Models of Abnormality Matrix
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Destani Lewis
Benchmark - Models of Abnormality Matrix
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PSY-470 Topic 1 Benchmark: Models of Abnormality Matrix
Part 1 Use the GCU Library databases and include two to four scholarly sources from the GCU Library to support your claims. In addition to the scholarly resources from the library, you can include past classroom materials as well as your textbook as additional reference material. References and in-text citations must be in APA style; however, the worksheet should be single-spaced. Please single space except for the in-text citations and references.
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
Cause of Dysfunction (How does this model view the cause of
dysfunction?)
Interpersonal therapy is based on the premise that dysfunctions in
interpersonal relationships are
significant factors in the onset of mental health disorders, as well as likely outcomes of
mental health disorders (Rahioui et al., 2015).
In this view, dysfunction in interpersonal
relationships has a direct effect on the
patient’s ability to cope with stressors, and the
problematic relationship becomes
an additional source of stress, exacerbating the mental health problem.
Biological models assert that the causes of dysfunction or disorders have physical or organic causes. It focuses more on the use of genetics, neuroanatomy, and neurophysiology. The approach, therefore, argues that mental disorders are related to physical structures as well as the functioning of the brain. Other causes of dysfunction that would lead to mental health issues are infections, chemical imbalances, and that could lead to mild or vital symptoms of the disorder. Therefore, relationships
The psychodynamic model strongly
supports views that behaviors are
caused by other unconscious factors which humans have
no control over. Feelings and unconscious thoughts get
transferred in the form of what we
define as the slip of the tongue. It,
therefore, means that
psychodynamic approaches place
psychological factors to be the main cause that contributes to mental health issues without
taking into action genetic factors. An
example of this condition is a
general anxiety disorder.
CBT models assert that how
individuals perceive situations
in that they are closely related to
their reactions than what the situation
itself occurs. Individual
perceptions are therefore not important in
understanding what is particularly vital.
It tries to understand and
explain how abnormal
psychology about internal thoughts
contributes to mental health
issues. An example of this condition is
substance use.
between causes and the general human body functionalities
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
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are further explained by the biological model. Examples of mental disorders that are explained by the biological model are autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders.
Key Therapy Technique (Describe one or two key therapy techniques used in this
model.)
One of the primary therapeutic techniques in IPT is the formation
of the therapeutic alliance; which is seen
as a key element of change. Once the
therapeutic alliance has been established, the therapist views as an ally (Rahioui et al., 2015) who works in
collaboration with the patient to develop (or
improve) social support systems; reduce stress
(particularly interpersonal stress);
process difficult emotions; and improve
the patient’s interpersonal skills
(Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013).
The key therapy technique that is
used in the biological model to
handle patients with mental issues
is the electro- inclusive therapy ECT which is a
procedure in which the application of electric stimulus is
applied. It is commonly applied
in patients with extreme depression or bipolar disorders that have been tried with other methods with no progress.
The key therapy applied under
psychodynamic models is a free
association which involves therapists asking victims to
share their thoughts and anything else that comes to their
mind to be authentic. This
creates different views in which
they can successfully
interact with others in different social
situations.
Cognitive restructuring is a
therapeutic method that is used in
cognitive- behavioral methods
to help in discovering,
challenging, and modification of
victims to help in replacing their
negative thoughts with positive ones
to reduce the mental and
psychological issues they suffer
from.
Goal of Therapy
(What is the overarching
goal of therapy in
this model?)
The primary goal of IPT therapy is to reduce dysfunctional symptoms
by resolving interpersonal conflicts
in a patient's life; this is facilitated by forming
an empathic therapeutic alliance between
patient and therapist (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). By modeling a healthy interpersonal
relationship in the therapy room, the therapist helps the
client examine their relationships and create
The main aim of ECT in biological
models is to relieve symptoms among
victims that involve mental health issues. This is made possible
through treatments that send electric
signals through the brain of the patients to cause a seizure.
The main aim of free association
which is a therapy in psychodynamics is to help patients learn about their
emotions, thoughts, feelings. This helps
them understand what they need in
any space that they are involved in such as during
acceptance,
The cognitive restructuring aims
at educating victims on when to
become more aware of what they interpret negatively
among other behavioral patterns
which leads to distorted thinking that induces stress.
It has been approved to be
action plans to make those relationships healthier and more
functional.
curiosity, or a non- judgmental space.
successful in stress management
through replacing distortions with more balanced
thoughts.
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
How would this model
explain depression?
