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What was happening in the 1400s???  Increased exploration of the world

 Scientific investigation of nature and the human body  Medieval religious zeal becomes more tempered

 Development of the city-state and nations  Growth of capitalism and trade

 Guilds become more powerful and women's participation in them less common

 The artist's social standing is eventually elevated from skilled laborer to gifted intellectual

What was happening in the 1400s??? Humanism: a cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance, following the rediscovery of the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. A philosophy or attitude concerned with the interests, achievements and capabilities of human beings rather than with the abstract concepts and problems of theology. Francesco Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism." He was a scholar and a poet who lived in Florence in the 1300s who studied poets and philosophers from Ancient Rome such as Cicero and Virgil.

What was happening in the 1400s??? Neo-Platonism

 Renaissance philosophy that liberally merged Christian and

pagan doctrine

 Proposed that all life was linked to God by a spiritual circuit

 Therefore, all revelation (whether from the Bible, Plato or

classic myth) was one

 Beauty, love and spiritual ecstasy were all the same thing

 One could attain spiritual ecstasy through the

contemplation of beauty

Di Cambio, Talenti., Orcagna and others, Florence Cathedral (Duomo), 1296--‐1378, architecture/stone, brick, marble; Brunelleschi: Drum/Dome, 1420--‐1436; Campanile: GioIo, Pisano and Talenti, c.1334--‐50.

Masaccio (c.1255-1319) The Holy Trinity, 1425 fresco, 21 feet x 10 feet

“I was what you are, and what I am you shall become.”

Sandro Botticelli (c.1445-1510) Birth of Venus, c.1480, tempera on canvas, 5’8” x 9’1”

Sandro Botticelli (c.1445-1510) Primavera, c.1482, tempera on panel, 6’6” x 10’4” L to R: Mercury, Three Graces, Venus, Flora, Chloris, Zephyrus

Sandro Botticelli (c.1445-1510) Primavera, c.1482, tempera on panel, 6’6” x 10’4” Detail

Leonardo Da Vinci (c.1452-1519) Drawings: Vitruvian Man, 1490, and Babe in the Womb c.1510

Leonardo Da Vinci (c.1452-1519) Mona Lisa, 1503-1506, oil on wood

sfumato technique

Leonardo Da Vinci (c.1452-1519) The Last Supper, 1495-1498, experimental paints on plaster, 14’5” x 28’

Copy After Leonardo Da Vinci (c.1452-1519) The Last Supper

Leonardo Da Vinci (c.1452-1519) The Last Supper

Michelangelo (1475-1564) The Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1508-1512, fresco

Michelangelo (1475-1564) Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel 1537-1541, fresco

Michelangelo (1475-1564) David, 1501-1504, marble, height: 14’

Michelangelo (1475-1564) Pietà, c.1500, marble, height: 5’9”

Michelangelo, Bramante, Maderno and Bernini Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 1506-1626

Raphael School of Athens, 1509-1510, fresco, 16’6” x 25’, inside the Vatican

1: Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus Possibly, the image of two philosophers, who were typically shown in pairs during the Renaissance: Heraclitus, the "weeping" philosopher, and Democritus, the "laughing" philosopher. 3: unknown (believed to be Raphael)[14] 4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon? 9: Raphael,[14][15][16] Fornarina as a personification of Love[17] or Francesco Maria della Rovere? 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci) 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) (Archimedes) 15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo) 16: Diogenes of Sinope 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?) 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione) 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)[18]

Left: Madonna and Child with Book, 1504, oil on panel Right: Madonna of the Goldfinch c.1506, oil on panel

Ecstasy

1. an overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement. "there was a look of ecstasy on his face"

synonyms: rapture, bliss, elation, euphoria

2. an emotional or religious frenzy or trancelike state, originally one involving an experience of mystic self- transcendence.

Transcendence

1. exceeding usual limits: surpassing

2. extending or lying beyond the limits of ordinary experience in Kantian philosophy: being beyond the limits of all possible experience and knowledge

3: being beyond comprehension

4: transcending the universe or material existence

Ideal

1. a conception of something in its perfection. 2. a standard of perfection or excellence. 3. a person or thing conceived as embodying such a conception or conforming to such a standard, and taken as a model for imitation. 4. an ultimate object or aim of endeavor, especially one of high or noble character. 5. something that exists only in the imagination.

High Renaissance 1490 - 1520 (Late 15th/Early 16th Centuries) • Concept of the "Renaissance ideal" fully adopted by

the aristocracy • Artists recognized as intellectuals rather than

craftsmen • Artists receive more commissions from private sources,

not just the Church • Oil on canvas becomes preferred painting media,

instead of tempera on wood or fresco (painting on wet plaster)

In Art History, the two most important

places for Renaissance Art were

Italy (especially Florence/Firenze) and

“The North” (the Netherlands and

Belgium, known as “Flanders”.)