Written Assignment #4 (for Hifsa Shakaut)

Abstract

The book by John Kingdon examines the American public policies and agendas in order to make changes toward existing policies. He begins with summarizing public polices and considering the enhancement that making it important. Agenda setting and the alternative specification are two political policies, by analyzing them, found out that they are different from the other politic polices. It then turns the attention to the three streams of politics, problems and policies. It also describes the windows open and closing process. Finally, discuss the direction that further.

Introduction

For the United States political system Kingdon make public policies that are based on the first hand and agenda process. According to his amazing explanation on the working of these agendas that based on the three parts, which interact with the windows of opportunities. These three streams are politics, problems and policies. Politics stream refers to the factors that make changes to the nation’s mood and interest. The problem stream refers to when the nation was suffering and wanting the government to resolve those issues. People take crisis or clash as a problem and expect from the government to resolve them. In the policy stream, the ways are declared to solve the issues and problems. Comment by Lamar Holmes: Suffering from what? Comment by Lamar Holmes: What are you trying to say? What clash?

The policy-maker makes policies by considering the values and problems. They make policies to meet goals and find the best solution to solve the problem. Different types of policies are mention that include implementation, enhancement and changing the policies with time and need. There is a way known as explaining problem that refers to defining the nature of problem. Most policymakers ignore the nature of the problem, but find ways to resolve the solution. They try to solve problems without understanding it. So, there is a need of understanding the problem and finding the best solution. Also, it is important to make suggestions at the right time and choose the right solution from the policies given by other parties.

Window policy allows politics to pay special attention to special problems. Window opening and closing states that while the window is open, you take a step before closing it. In political agendas, the window keeps on opening and closing. So, the decision should be made quickly.

Policy Entrepreneurs

Policies are made to describe a way and a procedure to solve a problem. Policies are made by policy makers who understand the nature of the problem and make different policies to solve them. They also consider the impacts of these polices. Policymakers use their references by considering the values and need of the policy. Their goal is to make the policy adoptable and fulfill all the requirements. Below are three stages for making policies:

Problem defining

There many problems in this world. The person who is responsible for making policies has to think about each and everything. People ignore the basic and important things during the making policies and find a short way to solve a problem. Comment by Lamar Holmes: What do you mean? I need examples Comment by Lamar Holmes: Give examples. I need to know what you are referring to

Solution

Policies should be launched before it occurs. The reason why is because the process of policies’ making are usually late. There is a need of advancement in this process of making policies so problems are resolved a lot faster.

Choice of solution

The policy makers should be able to select the solution on the basis of situation, national crises and requirements. Suggestion to the other parties should also be considered as well.

Kingdon’s Stream Approaches

The success of an organization depends on the changing growth of social and cultural aspects. In order to move along changes, there is a need of policies and procedures. These policies and procedures demand enhancement time to time. For better development policies should be made and change in the policies is necessary. Comment by Lamar Holmes: Rewrite this for more clarification

The stream model consists of three operations: policy stream, problem stream and politics stream. When these three streams are open, closed or coupled, the change of policy will occur.

Problem Stream

In the process of making policy attention is required. There is a need to understand the nature of the problem for which a policy is required. There are some problems that don’t require any attention. So, understanding the nature of problem is important in order to deal with those policies. Attention should be given by understanding the nature of crisis and understanding how they are framed. Sometimes problem get attention just because of the nation’s mood or due to a small part of the problem that need to be solved. The policy makers should have the ability to understand the situation and then solve it.

Policy Stream

When there is a problem, the issue goes very speedily. This can be a cause to another issue. So, the solution of any problem should be available. Kingdon describes ideas that was given b y an actor and then modified and reconsidered by others. When there is a disconnection between the solutions' making process, they have to accept policies from others. When policy making process is slow it can cause future problems. So, every problem should be considered at the right time.

Politics Stream

The policy makers need to pay attention to problems and find asolution. They may work according to the nation mood or encouragement from other parties. In some case the change of government is enough to motivate them.

Windows Policy

The windows policy is a way for t politics to pay attention to their problems and find a solution. Change in political stream becomes the cause to open the window. This open window is actually the result of agendas. Policy window opens but does not stay open for a long time as the public policies have changes in it. The political stream and problem stream are the causes that affect the agendas. change in the political stream and attention of the politicians are two causes due to which window opens. Closing of the windows depends on the following factors.

· Problems due to the decision enactment

· Participants unable to get action

· The reason to open the window is now ended

The windows sometime close due to unavailability of alternative. If the window goes without any action it will not open again.

Analysis

The procedure behind the MNEC is analyzed by the stream models. Problem stream will open the window then the politics and policy stream will be opened. Policy is not considered to respond to the situation. A policy for which no one is ready can be the cause of problematic situation of the government. Some problems stream open and make critical situation for the government.

Conclusion

When we compare and add the different streams with the policy that was created before that, there are affects of it on the other policies. These policies can be useful by using different streams. In order to make the policy more effective and accurate, procedure should be very powerful. Some problems take time and attention. The nation mood is also important in this regard. Some time nation is taking any problem very seriously and wants the government to solve it quickly. If the policies are available and helpful there will be no problem for the politicians.

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