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References and Citations

http://owl.excelsior.edu/citation-and-documentation/apa-style/apa-activity/

http://libguides.bgsu.edu/c.php?g=227185&p=1507882

https://libguides.tru.ca/c.php?g=194062&p=1277340

http://www2.eit.ac.nz/library/ls_guides_apareferencingquiz.html

References Page

Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.

Double-space reference entries

Remember to remove the spacing between paragraphs

Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines (this is called a Hanging Indent)

Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames

This slide explains the format and purpose of a references page.

To create a references page,

center the heading—References—at the top of the page;

double-space reference entries;

flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines. To use “hanging” feature of “Indent and Space” tab, go to “Paragraph” ”Indentation” choose “Hanging” in the ”Special” box.

Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames. If a source is anonymous, use its title as an author’s surname.

References: Basics

Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials: “Smith, J.Q.”)

Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first author of each work

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

Article titles should not have quotes or underlines

Capitalize all major words in journal titles – and italize journal titles.

This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.

References: Basics

Capitalize all major words in journal titles – and italize journal titles.

For articles published in journals, provide a volume number – this number should be italized (but you should NOT write “vol.”)

You may also add an issue number, which should be presented following the volume number, and it should be in () but not italized.

After the volume number, provide the page number range for the article (but you should NOT write “pp.”)

Examples

Example of a article reference

Example of a book reference

In-text Citations: Basics

In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper.

Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:

the author’s last name and the year of publication

for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author’s last name, year of publication, and a page number

This slide explains the basics of in-text citations.

In-text citations help establish credibility of the writer, show respect to someone else’s intellectual property (and consequently, avoid plagiarism). More practically, in-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the references page. Thus, keep the in-text citation brief and make sure that the information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page; i.e., the body of the paper and the in-text citation together contains the author’s name and the year of publication. To avoid plagiarism, also provide a page number (in p.3 / pp.3-5 format) for close paraphrases and quotations.

In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase

Provide the author’s last name and the year of

publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase.

Though feminist studies focus solely on women's

experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).

The following three slides provide instructions and examples of in-text citations with summary/ paraphrase.

The facilitator should emphasize the importance of developing the skills of critical reading (which enables finding main claims in the text), summarizing, and paraphrasing. When paraphrasing or summarizing, the major concern should be fair and accurate representation of the ideas in the source.

This slide can be supplemented by the “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” section from OWL

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase

Include the author’s name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.

Recently, the history of warfare has been

significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987),

Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.

The following three slides provide instructions and examples of in-text citations with summary/ paraphrase.

This slide can be supplemented by the “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” section from OWL

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

and sections on APA in-text citations:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/

In-text Citations: Two or More Works

When the parenthetical citation includes two or

more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s last name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.

(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)

This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

In-text Citations: A Work with Two Authors

When citing a work with two authors, use “and”

in between authors’ name when used as the subject of the sentence, but “&” between their names in parenthesis.

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's

responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that “women's

responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &

Tate, 1997, p. 2).

This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

In-text Citations: A Work with Three to Five authors

When citing a work with three to five authors for the first time, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.

(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Harklau et al., 1993)

This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

In-text Citations: A Work with Six and More Authors

When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….

(Smith et al., 2006)

This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

When should you cite?

You should cite when:

You read something (some idea) and you want to say the same thing

When you make a claim, and you 1) did not know it yourself, 2) you need to provide support for the claim

You are using someone else’s work (e.g., a questionnaire)

Where should you cite?

Attachment theory is based on attachment behavior, which is any form of behavior that results in a person attaining or retaining proximity to some other preferred individual. Among the different styles of attachment, some people either feel worthy or unworthy of love. Partners are also either caring and unavailable or the opposite. However, attachments are better conceptualized as dimensions and not categories. In psychology, attachment is typically measured as attachment anxiety or attachment avoidance.

Whom should you cite?

If you are reading an introduction, and they write stuff that you want to use:

DiBello, A. M., Preddy, T. M., Øverup, C. S., & Neighbors, C. (2016, June 6). Understanding the Context of Romantic Partner Relational Victimization: Links Between Relationship Satisfaction, Depressive Symptoms, and Alcohol-Related Problems. Psychology of Violence.

You should read what you cite, before you cite it!

Providing article titles in text is only for English – not Psychology

In “The Influence of Past Relationships on Subsequent Relationships, ” Lewandowski and Sahner present research on how one’s attachment style influences their decision on who their next partner will be.

How can we re-write this?

Lewandowski and Sahner (YEAR) present research on how one’s attachment style influences their decision on who their next partner will be.

Examples of Original and Subsequent Citations

Table 6.1 Examples of Original and Subsequent Citations

QUESTIONS?

In-Text Citations: Activity

Imagine you have just completed paraphrasing an article in your Introduction and now need to add the citation in parentheses at the end of your sentence.

How would you write the citation if the article was written by:

Ben Freer in 2010

Ben Freer and Ron Dumont in 2012

Ben Freer, Ron Dumont, and Steve Armeli in 2011

Ben Freer, Ron Dumont, Steve Armeli, Steve Young, Lana Tiersky, and Julie Ryan in 2013

What if you were going to start the sentence by saying the name(s) of the author for each example above?