Need ONE Response Per Each Discussion Total 8 Responses. One Reference Per Each Discussion

Manuel Cabrera

12 minutes ago, at 10:59 AM

 

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Health promotion and prevention of illness assist women to portray health potential by increasing motivation, providing information, and suggesting how to access specific resources. Periodic health screening, including history, physical examination, and diagnostic and laboratory tests, provides the basis for overall health promotion, prevention of illness, early diagnosis of problems, and referral for management. Screening tests are not meant to diagnose cancer, but to determine the presence or absence of disease.

Other than skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. The goal of Mammograms screening is early detection and lifestyle changes or surveillance, to reduce the risk of disease, or to detect it early enough to treat it most effectively. Mammograms are the best breast cancer screening tests we have currently. But mammograms have their limits. A false-negative mammogram looks normal even though breast cancer is present. False-negative mammograms can give women a false sense of security, thinking that they do not have breast cancer when in fact they do. A false-positive mammogram looks abnormal even though no cancer is present. False-positive mammograms can cause anxiety. They can also lead to extra tests to be sure cancer is not there, which cost time and money and maybe even physical discomfort. Understanding the existence of such limitation can be very critical in determining the individual’s reaction to the result, especially when it is unexpected (Adunlin, Cyrus, Asare, & Sabik, 2019).

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Evelyn Dominguez

Importance of Screening

Screening is an approach which enables various forms of cancer such as breast cancer to be detected during their early stages which is quite easier to treat them. In breast, cancer Screening may be described as a technique of reviewing the woman’s breast for cancer before the symptoms of the ailment being noticed. Every woman is required to be provided with sufficient information by their health care provider regarding the best screening option that suits them. Majorly the main goal of screening is to identify cancer at an early stage which is quite to treat compared to their later stages ("What is breast cancer screening?" 2020). Early identification of cancer also provides the patient with a significant survival rate. Additionally, frequent screening of breast cancer tends to reduce an individual’s risk of dying from breast cancer. During the screening, the health care provider often seeks to identify the abnormal pattern on the mammogram which might be a form of breast cancer.

          However, breast cancer screening tends to have its limitation. A significant limitation of screening is the invalidity of the tests. The mammograms tests are not often perfect as some of the cancers are not often identified. On the other end, mammograms also may identify patterns that look like cancer but they turn out to be negative cancer patterns ("What is breast cancer screening?" 2020). Thus, these results are often false-positive hence causing unnecessary anxiety to the victim as well as they may be time-consuming. Another significant limitation of screening is that it contributes to over-diagnosing which is quite costly because an identified tumor may have no impact on the victim if left alone but because it has been identified in the mammogram the health professionals may recommend surgery or radiation therapy.

Daylamis Gonzalez

Mammography screening is gold test method considered appropriate for mass screening of asymptomatic women. Its frequent use, however, warrants diligent analysis of potential side effects. Radiation risk is far below the natural yearly risk of breast cancer and should not be used as an argument against screening. False-positive calls lead to additional imaging or histopathological assessment, mainly percutaneous breast biopsy. These measures are tolerated and accepted fairly well. Their number is limited by strict quality assurance and constant training. Interval cancers represent a limitation of breast screening that should prompt further research for optimization. Evaluation of overdiagnosis is a highly debated topic in the literature. According to the probably most realistic available calculations, overdiagnosis is acceptable as it is compensated by the potential mortality reduction. Nonetheless, this potential side effect warrants optimal adjustment of therapy to the patient’s individual risk. The mortality reduction seen in randomized studies was confirmed by results from national screening programs. A recent case referent study indicated that improvements in mortality reduction run parallel to improved mammographic techniques. Use of less aggressive therapies is another valuable effect of screening. Awareness of potential problems, strict quality assurance, and further research should help to further develop screen

Robert Alonso

 

 Breast cancer is established to be cancer forming in the breast cells. It has the possibility of occurrence in both men and women, although significantly established to occur in women. Breast cancer is established to be the second most common cancer after a skin cancer diagnosis in women with subject to the United States. The screening mammograms are established as the best applicable approach subject to the early detection of breast cancer. There is a significance attached to having an understanding with regards to the advantages and limitations associated with breast cancer screening (Verhoeven, Kaufman, Siesling, & Mansel, 2019).

Among the most significant advantages is that breast cancer screening enables women to know the health of their breasts. A majority of women, approximately 98%, wouldn't be having breast cancer in the case whereby their mammograms alongside other additional examinations wouldn't reveal cancers. The screening also reduces the risk of being subjected to chemotherapy, whereby screening commonly enables the early development stage detection of cancer, enhancing the possibility of treatment without chemotherapy. Additionally, breast cancer screening enhances the reduction of risk subject to dying from breast cancer (Winchester, Winchester, Hudis, & Norton, 2006).

Various limitations are associated with breast cancer screening based on the fact that a prolonged screening can translate to periods of anxiety and waiting in the case whereby there is a requirement of additional examinations. On the other hand, breast cancer screening is subject to a limitation with regards to the possibility of overdiagnosis, whereby research has established 10 cases of overdiagnosis subject to 77 breast cancer diagnoses (Henderson, 2015).

Ariel Lopez

 

 Breast cancer screening has the possibility of showing cancer at a considerably early stage. This is established as a stage whereby the cancers are established to be too small with the subject to be seen or felt by an individual GP. Subject to the United States, breast cancer is established as being the second most common cancer among women. Breast cancer screening is conducted via a mammogram (Benson, Gui, & Tuttle, 2013).

