Journal Assignment

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Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

Seventh Edition

Chapter 2

Domestic, Transnational, and International Crime and Justice

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

2.1 Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice

2.2 List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries

2.3 Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in cross-national crime research

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

2.4 Distinguish between international crime and transnational crime

2.5 Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime

2.6 Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime

Distinguishing Comparative Criminology and Comparative Criminal Justice

Comparative Criminology

Studies crime as a social phenomenon and as social behavior

Comparative Criminal Justice

Determines how various countries attempt to maintain social order and accomplish justice

Comparative Criminology

Two problems when comparing crime in two or more countries

Ensure crime data from different countries have been defined, reported, and recorded in a similar manner

Compile crime data in a manner that allows researchers to compare countries over time

Crime as a social phenomenon

Comparative Criminology (1 of 2)

Modernization Theories

Social processes accompanying industrial development result in conditions conducive to increased criminality

Civilization Theory

The link between crime and civility suggests that violent crime decreased as civility transformed violent societies into more peaceful ones

World System Theory

As capitalism expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence and results in inequality and class conflict

Crime as social behavior

Comparative Criminology (2 of 2)

Opportunity Theory

Crime’s occurrence results from modern economies and social organization providing increased opportunities to engage in criminal behavior

Feminist Theory

Examines how indicators of gender inequality influence crime rates, especially gender differences in crime rates and differences in rates of gendered crimes

Crime as social behavior

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Transnational Crime

Types mentioned in the textbook

Cybercrime

Corruption

Drug Trafficking

Money Laundering

Maritime Piracy

Theft of Art and Cultural Objects

Trade in Human Body Parts

Trafficking in Persons

Terrorism

Cybercrime

Computers linked to criminal activity in three general ways

Cyber Attacks

Computer system itself is a target of the criminal act

Cyber Theft

Computer is used as a tool in committing a crime

Other computer security incidents

Such as spyware, adware, hacking, phishing, etc.

Corruption

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain

Undermines a country’s political, social, and economic stability

Contributes to global crime since transnational criminals are aided by the complicity of corrupt public officials

Countries are encouraged to criminalize such forms of corruption as bribery, embezzlement of public funds, influence trading, and concealment of corruption proceeds

Drug Trafficking

Three sectors to consider

Production

Cannabis production has been stable, opium poppy cultivation decreasing, and coca cultivation rising

Trafficking

Cannabis is locally produced and consumed, but cocaine trafficking is interregional and heroin trafficking both local and interregional

Consumption

About 1 in 20 adults aged 15-64 used at least one drug in 2014

Money Laundering

Process by which proceeds from unlawful activity are concealed

Typically takes place in a three-stage process

Funds are moved from direct association with the crime, hidden in a legitimate business, then made available to the criminal again

Maritime Piracy

A very serious crime today

Actual and attempted pirate attacks have decreased since 2011—now numbering about 250 incidents each year

Most contemporary attacks occur in the area of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent

Pirates often target oil and chemical tankers

Pirates steal ship’s equipment and cargo and crew, ship, and cargo can also be held for ransom

Theft of Art and Cultural Objects

Unlawful acquisition of objects that are part of a country’s cultural legacy

Black market in works of art is becoming as lucrative as is the market for drugs, weapons, and counterfeit goods

The crime occurs in all countries, but is now an increasing trend in Middle East countries

Private homes, museums, and places of worship are common targets

Trade in Human Body Parts

Three broad categories of organ trafficking

Traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ

Victims agree to sell an organ, but are cheated because they are not paid for the organ or are paid less than the promised price

Vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist and organs are removed without the victim’s knowledge

Trafficking in Persons (1 of 2)

Differs from migrant smuggling

Trafficking in Persons

Major types are sex trafficking and forced labor trafficking

Terrorism

Hard to define since terrorists and terrorist acts have few common traits

No single, universally accepted definition of terrorism, but violence and political motivation are considered important aspects

Using the U.S. Department of State definition, in 2013 there were almost 10,000 terrorist attacks worldwide, taking place in 93 different countries with the majority occurring in Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Response to Transnational Crime

Combatting transnational crime requires collaboration and cooperation among countries

National Efforts

The U.S. combats transnational crime through enhanced inspection, detection, and monitoring of borders and with an abundance of agencies dealing with some aspect of transnational crime

International Efforts

INTERPOL facilitates cross-border criminal police cooperation to combat transnational crime

UN operates much of its crime and justice work through the Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

International Crime

Crime that violates international law

Types of International Crime

Genocide

Crimes against humanity

War crimes

The International Criminal Court (ICC)

Created in the Rome Statute (1998) and came into existence in 2002

Prosecutes international crimes

Functions with an amalgamation of common and civil law principles