Epidemiology Paper
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TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 1
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Tuberculosis Disease
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis can also be called TB in short, and this is its common name. TB can be described as a
contagious infection that destroys a person's lungs and that which is capable of infecting other parts
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type of (omit): type of
that exists (omit): that exists
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on the other hand (...: on the other hand but
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accompany: accompany go with
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assist, assistance (help): assistance help
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of the body, such as the spine and the brain. TB is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. TB was once the primary cause of deaths in the United States of America in the 20th
century though recently, it has found a cure and is curable with antibiotics within a very long period,
which may take up to 6 to 12 months to complete the dose. There are two main types of TB. Namely,
the Latent TB and the Active TB (Rijkers, 2019). Latent TB is the type of TB that exists in a person's
body but does not spread because it is prevented from spreading by the robust immune system of the
carrier. The TB infection is alive in the shape of the carrier, but it is not active. This does not
necessarily mean that the disease cannot become active, but may become active someday. Active TB,
on the other hand, is the type of TB in a person that has increased in amount and has thus caused the
carrier to fall sick. The sick individual can quickly spread the disease to other people through various
means, as we will see in this paper. Adults infected with Latent TB are more likely to contract Active
TB in the case when the Latent TB becomes activated. This is possible when the immune system of
the carrier becomes weakened.
Tuberculosis is notable through the various signs and symptoms that accompany the disease, as I will
explain below. Before I get to the signs and symptoms of TB, it is essential to note that Latent TB has
no signs and symptoms, and a person would only know they are infected with it after either a blood
or a skin test (Rijkers, 2019). The signs and symptoms of Active TB are; experiencing a cough that
really prolonged that which would actually last for up to or more than three good weeks. Chest pain
is another common symptom which originates from the prolonged cough that individual experience.
The patient with TB may also cough up blood occasionally due to the infected lungs. Feeling fatigued
all the time is another notable sign for TB, sweating at night, feeling cold, having a fever, weight loss,
which is as a result of loss of appetite are among the signs and symptoms that accompany this
particular disease which can lead to death if proper measures to cure the disease are not taken. In case
a person experiences any of the above signs, it is essential actually it is vital for them to see a physician
and get tested so as to receive medical attention and assistance immediately. TB is caused by bacteria
that spread by means of air (Rijkers, 2019). In case, an infected individual with TB coughs without
covering their mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of cloth or do any activity using the mouth such
as talking, air and saliva droplets containing TB germs are let into the air, and when someone who is
not sick with TB inhales them, they definitely get infected with this disease. Tuberculosis can be
diagnosed through skin tests where an individual is injected with a particular medical fluid, which is
left t rest in the body of the individual and then checked after two or three days and tested. This test
is not always accurate and thus can be repeated several on a person so as to get the correct and precise
result (Rijkers, 2019). A test on one’s blood can also be done to determine if an individual is infected
with tuberculosis or not. In case of positive results, the doctor proceeds to do chest X-ray to have a
look at changes in the lungs, which are attacked and destroyed by the Tuberculosis bacterium .
When the individual is finally declared infected with TB, one is treated as per the results found. If an
individual is diagnosed with Latent TB, they are given medicine to prevent the inactive germs from
becoming Active TB by killing the bacteria. In case an individual is diagnosed with active TB, the
doctor will administer to them a dose of antibiotics that must be taken for a period of not less than six
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months and not longer than 12 months so as to completely do away with the bacterium which can
cause the disease again if not well treated (Rijkers, 2019). The complications of TB are that it might
not really get cured if the patient suffering from it does not have a robust immune system and thus not
able to fight the bacteria. Tuberculosis can mutate as well in case the drugs are not well administered,
and this is another complication of the disease. Tuberculosis can be prevented through the
administration of a vaccine, avoiding being in crowded and poorly ventilated places, taking
medication as prescribed by the doctor in case you are suffering from Latent TB to avoid developing
Active TB. Tuberculosis is a reportable disease. If an individual is suspected or confirmed to be
infected with TB, he or she is required by the law to report within one day after the identification of
the TB control section. One can communicate through phone calls to the responsible personnel dealing
with the department of communicable diseases so as to report a TB case as required by the law (S., U.
