technology in contemporary society

Reference 1 – Cross-cultural reference

Reference in APA-7 format (4 pts)

Yin, C., He, Z., Wang, Y., He, X., Zhang, X., Xia, M., ... & Li, S. (2021). Improving the regional Y-STR haplotype resolution utilizing haplogroup-determining Y-SNPs and the application of machine learning in Y-SNP haplogroup prediction in a forensic Y-STR database: A pilot study on male Chinese Yunnan Zhaoyang Han population. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 102659.

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1872497321001940

Annotation (12 points)

In your own words (no copying or use of quotations), provide the following: 

· Summary of key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

· 3-5 key takeaways (may be a bulleted list)

· Reflection of the usefulness of the source for your project (1-2 sentences)

The authors, Yin, Wang, Zhang, Xia, He, and Li from China in their research paper looked into machine learning in relation to the determination of forensic investigations. Notably, the research puts emphasis on enhancing the chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) haplotype through the use of chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNPs). Additionally, the research paper looks into the predictions done in the forensic field through the adoption of machine learning, particularly in Y-SNP. Basically, the improvement of Y-STR is of value to forensic investigators. Due to the limitedness of the current approach, there is a need for Y-STR loci addition.

In the research article, a database Y-DNA was put under investigation with the aim of improving the Y-STR haplotype. The pilot study was done in the Chinese population known as Yunnan Zhaoyang Han with the enrolment of 3473 male individuals. From the results of the study conducted in the Chinese population, the Y-STR haplotypes are able to predict the Y-SNP haplogroups. From the research findings, it is evident that the predictions are 99.71% accurate. Generally, the study shows the significance of Y-SNP in enhancing the Y-STR database. Therefore it is necessary for the forensic investigators using the Y-STR database to look into the development of haplop tools of prediction to enhance accuracy.

Key Takeaways

The information I would want to share with my classmates about this source include;

· The Y-STR haplotypes are vital in the prediction of Y-SNP haplogroups

· Research done from a Chinese population shows that this prediction is 99.71% accurate

· It is significant for forensic investigators to incorporate the haplop tools of prediction to enhance accuracy.

Reflection

This source is useful for my study since it looks into the technological advancements that can help in improving forensic databases for accurate predictions.

How do you know that this is a credible/scholarly source? (3 pts)

 This source is credible as it is peer-reviewed, unbiased as well as a reputable publication.

Reference 2 – Policy reference

Reference in APA-7 format (4 pts)

 Amelung, N., & Machado, H. (2021). Governing expectations of forensic innovations in society: the case of FDP in Germany. New Genetics and Society, 40(4), 498-519.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14636778.2020.1868987

Annotation (12 points)

In your own words (no copying or use of quotations), provide the following: 

· Summary of key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

· 3-5 key takeaways (may be a bulleted list)

Reflection of the usefulness of the source for your project (1-2 sentences)

The article by Machando and Amelung greatly looks into the governing Forensics' DNA phenotyping (FDP) expectations. The FDP innovations were invented in Germany and used for the identification of visible features such as color and hair. Notably, such predictions as the FDP were governed by policies labeled the DNA analysis with extension. Notably, from the article, forensic geneticists in response to such predictions stated the limits, associated risks as well as the matters of concern that are logical. This enables the distribution of accountability in the system of criminal justice. Generally, based on the laws governing different societies, various policies governing forensic science are implemented.

Key Takeaways

· The FDP technologies aid in the prediction of visible characteristics such as hair, skin color, and eye.

· Different countries have different rules, regulations, and policies governing their forensic investigation as in the case of Germany as in the source.

· The FDP technologies are still under further study and debate.

Reflection

This source is key in my study topic, technology, and forensic investigation as it handles the various policies that are forensic related. Learning the various policies and the laws associated with forensic technology makes part of forensic investigations

How do you know that this is a credible/scholarly source? (3 pts)

 This source is credible since it is peer-reviewed, unbiased and a publication of experts.

Reference 3

Reference in APA-7 format (4 pts)

 Shrivastava, P., Trivedi, V. B., Singh, A. K., & Mishra, N. (2012). Application of DNA fingerprinting technology in forensic investigation. Int J Sci Res, 2, 1-4. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=technology+and+forensic+investigation&oq=Technolog y+and+forensic+

Annotation (12 points)

In your own words (no copying or use of quotations), provide the following: 

· Summary of key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

· 3-5 key takeaways (may be a bulleted list)

· Reflection of the usefulness of the source for your project (1-2 sentences)

Research conducted by Pankaj, Veena, Anil, and Mishra affirms that technology through the use of DNA fingerprinting can be used for identification purposes, especially in forensic investigation. The major key findings are that every person can be identified through the use of simple molecules of their body. Significantly, the DNA fingerprinting technological method can be applied to confirm the parentage of any person with certainty. Therefore the profiling of DNA has been found as a major breakthrough, especially in forensic science. Additionally, DNA fingerprinting has been applied in criminal cases not only in the identification of various criminals but also in the exclusion of the innocent people wrongly accused.

