Measures of reducing racial inequality
There are many measures as well as strategies that can be used to reduce racial inequality
in educational institutions. For instance, providing education funds to minority groups. In this
case, African Americans have been discriminated against for so long, and they are not offered
educational funds and scholarships. Therefore, providing them with scholarships and funds will
enable them to alleviate racism in school. The second way to alleviate racism is by creating
awareness as well as developing policies that condemn racism. For instance, the black live matter
is one of these policies that fight for equality. Having such policies will reduce racism in
education institutions.
The U.S stratification system in regard to gender
Gender is another issue that has existed for so long in society. Females have been
discriminated not only in the United States but also in the entire world. But currently, women are
fighting for their rights as well as developing laws that promote gender equality (Dabbagh,
2017).
Forms of gender inequality in education
Gender issues are also in the education sector. There are notions that men are best in
mathematics and sciences than females, thus discouraging females from pursuing those courses.
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 8
Also, people believe that females cannot pursue engineer courses; such courses are meant for
men. When females are discriminated in this manner, chances of them pursuing marketable
courses are very low (Dabbagh, 2017). People believe that females are supposed to pursue
courses such as secretariat, accountant, and nursing, among others.
How to reduce gender inequality in education
There are many strategies that can be used to reduce gender inequality in educational
institutions. First, all students should be provided with equal opportunities to pursue the case
they want. There are some instances whereby females are denied to pursue a course in
engineering, pilot, and military. Secondly, creating awareness will also reduce gender inequality
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in education. This means that the government should conduct a civil education and motivate
females to pursue those courses that people believe were meant for males. Also, creating job
opportunities for women who have pursued those courses (Dabbagh, 2017). In this case, other
women will be motivated to pursue those courses, thus eliciting the notion that there are courses
that are for men and others for females.
Conclusion
Racial discrimination and gender inequality are some of the issues that affect student
performance as well as affecting the formulation of educational policies. In order to ensure there
is no more discrimination, there are some strategies that the government can implement in order
to reduce such discrimination. For instance, funding female to pursue courses that people believe
that they are meant for males. Secondly, creating awareness as well as developing policies that
discriminate against racism. When such strategies are implemented, there will be no form of
discrimination in educational institutions.
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 9
Conclusion on education in the United States for better and for worse
The education sector in the United States is one of the sectors that is mostly funded in
order to ensure that students are accessing information that will enable them to achieve their
goals. There are dozens of programs that promote as well as ensuring all students are accessing
high-quality education. For instance, No Child Left Behind (NCLB). NCLB is an Act was
enacted into laws by President George Bush in 2002. The main reason as to why this Act was
developed is to strengthen the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) which was
enacted in 1965 ( Hursh, 2016). The main objective of NCLB is to ensure that all student in the
United States are enrolled in schools regardless their backgrounds. Before this Act was signed
into law, many student, especially from low-income families were not enrolled in school
programs because they couldn’t afford to pay tuition fee. Therefore, this Act was like a golden
opportunity for students from disadvantaged families ( Hursh, 2016).
No Child Left Behind Act does not only ensure that all students are enrolled in education
institutions, but it also ensured that students are performing well. In this case, if a student didn’t
perform well, the school was responsible. For instance, if a child dropped his or her grade, the
school was punished by reducing the Federal funds. On the other hand, if student performed
well, the school was rewarded by increasing Federal funds. This could motivate schools as well
as teachers to ensure that student are improving their grades. Also, teachers were promoted one
students improved their grades ( Hursh, 2016)
The other programs that support education in the United States are the scholarship
programs. In this case, students who perform well and are unable to enroll themselves in colleges
or universities are provided with a full scholarship. This ensured that all children in the United
States has acquired education. Also, the United States government has allocated some funds for
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SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 10
helping student from low-income families to access education. These funds are zero-interest
funds.
Reference
Cin, F. M. (2017). Gender Justice, Education, and Equality: Creating Capabilities for Girls' and
Women’s Development. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Science and Business Media:
Palgrave Macmillan.
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE U.S STRATIFICATION PROCESS 11
Dabbagh. S, & Khajehpour. M. (2017). Gender Differences is Affecting the Academic
Performance of High School Students. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, pp.
1040-1045.
Global Campaign for Education. (2017). Gender Discrimination in Education: The Violation of
Rights of Women and Girls. South Africa: Global Campaign for Education.
Hochschild, J. L., & Shen, F. X. (2014). Race, Ethnicity, and Education Policy.
Hursh, D. (2016). No child left behind. Social justice in these times, 173.
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