& ., 2017) .
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health are those particular environmental conditions in the settings where
people are born, learn, live, work, play, or even worship. These determinants may include the
unavailability of resources required to meet the daily needs of individuals such as housing and food,
access to economic, education and job opportunities, access to health care facilities and services,
quality of employment, and training, among many other social determinants. Provision of economic
stability, education, health care services, and a healthy environment can go a significant way into
improving the health of many people in a way that this health can be sustained over the long term.
The elimination of TB and its control can only be possible through early detection of Active TB. Apart
from health care, there is a significant concern that has arisen due to the harm that social factors have
caused, leading to the development of tuberculosis (Stewart, Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014). These
social factors are well distributed, and they may influence all the stages of TB pathogenesis. These
stages of pathogenesis include the risk of exposure, time to diagnose and treat, the progression of the
disease, and the successful treatment of the disease. The risk of exposure as an agent causing TB is
very dependent on social behaviors. When an individual works or lives in a high incident environment,
that is an area prone to TB, overcrowded cities, and poorly ventilated areas, increase the possibility of
getting infected with TB. Cases of malnutrition also increase the susceptibility to TB. Low levels of
income limit individuals' access to proper health care services. Stigmatization, which is a social
determinant, may make a patient not comply with treatment and thus resulting in poor outcome of the
treatment process (Stewart, Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014). Other social determinants include smoking,
use of alcohol, poor housing conditions, HIV, and diabetes infection have also increased the level of
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contracting and spreading TB .
The epidemiologic triangle of TB
TB has long term effects, which can be examined using the epidemiological triangle. These triangles
include compartments representing individuals grouped together by the disease status. The links that
exist between the chambers stand for the transitions that occur as an individual transit from one group
of the infection to another state (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The future of the epidemic can be calculated
by identifying a significant reproductive digit of the triangle. The first unit is known as the epidemic
unit, which has an individual as its basic unit. These epidemiological models divide the host
population into units grouped by their disease status. These models have standard abbreviations used
to represent the status of the individuals. For instance, S is used to describe susceptible individuals
who have not yet been infected. E represents exposed individuals or individuals diagnosed with Latent
TB. I serve the infected individuals who can affect others, while R represents the individuals in the
recovery process (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The reproductive number is very vital for it determines the
future of the epidemic. This number is the average number found after calculating the secondary
infections produced after an individual who is infected is placed in the unit of individuals who are
susceptible. Incidences and the prevalence is the rate at which TB is transmitted. Their measurements
are based on the division of the population influenced by age factors and ethnicity.
The diagram below illustrates the epidemiological model of Blower et al.
There exist specific special considerations among schools, the community, and the general population
by particular organizations such as NGOs and other CSOs. These organizations have created different
community-based activities that contribute to the diagnosis, preventions, and improved treatment and
adherence to drugs and TB care, which has resulted in a positive treatment outcome. These activities
include creating awareness by developing effective communication among the members of a
community. While most TB treatment processes and diagnoses are done in a hospital setting, these
organizations conduct TB activities outside the hospital in community structures such as churches,
schools as well as concrete settings. TB activities have also been integrated with other healthy
activities such as child care and maternal health to improve the impact and the synergy.
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(NIEDBALSKI, 2018)
Roles of a community nurse
Community nursing is an organization whereby there is an embrace of evidence-based research in
cooperation with advances in science so as to improve health. This particular doctrine considers the
social, economic, and culture of community members so as to enhance their relations when working
together. A community health nurse is an individual responsible for the treatment of sick patients
(Bergen, 2015). He or she also offers education to the community members on the importance and the
know-how of maintaining good health to avoid adverse effects that may result in death. They also
conduct screening, administer immunizations as well as dispensing medication to the sick in society.
Distribution of health items such as condoms is also another role of community nurses.
Demographic data is critical to the health of a community because the analysis of the health conditions
of large populations of health is becoming very effective in combating health issues on a large scale.
