Case study by 11/ 15 /2021 at 8:00 pm ,please add references and citations and follow the documents that I uploaded

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Case study on Biomedical ethics.docx

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Applying the Four Principles: Case Study Part 1: Chart (60 points) Based on the “Healing and Autonomy” case study, fill out all the relevant boxes below. Provide the information by means of bullet points or a well-structured paragraph in the box. Gather as much data as possible.

Medical Indications Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Patient Preferences Autonomy

James is an 8-year-old boy that has been diagnosed with end stage kidney failure. He therefore requires a kidney donation as soon as possible. James problem began as a result of streptococcus throat infection which led to glomerulonephritis. When his kidneys failed the James developed hypertension hence the fluid retention. He required immediate dialysis as the doctor had recommended but because of his parents’ immense faith in Gods healing they delayed the treatment. The delayed treatment worsened his condition and he eventually needed a kidney transplant. It has been difficult to find a donor as both parents are not compatible. The only person who can donate the kidney is his twin brother Samuel but his parents’ consent is needed. In the beginning James parents ignored what was beneficial to their child and their decisions to delay treatment ended up harming James.

Since James is below the age of 18 years, he does not qualify to give consent. Therefore, his parents take full responsibility for his health and make all the decisions. After assessing James, the attending physician recommended immediate dialysis to James parents. They however settled on seeking Gods healing instead of dialysis. In this case the physician informed them on what was suppose to be done and allowed them to make the decisions. He respected autonomy.

Quality of Life Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy

Contextual Features Justice and Fairness

James is a minor who depends on his parent’s decisions. However, his parent’s strong faith in Gods healing made them to make decisions that worsened his health status. James now requires a donor kidney which if his parents had chosen dialysis in the beginning, it would not have reached that stage. This means that James quality of his life is reduced because of his parent’s decisions. Going forward if the parents continue delaying treatment, James health will deteriorate and he will not be able to live like other children. Samuel on the other side who is the only compatible kidney donor also requires his parents’ consent. The earlier

The physician was just and fair when he respected the parent’s decisions. He informed them of what to be done and let them to decide. He respected their believes in Gods healing miracle and did not want to change that, even though he knew the choices were not right. However, being a minor, the decisions made by his parents were not fair because they ended up worsening his health. The physician wants to care for James medically which is beneficial but he also has to respect his parent’s autonomy. Apart from that, James twin brother Samuel is also a minor who is

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the parents consent the quicker James normal life is restored and saves the family money and worries.

also expected to donate a kidney for his brother. There will be no justice if such a life changing decision is made for him.

https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/chapter-4-ethical-perspectives

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Part 2: Evaluation Answer each of the following questions about how the four principles and four boxes approach would be applied: 1. In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, how would each of

the principles be specified and weighted in this case? Explain why. (45 points)

Christian ethical judgements and decisions are based on interpreting the scriptures, praying and reflecting on human experiences (WCC Programmes, 1970). In this case, James is a young boy who depends on others for his health to be restored. I think the overruling principles in this case should be beneficence and non-maleficence. Therefore, all decisions being made should aim at improving the welfare of the patient. In a situation where the person is permanently or temporarily in a position not to express their preferences, it is important that as decisions are made considering his benefit. According to Christian teachings, “love your neighbors as you love yourself” (WCC Programmes, 1970). Jesus taught his disciples that the kingdom of God requires one to act not only by law but out of love. However, in this case, James parents were focused on autonomy. They had strong faith in Gods miracle but the decisions made were not beneficial to the patient. According to biblical teachings, Christians should not only respect individual freedom but they also ought to love others (WCC Programmes, 1970). I think the decisions made by James parents were not fair and just. By not considering the other principles, the parents delayed James treatment thus led to progression of the disease. Ethically this was not fair since it negatively affected the patient. It may seem like James parents made decisions to benefit their son, however they made wrong choices.

2. In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, how might a Christian balance each of the four principles in this case? Explain why. (45 points)

From a Christian point of view the priority principle is beneficence. This principle outweighs the others because every decision made should be for the good to the patient. According to Jesus teachings in (Matt. 5:41) one of the Kingdom of God values is that a person should act not only by law but also out of love (WCC Programmes, 1970). Therefore, even as we make choices, the most important consideration is whether it benefits the person or not. The second principle is non maleficence. Above all even if the decisions made are beneficial to the patient, they should do no harm (Lawrence, 2007). In this case,

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the decisions made by the parents to delay treatment did harm to James. The parents should have accepted dialysis treatment in the beginning without delaying them. After considering the two principles, the third important one is autonomy. Respect the preferences of the patient at all times. This principle however should depend on whether the choices are beneficial or do not harm the patient. Christians should respect the freedom of a person and also love them (WCC Programmes, 1970). Finally, the principle of justice, we are all created in the image and likeness of God. This means that we are all equal and

people should be treated fairly. Even though individual needs vary, decisions made should address the needs of a person. In this case the parent’s decisions were not fair to James.

References: Lawrence, D. (2007). The Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics: A Foundation for Current

Bioethical Debate. Journal Of Chiropractic Humanities 2, 34-40.

WCC Programmes. (1970). CHAPTER 4 Ethical Perspectives. World Council of Churches.

Retrieved, from

https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/chapter-4-ethical-

perspectives