The fundamental objective of screening is established as being the catching of cancers early. This is on the basis of the fact that cancers established at an early stage are established as being easier to treat as compared to cancers detected at a late-stage. Thus, the importance of having an understanding of the subject to breast cancer screening is the fact that it enhances higher survival chances. Additionally, having a routine with subject to breast cancer screening has been established to enhance the reduction of risk associated with dying of breast cancer (Singletary, 2012). 

The limitations associated with breast cancer screening include the fact that mammograms are established as not perfect tests whereby certain cancers can actually be missed by mammograms. Still, at times mammograms find things that are established as being cancers that actually end up not being cancer. This entails a scenario established as false positive. The false-positive situation is subjected to additional tests that are established to be time-consuming that can consequently result in unnecessary anxiety. Another limitation is the aspect of overdiagnosis, which entails the discovery of cancer that would have otherwise never have been detected without the application of screening (Benson, Gui, & Tuttle, 2013).

Gretell Alfonso

9/16/20, 11:28 PM

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   Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among women. Therefore, this subject is very common and important to touch upon in primary care. One of the main roles of the advanced family nurse practitioner is to promote screening. Breast cancer is one of the most important secondary screening we check for in the family practice offices. Screenings are done as part of prevention in order to decrease mortality rates in various diseases.  

   Benefits of Breast cancer screening are to detect early malignancy in breasts, gain better chances of survival by receiving earlier medical treatment. Although science has come pretty far along the years, we still have many improvements to make. However, in breast cancer the gold standard diagnostic test which is the mammography is very reliable in confirming abnormal growth in women breast at early breast cancer stage. Mammography's are ordered starting at age 40-74 years of age (Overview Archives). The only exception to this guideline would-be high-risk patients which means they have a close family member like a sister, mother with history of breast cancer are the patients that get tested at a younger age.  

   Limitations about breast cancer screening that we face now a days are false positive results, and over diagnosing which leads to patients spending a lot of money in tests and treatments that were probably not needed (Leisha A.. Emens, C., P. Savas, B., S. Loi, D., AE. Teschendorff, A., C. Desmedt, B., M. Ignatiadis, S., T. Gruosso, M. 2018, January 04). For example, mammograms aren't 100% accurate in showing if a woman has breast cancer: A false-negative mammogram looks normal even though breast cancer is present. A false-positive mammogram looks abnormal even though there's no cancer in the breast (Limitations of Mammograms: How Often are Mammograms Wrong?). 

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Euclides Munoz Perez

Awareness and understanding of breast cancer screening is incredibly crucial to detect the cancer while it is most treatable. Cancer of the breast is prevalent cancer among the females in the United States of America, outside skin cancer. The average likelihood of a woman getting breast cancer in her life in the US is as high as 12%. Again the chances of dying from breast cancer are around 2.6%. It is critical to recognize that cancer screening does not prevent one from developing breast cancer and again may not be of great use if one already has breast cancer at an advanced level (Qaseem, Lin, Mustafa, Horwitch, & Wilt, 2019). Broad understanding of the advantages and limitations of screening improves an individual’s awareness on the matter which is crucial in influencing important decisions about the screening.

          Enhanced understanding of the benefits of breast cancer screening such as early identification of cancer, which increased survival chances, may motivate women across the country to find a reason for taking part in routing cancer screening, which is a positive behavior change. Treating the disease at its earliest stage may be less costly than treatment of the same at late identification when the cancer is at an advanced stage requiring costly complicated treatment.

          Breast cancer screening is done using mammograms which may not perfect leading sometimes getting false-positive results which may cause unnecessary anxiety. Understanding the existence of such limitation can be very critical in determining the individual’s reaction to the result, especially when it is unexpected (Adunlin, Cyrus, Asare, & Sabik, 2019). People are aware of wrong results possible, so they are psychologically prepared, minimizing the risk of distress. The understanding also helps individual to careful to diagnosis to avoid overdiagnosis because some low-risk tumor time identified may never cause severe health problems if left alone.

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Eduardo Soto Quinones

Breast cancer is a common cancer formed in the cells of the breasts. It affects both men and women, but it is more prevalent in women. Mammograms are the most commonly used screening technique in breast cancer. In case of an abnormality detection on a screening mammogram, the doctor or other health care providers can recommend a diagnostic mammogram that will further help in evaluating the abnormality.

Breast ultrasound is another screening technique that uses waves in producing images of structures in the body. It is vital to understand the benefits and limitations of breast cancer screening. Almost every procedure and test has advantages and disadvantages (Shen et.al 2019). It is imperative to be aware of the pros and cons of screening to guide in making an informed decision. Mammograms, which is the main screening method is beneficial since it reassures the patient whether the result is normal. Early detection of breast cancer leads to less time spent in the recovery process and less treatment. It is also vital to acknowledge that most breast cancers are harmful and ought to be detected and treated within the shortest time possible. The earlier breast cancer is detected, the higher the chances of survival.

 Furthermore, it is important to understand the disadvantages of breast screening. Mammogram results can show that one is suffering from breast cancer even though cancer might not be present (Rodríguez-Ruiz et.al 2019). Screening may not detect breast cancer even though it might be present. Besides, women might become afraid of death yet some breast cancers may not result to decreased quality of life or death. The breast may also be exposed to radiations since mammogram is an x-ray test.