This model views most problems (including depression) as being caused by one of four primary issues: grief, role transition, role
dispute, or interpersonal deficits. Depression could stem from any of these four
categories, or a combination thereof
(Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). IPT also
acknowledges the complex etiology of
many disorders, including depression (Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
Biological models explain depression
to be inherited through genetics and there exists evidence that
proves the predisposition such as in biochemistry through the Amine hypothesis. This way the levels of
monoamines can be easily demonstrated
to create a better understanding of
the issue.
Psychodynamic forms of therapy would explain
depression to be a form of therapy
that requires to give in detail a person’s past to be used in fixing the current situation whose
origin is from the Freudian theories. Psychodynamic
therapists, therefore, believe
that the main cause of depression is the
challenges that victims face such
as unhealthy relationships based on their families.
This explains that depression results from the presence
of negativity in their life through
the events they take part in and the
reactions they have towards those events. The
reactions, therefore, cause developing
symptoms of depression.
How would this model
IPT is a time-limited therapy model, with
three distinct phases. In phase one, the therapist evaluates the patient to determine the etiology
of their depression (which includes a
thorough examination of past and present relationships) and
develops a treatment
Biological methods of treating depression integrate
electroconvulsive therapies, sleep depreciation as
well as antidepressants and
Through focusing on the onset and
psychological roots for specific
emotional suffering by victims, the psychodynamic model hallmarks self-reflection for
Cognitive approaches treat depression by
allowing the victim to understand and
recognize their negative thoughts,
this way the victims can
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treat depression?
plan. The primary goal of IPT is realized in Phase 2, in which
therapist and client address the
interpersonal problem and actively work on
skill-building, processing emotions,
reducing stressors, and increasing social
MAO inhibitors Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013). However, ECT is common to
medically treat depression for
victims who had not responded to other forms of
victims to develop strategies to cope with problems
through intentional plans and
awareness rather than focusing on
emotions on feelings to handle
depression
progressively correct the false beliefs that are responsible for
depressive symptoms. This is conducted through CBT which is one
of the most efficient evidence-
support. The final phase is the termination
phase.
treatments among other bipolar
disorders.
(Saunders & Eaton,2018).
based psychological
interventions that can treat depression
among other psychiatric disorders.
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental Psychopathology
Interpersonal therapy is based on the premise that dysfunctions in
interpersonal relationships are
significant factors in the onset of mental health disorders, as
The humanistic- existential model of abnormality asserts that no symptom or
behavior can be
The sociocultural model believes that
dysfunctions are not caused by
medical or psychological aspects but are
social. It associates
The developmental psychopathology model asserts that
the cause of dysfunctions is
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Cause of Dysfunction (How does this model view the cause of
dysfunction?)
well as likely outcomes of mental health disorders (Rahioui et
al., 2015). In this view, dysfunction in interpersonal
relationships has a direct effect on the
patient’s ability to cope with stressors, and the
problematic relationship becomes
an additional source of stress, exacerbating the mental health problem.
accidental and that dysfunctions result from the inability of humans to use
their judgments to make rational
choices to be able to create sound
meanings of their lives. Therefore, it believes that self- deception causes dysfunctions such as general anxiety
disorders which are common
social and cultural aspects to be able
to suggest abnormalities and directs it to one's social interactions and criteria. An
example is anxiety disorders where
some men seem to hide their feelings based on societal
pressures to act like men which cause
dysfunctions among men (Rahioui et al,2015).
based on how and when psychological factors affect the
outcomes of life on victims. This could
be due to past traumatic
experiences and other dangerous
circumstances. The common examples
of dysfunctions demonstrated under
the model are depression,
schizophrenia, and autism.
Key Therapy Technique (Describe one or two key therapy techniques used in this
model.)
One of the primary therapeutic techniques in IPT is the formation
of the therapeutic alliance; which is seen
as a key element of change. Once the
therapeutic alliance has been established, the therapist views as an ally (Rahioui et al., 2015) who works in
collaboration with the patient to develop (or
improve) social support systems; reduce stress
(particularly interpersonal stress);
process difficult emotions; and improve
the patient’s interpersonal skills
(Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013).
The common forms of therapy used in
humanistic- existential models are client-centered
therapy and Rogerian therapy
which are based on the criteria that clients must be personalized to influence their thoughts about criticism and
disapproval from others and how
they view themselves
(Whitehead &
Group therapy sessions are used in
sociocultural models of
abnormality to include patients
where psychologists seek to treat victims as a whole if in the case is a family rather than individuals.
This helps in influencing
behaviors that had been inherited from cultural and social aspects by family
members that have
Developmental psychopathology therapy is the key therapy used in handling related
forms of dysfunctions
through integrating explanatory models and other coherent approaches as well as developmental science to treat
victims.
Senecal,2020). The therapies ensure a
supportive environment in
which clients can reestablish their initial identities.
been affecting their mental statuses.
