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Andravus Stenson
TheWayDrugsAffectTheBrain.pptx
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Andravus Stenson Grand Canyon University October 25, 2020 The Way Drugs Affect The Brain
The Human Brain
Introduction- Forms about 2% of the human's body weight Human brain is the largest of general vertebrates relative to body size Comprises of about 86 billion nerve cells Comprises of numerous nerve fibers Controls most of human activities
Following Lewis and Writer (2016), the human brain is the command center for the human nervous system. It receives signals from the body's sensory organs and outputs information to the muscles. The human brain has the same basic structure as other mammal brains but is larger in relation to body size than any other brains. Moreover, the brain is a three-pound mass of white and grey matter, which is the epicenter of every human activity. The brain regulates all the essential functions of the body. The brain is made up of tiny cells known as neurons, which are billions in number and are organized into networks and circuits. 2
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Structure of Brain
The picture above shows the structure of the human brain consisting of 3 main parts that include the forebrain, mid brain and the hindbrain. The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is sometimes referred as the cerebral cortex as the fore brain. It controls the vital human activities such as action and thoughts. The midbrain is found just below the cerebral cortex and above the hind brain and is the smallest brain region. It possesses a primary role of acting as a relay station for the human auditory and visual systems (Lewis & Writer, 2016). 3
Drug Addiction Addiction is a disease that impacts individual brain and behavior. When one is addicted to drugs, he/she cannot perform without them, even if the drugs cause harm to them.
Addiction is a chronic disease from using drugs in a compulsive way that is difficult to control despite the harm. Most people in society voluntarily take drugs in the initial stages. Furthermore, drug addiction is simply not about cocaine, heroin, or other prohibited drugs. One can be addicted to nicotine, alcohol, opioid painkillers, anti-anxiety medications and sleep, as well as other legal substances. Frequent drug use can cause changes in the brain that interfere with the normal functioning of the addicted person and even the ability to resist the urges to use such drugs. The brain changes can, however, persist, making drug addicting a relapsing disease. 4
Effects of Drug Addiction on The CNS Components and Other Body Organs The CNS consists of two key parts, the brain and spinal cord. Effects of drugs addictions include: Affects the electrochemical message transfer Hallucinations Withdrawal Results in lung cancer because of inhaling Heart failure and liver malfunction Failure of body organs
There are two major processes through which drugs produce their effects on the body. Firstly, the pharmacodynamics process that involves the chemical properties of the drug manifesting in the CNS. Secondly, the pharmacokinetics process through which there are the entrance, metabolism, and absorption of drugs in the body system (Bailey, 2016). The CNS is composed of the spinal cord and brain. Drugs stimulate and also depress the electrochemical message transfer between the neurons and the brain. Hallucinogenic drugs alter message transfer between neurons. Drug addiction leads to withdrawal symptoms and hallucinations. Drug addiction can as well lead to other severe health outcomes. Apart from the CNS, they can harm organs such as the liver, pancreas, and even lungs from inhaling the drugs.
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The above picture shows the structure of the central nervous system and the different parts of the brain as one of the CNS organ. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system with the brain comprising of about 100 billion neurons and about 1000 billion support cells. Moreover, the brain utilizes almost 20% of the total human energy and it is divided into four main lobes, the temporal, occipital, parietal and frontal. The spinal cord and the brain are both cased within the meninges which are a protective triple-layered membrane. The spinal cord carries information between the body and brain and it also has circuits that control reflexive actions such as knee jerking.
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A Description of the Neurotransmission Process Communication between brain neurons Electrical and chemical Neurotransmission is affect by drugs Neurons consists of three parts, axon, dendrites and cell body Neurons manufacture neurotransmitters
Drugs can interfere with the general behavior of a person through interfering with the process of neurotransmission. They affect the reception, sending, and processing of signals by the neurons via neurotransmitters. Neurotransmission refers to the communication process between the nerve cells, also known as the neurons in the brain. Neurons are made up of three main parts, namely the axon, which is situated close to the cell body, dendrite, which is found far away from the cell body and the cell body (Abraham et al., 2018). Neurotransmissions are of two types. These are electrical and chemical transmissions. According to past research studies, scientists have been able to establish that the dependence on drugs and also addiction are as a result of an organic disorder in the brain (Levinthal, 2016). The cumulative neurotransmission Impacts are the primary causes of this condition. Experimental work that scientists continue to come up with the basis of it all coming from this understanding has elucidated the psychological factors that predispose someone to start using drugs. These findings are, however, essential in providing and developing new behavioral treatments as well as medications. The experience of a person when using a particular drug gives a reflection of the functional roles of a particular neurotransmitter that it affects or disrupts (Levinthal, 2016). Each individual neuron manufactures one or more neurotransmitters. Dopamine, for example, as one of the transmitters, is densely found in areas that regulate feelings and even motivation of reward. This then makes dopamine a strong drug use motivator.
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The Neurotransmission Process
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References Abraham, A. D., Fontaine, H. M., Song, A. J., Andrews, M. M., Baird, M. A., Kieffer, B. L., ... & Chavkin, C. (2018). κ-opioid receptor activation in dopamine neurons disrupts behavioral inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(2), 362-372. Bailey, M. (2016). Reactions on the inside: The many ways that drugs affect the brain: Australian Rationalist, The, 100, 42. Lewis, T., & Writer, S. (2016). Human Brain: Facts, Functions & Anatomy. Levinthal, C. (2016). Drugs, behavior, and modern society (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishing ISBN-13: 9780134003047
