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Workshop in Referencing – APA Style

Eleni Seitanidi

Copenhagen Business College

Autumn 2019

Overview

Introduction to referencing

APA Style

Referring to sources in-text

Quotations

Referring to sources in the list of references

Learning objectives

By the end of this workshop, you will:

understand why we use referencing

understand how APA Style works

be able to cite your sources in-text

be able to cite direct quotations following APA Style

be able to write a list of references following APA Style

What is referencing?

Mentioning in your writing the sources from which you took information and ideas

(“Citing sources using APA style”, 2018)

Why is referencing important?

Reasons for referencing:

Supporting your arguments

Giving credit

Being honest

Avoiding plagiarism

(Britton and Lishman, 2014)

How does APA referencing work?

Referencing takes place both in text and in the list of references:

In-text with the author’s surname and date of publication

e.g. (Shipley, 1986)

In the list of references with the full details of each source

e.g. Shipley, W. C. (1986). Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

How do I write in-text citations in APA style?

For in-text citations, you need the author surname(s) and year of publication

Examples:

Thomson (2007)

Baker and Li (2004)

This is why APA Style is an “author-date” referencing system ;)

In-text citation format I: Active reference

Active reference: the author is part of the sentence

Author (year) + reporting verb + paraphrase

James (2000) suggests/ claims/ insists/ shows that the earth is round.

According to Author (year), + paraphrase

According to Smith (1988), the earth is round.

As has been + reporting verb + by Author (year), + paraphrase.

As has been found by James (2000), the earth is round.

Reporting verbs I

A reporting verb is a verb which shows your understanding of the original text, and connects the information from a source with the author of that text, e.g. assert, claim, maintain, suggest, imply, etc.

Reporting verbs II

Compare the following sentences. Can you spot any differences?

Jackson (2018) shows that there is a correlation between disposable income and marital status.

Jackson (2018) claimed that there is a correlation between disposable income and marital status.

In-text citation format II: Passive reference

Passive reference: the author is not part of the sentence

Paraphrase + (Author, year).

The earth is round (James, 2000).

Citing sources in-text

Paraphrase - using your own words for expressing the original meaning

Direct quotation – using the original words of the source

Paraphrase (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

For a paraphrase, you need to mention:

Author surname(s)

Year of publication

For example, imagine that James Clarke wrote in 2000, on page 48, the following sentence:

The number of individuals who graduate from university will go up in 2020.

A possible paraphrase would be the following:

Clarke (2000) predicted that the percentage of university graduates would increase in 2020.

Is this a good paraphrase?

Read the following original text, and evaluate the paraphrase provided. Is it a good paraphrase? Why (not)?

Original:

Paraphrasing is important because it shows you understand the source well enough to write it in your own words. It also gives you a powerful alternative to using direct quotes, which should be used infrequently.

Paraphrase:

Students should use their own words when writing about a text they have read because they can get a higher mark (La Trobe University, n.d.).

Direct quotations 1 (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Short direct quotations (fewer than 40 words):

Author, year, page, and quotation marks (“ ”)

Examples:

Clarke (2010, p. 48) maintains that “the number of individuals who graduate from university will go up in 2020”.

Clarke and Smithson (2010) claim that “the number of individuals who graduate from university will go up in 2020” (p. 48).

Clarke, Smithson and Roberts suggest that “the number of individuals who graduate from university will go up in 2020” (2010, p. 48).

Direct quotations 2 (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Block quotation (at least 40 words):

New paragraph, which will be indented, author, year, page – no quotation marks

Block quotation example (McAdoo, 2013)

How do I cite a source that I found mentioned in another source?

Primary vs. Secondary source

Secondary source:

In-text: you need to mention both authors and the year of the source you read,

e.g. Simpson (as cited in Davies, 2008) suggests that…

Reference list: you need to include only the work that you read, i.e. Davies 2008

How do I cite a source in-text with more than one author?

Examples:

Walker (2007)

Walker and Allen (2004)

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)

Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, and Walsh (2006)

Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (2008)

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

What do you notice about the format of in-text citations with more than one author? Can you come up with a rule?

* When citing a work with at least 3 authors for the second time, use the surname of the first author followed by “et al”, e.g. Bradley et al (1999) claim that…

How do I write a list of references?

Full details of each source: author(s), date, title, publication data

Sources to be arranged alphabetically by author

References to include all the sources mentioned in-text

Attention to source type, e.g. book, journal article, website

A Sample List of References

A book (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Place: Publisher

Example:

Shipley, W. C. (1986). Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

For later editions include the edition number after the title - example:

Marks, M. (1980). Living in Space (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A webpage (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Author, A. (Year). Title. Retrieved from http://xxxx

Example:

Beavis, G. (2019). iPhone XR review. Retrieved from https://www.techradar.com/reviews/iphone-xr-review.

A journal article (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Author, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title volume number, pages.

Example:

Light, M. and Light, I. (2008). Volunteer support and marital status. Health Psychology, 24 (1), 227-238. Retrieved from http://www.naswpressonine.org

*For online journal articles: include the DOI/ URL

Light, M. and Light, I. (2008). Volunteer support and marital status. Health Psychology, 24 (1), 227-238. doi: 10. 1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

An online magazine article (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Author, A. (Year, month). Title. Magazine Title, Volume (Issue). Retrieved from URL

Example:

Keane, H. (2019, September). Treat yourself to a strawberry brioche breakfast - the perfect recipe for French toast lovers. Hello!, Retrieved from https://www.hellomagazine.com/

An online newspaper article (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Author, A. (Year, month, day). Title. Newspapter Title, Volume (issue). Retrieved from URL

Example:

Boles, T. (2019, September 13). TOPFLOP Sir Philip Green suffers fresh blow as Topshop and Topman reports losses of £505million. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/money/9918503/sir-philip-green topshop-topman-in-red/

What do I do if any of the following is missing?

Author: use the title instead – shorten title if too long – in-text citation: shortened title within “quotation marks”

Page number: count down paragraphs from the beginning of the text and use the heading in quotation marks, followed by paragraph number, e.g. (Jones, 2007, “Introducing Math”, para. 5)

Date: use “n.d.” for “no date”

Title: provide [text description in square brackets]

Webpage with no author (American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Title. (Year). Retrieved from http://xxxx

No italics should be used

Example:

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/.

* In-text: Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title

Example:

("All 33 Chile Miners," 2010).

To recapitulate:

Sources to be referenced both in-text & in the list of references

In-text:

paraphrase: author, year

direct quotation: author, year, page number: quotation marks vs. block quotation

List of references:

full details of each source mentioned in-text

sources arranged alphabetically by author

information depends on type of source

In case of:

Missing author: use title

Missing year: use “n.d.”

Missing title: use [document description within square brackets]

Missing page: use words from the heading and count paragraphs down from the beginning of the text

Useful links

Academic Phrasebank:

http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/referring-to-sources/

APA Style – Purdue Owl: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html

APA Style tutorial: https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial

References

American Psychological Association. (n.d.) The Basics of APA Style. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/tutorials/basics tutorial

Britton, A. & Lishman, R. (2014). Referencing in Coursework: Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing. Leicester: Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University

Citing sources using APA style. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.mitnielsbrock.dk/mod/page/view.php?id=58699

La Trobe University. (n.d.). Paraphrasing. Retrieved from https://www.latrobe.edu.au/students/admin/academic-integrity/referencing- help/paraphrasing

McAdoo, T. (2013). Block quotations in APA style. Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-direct- quotations.html