Week 2_ Discussion NURS 6630

Instructions:

Respond

to your

colleague

in one of the following ways:

·

If your colleagues’ posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share

how and why. Include additional insights you gained.

·

If y

ou think your colleagues might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative

perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your

perspective.

*

*minimum of three

(3)

scholarly references are required for each

reply

cited

within the body of the reply & at the end

**

Reply

#

1

Ozichukwu

Awusah

Explain

the

agonist

-

to

-

an

tagonist

spectrum

of

action

of

psychopharmacologic

agents,

including

how

partial

and

inverse

agonist

functionality

may

impact

the

efficacy

of

psychopharmacologic

treatments

.

In

order

to

be

effective,

drugs

must

be

able

to

reach

their

intended

cells

and

attach

to

the

appropriate

receptors

on

those

cells.

It

will

be

easier

to

explain

how

partial

and

inverse

agonist

function

affects

the

effectiveness

of

therapies

if

you

understand

the

distinction

between

the

agonist

and

antagonist

spectrum

of

action

in

rela

tion

to

psychopharmacologic

medicines.

This

receptor

binding

alters

the

activity

or

behavior

of

the

cell

by

agonizing

or

antagonizing

the

cell's

normal

reaction,

depending

on

the

situation.

Agonists

are

medications

that

function

by

activating

the

receptors

in

the

body.

The

antagonist

binds

to

the

receptor

without

activating

it,

preventing

the

receptor

from

being

triggered

by

additional

agonists

in

the

future.

Full

agonists

give

the

greatest

possible

reaction

since

they

bind

to

all

of

the

accessible

receptor

s.

Partially

agonists

only

bind

to

a

subset

of

receptors,

resulting

in

a

reduced

response

even

at

larger

concentrations

of

the

agonist.

Agonists

constantly

stimulate

the

receptors

to

produce

a

certain

natural

reaction,

while

the

antagonist

attempts

to

disp

lace

the

agonist

by

blocking

the

agonist's

route

to

the

receptors

and

preventing

it

from

reaching

the

receptors.

Inverse

agonists

have

the

opposite

effect

of

their

agonist

counterparts.

According

to

pharmacological

definition,

an

inverse

agonist

is

a

subst

ance

that

binds

to

the

same

receptor

as

an

agonist

but

produces

the

pharmacological

response

that

is

the

inverse

of

the

reaction

produced

by

the

agonist

.

Compare

and

contrast

the

actions

of

g

couple

proteins

and

ion

gated

channels

.

Both

the

G

coupled

protein

receptors

(GCPR)

and

the

ion

gated

channels

allow

our

cells

to

communicate

with

extracellular

contents

via

specific

integral

receptors

embedded

into

the

cell

membrane.

When

ligands

bind

to

the

receptor

on

an

ion

gated

channel,

there

is

a

conversio

n

of

a

chemical

signal

into

an

electrical

one.

As

the

channel

opens

it

allows

K+,

Na+,

Cl+,

and

Ca+

to

move

through

the

cell

membrane

and

change

its

electrical

properties.

Thus,

the

ion

gated

channels

produce

a

faster

signal

than

the

GCPRs.

G

-

protein

coupl

ed

receptors

compromise

the

largest

family

of

transmembrane

proteins.

They

convey

signals

across

the

membrane

in

response

to

the

binding

of

a

particular

ligand,

resulting

in

the

initiation

of

a

cellular

signaling

cascade

and

the

generation

of

an

intracellu

lar

reaction.

While

the

G

protein

is

not

the

actual

receptor,

it

is

a

protein

that

is

connected

to

the

receptor

and

that

is

activated

by

a

particular

ligand

that

binds

to

the

receptor

in

order

to

transmit

the

activity

inside

the

cell.

The

activation

of

an

intracellular

signaling

cascade

is

induced

by

GCPRs

.

Explain

how

the

role

of

epigenetics

may

contribute

to

pharmacologic

action

.

It

has

long

been

understood

that

both

environmental

and

genetic

variables

influence

gene

expression

in

different

ways.

It

is

the

theory

of

epigenetics

that

genes

may

be

activated

or

silenced

depending

on

the

presence

or

absence

of

certain

Instructions:

Respond to your colleague in one of the following ways:

 If your colleagues’ posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share

how and why. Include additional insights you gained.

 If you think your colleagues might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative

perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your

perspective.

**minimum of three (3) scholarly references are required for each reply cited

within the body of the reply & at the end**

Reply # 1

Ozichukwu Awusah

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and

inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

In order to be effective, drugs must be able to reach their intended cells and attach to the appropriate receptors on

those cells. It will be easier to explain how partial and inverse agonist function affects the effectiveness of therapies if

you understand the distinction between the agonist and antagonist spectrum of action in relation to

psychopharmacologic medicines. This receptor binding alters the activity or behavior of the cell by agonizing or

antagonizing the cell's normal reaction, depending on the situation. Agonists are medications that function by activating

the receptors in the body. The antagonist binds to the receptor without activating it, preventing the receptor from being

triggered by additional agonists in the future. Full agonists give the greatest possible reaction since they bind to all of the

accessible receptors. Partially agonists only bind to a subset of receptors, resulting in a reduced response even at larger

concentrations of the agonist. Agonists constantly stimulate the receptors to produce a certain natural reaction, while

the antagonist attempts to displace the agonist by blocking the agonist's route to the receptors and preventing it from

reaching the receptors. Inverse agonists have the opposite effect of their agonist counterparts. According to

pharmacological definition, an inverse agonist is a substance that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but produces

the pharmacological response that is the inverse of the reaction produced by the agonist.

Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.

Both the G coupled protein receptors (GCPR) and the ion gated channels allow our cells to communicate with

extracellular contents via specific integral receptors embedded into the cell membrane. When ligands bind to the receptor

on an ion gated channel, there is a conversion of a chemical signal into an electrical one. As the channel opens it allows

K+, Na+, Cl+, and Ca+ to move through the cell membrane and change its electrical properties. Thus, the ion gated

channels produce a faster signal than the GCPRs. G-protein coupled receptors compromise the largest family of

transmembrane proteins. They convey signals across the membrane in response to the binding of a particular ligand,

resulting in the initiation of a cellular signaling cascade and the generation of an intracellular reaction. While the G

protein is not the actual receptor, it is a protein that is connected to the receptor and that is activated by a particular ligand

that binds to the receptor in order to transmit the activity inside the cell. The activation of an intracellular signaling

cascade is induced by GCPRs.

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

It has long been understood that both environmental and genetic variables influence gene expression in different ways. It

is the theory of epigenetics that genes may be activated or silenced depending on the presence or absence of certain