SPSS
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Rosaline Nixon
Introduction to SPSS for Quantitative Analysis
Summary
1091 Words
QUESTION 1
Frequencies analysis is a descriptive statistical method that shows the number of times
each response chosen by the respondent occurs (Barbosa, 2020). For this case, I obtained the
frequencies analysis using SPSS of four variables; sex, labor force status, father's highest degree,
and job or housework from the ‘Census. Sav’ dataset provided. All these four variables have a
nominal scale of measurement. Below are the outputs from the SPSS analysis.
Statistics
RESPONDENTS SEX
LABOR FREE
STATUS
FATHERS HIGHEST DEGREE
JOB OR HOUSEWORK
Valid 2023 2021 1553 1536 N Missing 0 2 470 487
Median 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 Mode 2 1 1 1
The statistics table above shows the number of valid values for each variable. For
respondent's sex, we have 2023, labor force status is 2021, father's highest degree is 1553, and
job or housework is 1536. We can also see the number of cases that have missing values for each
variable; respondent's sex had none of the cases having a missing value, labor force status has 2
cases with missing values, father's highest degree has 470 cases with missing values and job or
housework has 487 cases with missing values. The table also gives us the median and the mode
for each variable, as seen above.
The following tables show the frequencies and percentages for each variable under study.
We also have bar charts for each variable that summarizes the distribution as seen in the
frequency tables and enable us to notice the distribution (Connolly, 2007).
obtain (get): obtained get
Possible typo: frequencies
Grammatical p...: FATHERS HIGHE... FATHERS the H...
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon UniversityRESPONDENTS SEX
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
MALE 929 45.9 45.9 45.9 FEMALE 1094 54.1 54.1 100.0
Valid
Total 2023 100.0 100.0
We have relatively more female than male respondents. 54.1% are females, while 45.9%
are male.
LABOR FRCE STATUS
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent Cumulative
Percent WORKING FULLTIME
1003 49.6 49.6 49.6
WORKING PARTTIME
211 10.4 10.4 60.1
TEMP NOT WORKING
53 2.6 2.6 62.7
UNEMPL LAID OFF
74 3.7 3.7 66.4
RETIRED 336 16.6 16.6 83.0 SCHOOL 57 2.8 2.8 85.8 KEEPING HOUSE 227 11.2 11.2 97.0 OTHER 60 3.0 3.0 100.0
Valid
Total 2021 99.9 100.0 Missing NA 2 .1 Total 2023 100.0
From the labor force status table above, approximately half of the respondents work full-
time. The second-highest percentage of respondents is retired (16.6). There are categories of
respondents that are less than 5%.
Grammatical p...: FATHERS HIGHE... FATHERS the H...
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
FATHERS HIGHEST DEGREE
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent Cumulative
Percent LT HIGH SCHOOL
538 26.6 34.6 34.6
HIGH SCHOOL 679 33.6 43.7 78.4 JUNIOR COLLEGE
38 1.9 2.4 80.8
BACHELOR 187 9.2 12.0 92.9 GRADUATE 111 5.5 7.1 100.0
Valid
Total 1553 76.8 100.0 IAP 354 17.5 DK 109 5.4 NA 7 .3
Missing
Total 470 23.2 Total 2023 100.0
The table above shows that most respondents' fathers studied until high school (33.6%).
26.6% reached LT high school, 9.2% for bachelor's, 5.5% for graduates, and 1.9% for junior
college. We also have those who gave 'don't know and 'not applicable' responses to the father's
highest degree.
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University JOB OR HOUSEWORK
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent Cumulative
Percent VERY SATISFIED 778 38.5 50.7 50.7 MOD. SATISFIED 570 28.2 37.1 87.8 A LITTLE DISSENT
135 6.7 8.8 96.5
VERY DISSATISFIED
53 2.6 3.5 100.0
Valid
Total 1536 75.9 100.0 IAP 453 22.4 DK 19 .9 NA 15 .7
Missing
Total 487 24.1 Total 2023 100.0
On the job variable, we have the most significant proportion of respondents who are very
satisfied with their job (38.5%) and moderately satisfied (28.2). Very few respondents are very
dissatisfied with their job (2.6%).
obtain (get): obtain get
Grammatical pro...: RS HIGHEST RS the HIGHEST
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
QUESTION 2
The median basically represents the middle value in a given dataset, and the median is the
most appropriate measure of central tendency for distributions of data that are skewed. The
median cannot interpret nominal data because the categories in such data do not have a
meaningful order (Hinton, 2014). Therefore, for this case, since all the chosen variables for
analysis are measured on a nominal scale, then the median is inappropriate for all the variables.
The distributions of these variables appear to be realistic.
QUESTION 3
To determine the percentage of respondents who have a bachelor’s degree or higher, I run
a frequency analysis for the variable highest degree and obtain the frequency table below.
RS HIGHEST DEGREE
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
More petite than
primary/high school
297 14.7 14.7 14.7
Primary/High School 1003 49.6 49.6 64.3
Post Primary/High School 173 8.6 8.6 72.8
BACHELOR 355 17.5 17.6 90.4
GRADUATE 194 9.6 9.6 100.0
Valid
Total 2022 100.0 100.0
Missing DK 1 .0
Total 2023 100.0
Word repetition: 60% 60% 60%
I'll add up the percentage of respondents who have a bachelor's degree and have
graduated.
=17.5%+9.6%
=27.1%
27.1% of the respondents have a bachelor's degree or higher.
To find the percentage of respondents working, I'll use the frequency table for the labor
force status above and add up the percentages corresponding to working full-time and working
part-time.
=49.6%+10.4%
=60%
60% of the respondents are working
Reference
Barbosa de Sousa, P. (2020). Introduction to SPSS.
Hinton, P., McMurray, I., & Brownlow, C. (2014). SPSS explained. Routledge.
Connolly, P. (2007). Quantitative data analysis in education: A critical introduction using SPSS.
Routledge.
Word repetition: SPSS SPSS SPSS
Unpaired braces, brackets, quotation m...: '
Spelling mistake: sav San
Three successive sentences begin wi...: SPSS
Use of whitespace before comma and b...: . .
Grammatical problem: use the base f...: sets
Hyphenation p...: user friendly user-friendly
REFLECTION ON THE USE OF SPSS
SPSS package is statistical software that can be downloaded for free from the internet. At
first, I found it difficult to download it when I simply searched for it on Google. But it was more
uncomplicated and straightforward when I used the 'get into PC 'and selected download free app.
I needed to know that I was installing 64-bit software that would be compatible with my PC.
Installing it also took a couple of minutes, and all was set. After downloading the Census.sav
data, I could simply click on it and it opened in SPSS.
Generally, SPSS is very quick and easy to use since it entirely involves point and click
command to run the analysis that one needs. It consists of pull-down menus that are self-
explanatory and can easily run even complex data manipulation within no time. SPSS also
provides for a wide range of charts and graphs to choose from. SPSS is just simple to understand.
SPSS is very simple to learn even for a non-statistician or non-researcher. The tutorial
provided on learning SPSS is of much help for a beginner. I was able to follow the procedures in
the guide and performing them step by step after installing my SPSS software and everything was
just exciting and very understandable. Running the analysis in SPSS is simple and clear as long
as the data is saved as .SAV file, SPSS will automatically sets up and open with its titles, variable
names, variable types, and also the value labels. This makes the analysis process simpler for a
researcher while a wide range of statistical analyses can be performed with this user friendly
software.
