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reflectrelate5e_lectureppt_ch08.pptxChapter 8
Communicating Verbally
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Describing Verbal Communication
Verbal communication: Exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions
Language Is Symbolic
Words are the primary symbols that we use to represent people, objects, events, and ideas.
Language Is Governed by Rules
Constitutive rules: Define word meaning
Tell us which words represent which objects
Regulative rules: Govern how we use language when we verbally communicate
Language Is Flexible
Personal idioms: Words and phrases that have unique meanings
Language Is Cultural
Members of a culture who speak the same language may develop their own variations on that language, called dialects.
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Language Evolves
Many view language as fixed, but it is actually constantly changing.
We add new words to our language (e.g., tweet, app, cyberbullying, sexting) and discard old ones.
Functions of Verbal Communication
Verbal communication serves many different functions in our daily lives.
Sharing Meaning
Denotative meaning: Literal meaning of your words, as defined by your culture
Connotative meaning: Additional understanding of a word’s meaning based on the situation and on common knowledge
Shaping Thought
Linguistic determinism: The view that language defines the boundaries of our thinking
Linguistic relativity: The view that people from different cultures perceive the world in very different ways
Naming
Naming: Creating linguistic symbols for objects
One of humankind’s most profound and unique abilities
Performing Actions
Speech acts: The actions we perform with language
Crafting Conversations
Conversation:
Is interactive
Is locally managed
Is universal
Adheres to scripts
Conversational Pattern
figure 8.2
Managing Relationships
Verbal communication is the principal means through which we maintain ongoing relationships.
Cooperative Verbal Communication
Cooperative verbal communication:
Is easily understood
Takes ownership with “I” language
Includes others with “we” language
Understandable Messages (1 of 2)
Cooperative Principle: We make our conversational contributions as informative, honest, relevant, and clear as is required.
This requires awareness of situational characteristics.
Honesty is most important.
Understandable Messages (2 of 2)
Misunderstanding: Misperceiving the thoughts, feelings, or beliefs expressed in another’s verbal communication
If a message must be error-free or if it’s controversial, don’t use e-mail or text messaging to communicate it.
Using “I” Language
“You” language: Places the focus of attention and blame on other people
“I” language: Emphasizes ownership of your feelings, opinions, and beliefs
Using “We” Language
“We” language: Emphasizes inclusion
Gender and Cooperative Verbal Communication
Women and men are more similar than different when verbally communicating.
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Barriers to Cooperative Verbal Communication
Verbal aggression
Deception
Defensive communication
Communication apprehension
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Verbal Aggression
Verbal aggression: The tendency to attack others’ self-concepts rather than their positions on topics of conversation
Can evolve into bullying
Deception
Deception: Using uninformative, untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others
Concealment is most common
Defensive Communication
Defensive communication (or defensiveness): Impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights
Superiority messages
Indifference messages
Control messages
Dogmatic messages
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Communication Apprehension
Communication apprehension: Fear or anxiety associated with interaction
Communication plans: Mental maps describing how encounters will unfold