That is, health problems affecting many people can be dealt with faster due to the availability of data
in the population health sector. Demographic data is also vital for it facilitates the implementation of
comprehensive community health initiatives. Population data is information on the health outcomes
of a particular group of individuals. This data has been helpful for it has facilitated activities such as
the implementation of health practices that curb drug abuse and those which have encouraged healthy
sex activities in the societies .
NTCA
NTCA in full is the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association. This organization was founded in
Atlanta in Georgia in the year 1995. NTCA is a nonprofit organization that has around 400 members
and is interested in the prevention and control of tuberculosis epidemic disease. It is focused on
eliminating TB in the united states through the power vested in the national, state, and local
governments to implement policies that are capable of preventing and controlling the disease with the
aim of eliminating it. NTCA has put in place measures such as measures to give extensive care to TB
patients, strengthening the prevention if the disease and intensifying the research in the journey to
eliminate the disease as a strategy to end the TB epidemic in the United States of America .
Global impacts of TB
In the year 2018, 1.7 billion people were suffering from TB all over the world; thus, a third of the
world population is infected with diseases. Unfortunately, TB is also the leading disease killer in the
world, leading to at least 1.5 million deaths each and every year. Over 3million people out of 10
million infected individuals in the world do not seek or are unable to get healthcare, thus leading to
the spread of the disease as per a study done in the year 2018. In the case of the misuse of TB
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antibiotics, there is a possibility of the development of resistance to TB drugs. Such a condition can
occur in case of the wrong dosage or failure of the patient to complete the TB drug package. Another
impact is the development of extensive drug resistance where an individual's body does not respond
to the two drugs used to treat TB, thus leading to its spread and finally leading to the death of the
patient. The other impact concerns individuals infected with HIV and therefore have a weak immune
system leading to the development of TB and, finally, the death of the individual.
In Africa, for instance, addressing the issue of TB is very difficult for African countries, and other
developing countries lack laboratory infrastructure and inadequate transport systems, which hinders
rapid diagnosis of the disease, and thus the disease spreads in this countries faster and efficiently
leading to the death of many people. In America, TB is dealt with efficiently, for there is the
availability of upgraded laboratories and has a lot of Green Light Committee projects to curb the
disease. TB definitely occurs in all parts of the world but is most experienced in the South East Asian
region, with about 44% of TB cases out of the 100% TB cases reported in the world, and thus TB is
endemic in the Asian countries ( 2017).
In conclusion, tuberculosis is a hazardous disease. If not detected and treated at an early stage, this
disease can lead to a painful death of the individual infected with it. Therefore, it is vital for everyone
to ensure that they take the right measures, such as getting tested for the disease just in case one
experiences the signs mentioned above. Measures to prevent the spread of the disease should also be
taken. Thus, it can be done by avoiding overcrowded places, among other many ways, as I have
discussed above. In the case whereby an individual is already infected, it is essential for that particular
individual to abide by the instructions given by the doctor. The community, friends, and family of the
infected person should also be supportive to the patient by showing love and care and by encouraging
them to take their medication faithfully as they take measures of preventing the spread of the disease
to them through various means such as ensuring there is enough aeration in their houses. Shoeing
support to the infected person helps in achieving a positive patient outcome, which is essential to the
patient going through the epidemic caused by tuberculosis disease.
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References
Rijkers, G. (2019). Tuberculosis, the neglected infectious disease. Tuberculosis, 115, 24-25. DOI:
10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.006
Stewart, R., Hardcastle, V., & Zelinsky, A. (2014). Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health,
and Health Insurance. World Medical & Health Policy, 6(4), 483-492. DOI:
10.1002/wmh3.113
Bergen, A. (2015). The role of community nurses as care managers. British Journal Of Community
Health Nursing, 2(10), 466-474. DOI: 10.12968/bjch.1997.2.10.466
NIEDBALSKI, W. (2018). BTV-vector-host interaction: the epidemiological triangle in disease
transmission. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 74(1), 5996-2018. DOI: 10.21521/mw.5996