The article mostly highlights the key cases that have been investigated using DNA fingerprinting. Notably, the article seeks to explain the correlation between DNA fingerprinting and forensic investigations in solving various cases both of parentage and criminal activities. From the case analyzed in the article, a few teeth were found next to a petrol station, and at the same time, a missing person was reported. Therefore, the samples of the missing person's father were tested in comparison to the found teeth. Interestingly, there were found patrilineal connections. Therefore the article highlights some other cases of forensic investigations.

Key Takeaways

The major key takeaways from this article to share with my classmates are as follows;

· DNA fingerprinting can be used in the forensic investigation of swapped children

· Criminal cases related to rape can equally be identified through DNA profiling.

· DNA profiling can be used in providing identity to the deceased.

Reflection

This source proves useful for my study and project; Technology and forensic investigation since it handles most of the forensic investigations through technological methods such as DNA fingerprinting which forms the core of my project.

How do you know that this is a credible/scholarly source? (3 pts)

 This source is credible since it is peer-reviewed (written by experts and evaluated by the experts) The source is not erroneous as well as not biased. It has been written by experts and evaluated by experts.

Reference 4

Reference in APA-7 format (4 pts)

 Ousman, S. Digital Forensic Investigation in Cloud Technology Phases.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_ylo=2021&q=technology+and+forensic+investigation&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5

Annotation (12 points)

In your own words (no copying or use of quotations), provide the following: 

· Summary of key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

· 3-5 key takeaways (may be a bulleted list)

· Reflection of the usefulness of the source for your project (1-2 sentences)

Cloud computing in recent times forms part of the most promising technological advances. From the article, computer forensics incorporates cloud computing technologies in daily investigations. The article affirms that cloud computing helps the various investigators alongside other users in accessing quickly the resources needed from the cloud service enablers. Additionally, the author Saleh Ousman supports that cloud forensics goes hand in hand with cloud computing. Of importance, the author Saleh Ousman presents the various challenges that face cloud as well as digital forensic. For instance, Saleh mentions the use of snapshot collections as pieces of evidence, especially in cloud.

Saleh mentions some of the challenges faced in digital forensics as associated with cloud computing. Summarily there are identification challenges of various malicious activities that happened. Notably, the author Saleh Ousman mentions challenges such as log access being difficult. Therefore, the easiness of access fully depends on the cloud models incorporated. By default, cloud is volatile thereby making the system automatically erase the contents once shut down. Therefore, cloud computing as a technology has been integrated with digital forensics for investigation.

Key Takeaways

The key takeaways I would like to share with my classmates include;

· As much as technological advances greatly favor forensic investigations, there are other underlying challenges that still face forensic investigation in relation to technological advances.

· Accessing cloud logs is not a simple task

· Forensic Investigations using cloud are complex leading to cloud instance isolation.

Reflection

This source is useful in my project since as much I am looking into the technology in relation to Forensic investigation, there are challenges faced too. Looking into the challenges will therefore provide better grounds for further studies and looking into various recommendations to fill the gaps.

How do you know that this is a credible/scholarly source? (3 pts)

 This source is credible since it is unbiased from a reputable author, written by an expert, and equally peer-reviewed.

Reference 5

Reference in APA-7 format (4 pts)

 Sathyaprakasan, R., Govindan, P., Alvi, S., Sadath, L., Philip, S., & Singh, N. (2021, March). An Implementation of Blockchain Technology in Forensic Evidence Management. In 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE) (pp. 208-212). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9410791

Annotation (12 points)

In your own words (no copying or use of quotations), provide the following: 

· Summary of key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

· 3-5 key takeaways (may be a bulleted list)

· Reflection of the usefulness of the source for your project (1-2 sentences)

 According to authors Sathyaprakasan, Govindan, Alvi, Sadath, Philip, and Singh, the management of evidence is important in the forensic science field. From the authors, the various pieces of evidence got from various crime scenes are vital in analyzing cases and offering justice to the involved parties. According to the authors, the protection of such evidence from alterations is as important as any other process in forensics investigations. Therefore, it is the custody chain that upholds related evidence integrity. The article looks into digitalizing methods such as the introduction of blockchains. Significantly, the blockchains are ledgers that are distributed digitally for transactions that are arraigned cryptographically in a chronological manner put into blocks that are open to the people in the blockchain network.

In reference to the article, the Hyper ledger Fabric is a blockchain that is a consortium in nature as created by Linux. In relation to the Hyper ledger Fabric, the study looks into ways of creating frameworks and look into algorithms into implementing a technology that incorporates blockchain in digitalizing forensic management of evidence. Through the implementation of blockchain technology, the chain of custody is maintained.

Key Takeaways

The information from the article that I plan to share with my classmates include;

· The Digitalization of the management of evidence in the forensic field is crucial in the modern era

· The incorporation of blockchains into the forensic industry is a model that is environmentally friendly

· The inability of the chain of custody maintenance makes court evidence inadmissible.

Reflection

This source is useful as it involves the use of technology in relation to forensic science. Therefore this forms part of my study as looks into technology and forensic investigations. Significantly, the article handles blockchains which are current technological advancements.

How do you know that this is a credible/scholarly source? (3 pts)

 This source is scholarly as it is peer-reviewed, unbiased, and relates to facts from other proven research and sources.