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental Psychopathology
Goal of Therapy
(What is the overarching
goal of therapy in
this model?)
The primary goal of IPT therapy is to reduce dysfunctional symptoms
by resolving interpersonal conflicts
in a patient's life; this is facilitated by forming
an empathic therapeutic alliance between
patient and therapist (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). By modeling a healthy interpersonal
relationship in the therapy room, the therapist helps the
client examine their relationships and create
action plans to make those relationships healthier and more
functional.
The primary goal of client-centered therapy in human existential models
is to influence victims' perceptions
depending on current
circumstances and even help the individual to
understand and identify their challenges to
ensure progress.
The primary goal for group therapies categorized under the sociocultural
sector is to identify and bring people
together who have different
sociocultural views about certain
factors which have influenced their
mental health status such as depression
to change their beliefs (Nordahi et
al,2018).
The goal of DP is to infuse an
understanding of development into
diagnosis and treatment of
psychopathology issues to help
victims understand the progress of developmental
issues and how to avoid further
issues.
How would this model
explain depression?
This model views most problems (including depression) as being caused by one of four primary issues: grief, role transition, role
dispute, or interpersonal deficits. Depression could stem from any of these four
categories, or a combination thereof
(Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). IPT also
acknowledges the complex etiology of
many disorders, including depression (Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
All the humanistic approaches view depression as a
form of disturbance that a person is
unable to grow to the extent of their potential and that each person can
change a situation.
This asserts that the social and cultural
population in which people live are the main social stressors that cause depression among
people and that it is also influenced by psychological and biological factors of people's lives.
Developmental psychopathology
characterizes depression, to
begin with, assumptions that social systems,
neurobiological, and psychological systems are always organized across
life-course through examining changes
in humans.
How would this model
IPT is a time-limited therapy model, with
three distinct phases. In phase one, the therapist
Human existential therapies focus on
personal
Cultural and social aspects of victims are discussed and
CBT approaches teach how victims
of depression
categorized as a dysfunction. All the models of abnormality can influence the diagnosis and
treatment of victims to guarantee better lifestyles.
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treat depression? evaluates the patient to determine the etiology
of their depression
responsibilities and freedom and that the depressed are
that change is influenced through group therapies to
should be aware of their negative patterns and that it
(which includes a thorough examination
of past and present relationships) and
develops a treatment plan. The primary goal
of IPT is realized in Phase 2, in which
therapist and client address the
interpersonal problem and actively work on
skill-building, processing emotions,
reducing stressors, and increasing social
support. The final phase is the termination
phase.
helped through empathy, positive
regards to understanding to impact healing
after they experience the
conditions themselves.
influence their way of thinking
positively and to eradicate bad
thoughts that are likely to cause
depression.
can help them reframe their
thinking to enable them to fight depressive symptoms.
Interpersonal Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental Psychopathology
Summary Psychological abnormality is discussed by several models including humanistic-existential,
sociocultural, developmental
psychopathology, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic models. All these models
aim at explaining the causes and
treatment options for several psychological illnesses from different approaches (Hou et al,2020).
The biological model asserts that the brain and other related neuroanatomies are responsible for
mental abnormalities and that treatment options are medically based. The cognitive-behavioral
model sees all psychological issues to result from thoughts of patients as well as humanistic-
existential models only that cognitive corresponds with reactions of the victims. The humanistic-
existential model emphasizes the role of self-determination and choice to influence people’s
problems. On the other hand, sociocultural factors explain the impact of people’s beliefs and
traditions on the mental health status of people while the psychopathology model defines
abnormality as a deviation from mental health such that anything that is not normal can be
References
Hou, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., Song, X., Chen, A., Deng, G., & Ni, C. (2020). Social support and
mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: A
moderated mediation model. Plos one, 15(5), e0233831.
https://10.1016/j.encep.2013.07.004
Lipsitz, J. D., & Markowitz, J. C. (2013). Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy
(IPT). Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1134-1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109031/
Nordahl, H. M., Borkovec, T. D., Hagen, R., Kennair, L. E., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., ... & Wells,
A. (2018). Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive–behavioural therapy in adults with
generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych open, 4(5), 393-400.
Rahioui, H., Blecha, L., Bottai, T., Depuy, C., Jacquesy, L., Kochman, F., Meybard, J-A.,
Papeta, D., Rammouz, I., & Ghachem, R. (2015). Interpersonal psychotherapy from
research to practice. L’Encephale, 41(2), 184-189.
Saunders, J. F., & Eaton, A. A. (2018). Snaps, selfies, and shares: How three popular social
media platforms contribute to the sociocultural model of disordered eating among young
women. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(6), 343-354.
