Sociology/ Sociological Concepts Analysis/ 1 Page Paper/ APA Style/No Plagiarism/ 6-8HRS ASAP

REALWORLD6_lectureppt_Ch08.pptx

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Chapter 8:

Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience

Kerry Ferris & Jill Stein

Lecture Slides

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 1

Sociologists define _____ as a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people whereas _____ is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.

situational ethnicity; symbolic ethnicity

ethnicity; race

race; ethnicity

ethnicity; symbolic ethnicity

Instructors: Use these questions at the beginning of class to gauge prior student knowledge and comprehension, to elicit discussion, or to emphasize important parts of the upcoming lecture and class session!

Answer: c

Feedback: While these words are often used interchangeably in everyday conversations, they have quite different meanings.

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key terms prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: Defining Race and Ethnicity

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 2

From a sociological perspective, a minority status is determined by numbers.

true

false

Answer: b

Feedback: In sociological terms, being a member of a minority group has more to do with equality and inequality than numbers.

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key concepts prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: What Is a Minority?

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 3

The text explores three social factors that enable social inequality to persist in our society. Match the following three factors with the typical way the unequal treatment of minorities is displayed:

a. racism	aa. an action
b. prejudice	bb. an ideology or set of beliefs
c. discrimination	cc. an attitude

Answer: a / bb, b / cc, c / aa

Feedback: For more insight into these concepts, please review the text.

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key concepts prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: Racism: Privilege, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 4

Consider the three major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theorist might explore racial inequality in terms of the creation of social cohesion within different social groups?

structural functionalist

conflict theorist

symbolic interactionist

Answer: a

Feedback: Functionalism focuses on how different aspects of society build or dislodge cohesion and help to maintain social order.

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of theories of inequality prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 5

Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into is known as

passing.

hiding.

race determination.

embodied identity.

Answer: a

Feedback: For more insight into this term, review “The Social Construction of Race.”

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key terms prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: The Social Construction of Race

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 6

In America, everyone has equal access to education.

true

false

Answer: b

Feedback: Sociologists explore how race and ethnicity impact life chances such education. According to the Census Bureau, Hispanic students have the highest rates for dropping out of high school.

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key ideas pertaining to race, ethnicity, and life chances prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions 7

The relationships between different racial and ethnic groups have varied throughout history. Some groups interact in more cooperative and tolerant ways while others are violent and hostile. List the patterns of intergroup relationships from the most hostile to the most tolerant:

assimilation

pluralism

population transfer

Answer: c, a, b

Feedback: For more insight into these terms, review “Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation.”

Learning objective: To assess knowledge of key terms prior to reading Chapter 8.

Section: Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

Defining Race and Ethnicity

Race is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor. cut

Humans, regardless of their race, are 99.9 percent genetically identical. However, race is still used to classify people, and sometimes race is a basis for differential treatment of individuals or groups of people. Sociologists, then, have come to understand race as a social category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Race is more meaningful to us on a social level than it is on a biological level.

The Amish, for instance, are a distinct ethnic group in American society, linked by a common heritage that includes language, religion, and history; the Amish people, with few exceptions, are also white. On the other hand, the Jewish people, contrary to what the Nazis and other white supremacists may believe, are an ethnic group, but not a race. Ethnicity and race are sometimes related, but they are not inextricably linked.

There are consequences to how we categorize people based on race and ethnicity as portrayed in the chapter opener on racial profiling and ‘driving while black.’

Defining Race and Ethnicity: Social Constructions

Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because

Race isn’t based on biology (for instance, we don’t test DNA to determine race).

Racial categories change over time.

Racial categories never have firm boundaries.

Race isn’t based on biology (for instance, we don’t test DNA to determine race).

Racial categories change over time. If you look at the U.S. census, you will see that the categories of races change very frequently. In fact, 2000 was the first year that respondents were allowed to select “one or more races” in the racial category. Prior to 2000, respondents were forced to select only one race, even if they would describe themselves as bi- or multiracial.

Racial categories never have firm boundaries. Instead, the boundaries defining racial categories are flexible. For example, there is no set regulation for determining racial identity. A person may have ancestry from mixed descent yet may not identify with that descent. Or a person who was born in the United States, whose parents and grandparents were also born in the United States, might classify him- or herself as Cuban because a great-grandparent was from Cuba.

Defining Race and Ethnicity (cont’d.)

The distinction between race and ethnicity is important because ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display.

Despite the fact that these immigrants weren’t considered “white” upon their arrival, after a period of time, many of these immigrants learned to “speak like Americans” and took on an outwardly American lifestyle. They were able to hide their ethnicity as a way to alleviate the tension caused by cultural clashes and bigotry against them.

“Ethnic Options”: Symbolic and Situational Ethnicity

Symbolic ethnicity is an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.

Situational ethnicity is an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed, depending on its usefulness in a given situation.

You may have a friend whom you’ve met recently who surprised you because you had no idea that she was of Irish heritage until St. Patrick’s Day, when she proudly displayed her ethnicity. This ethnicity may not impact her day-to-day life, but it becomes relevant in this occasion. This is an example of symbolic identity.

Situational identity may not be relevant on a certain date, but rather, based on a certain situation. For example, if you are of a certain ethnicity and you know that your employer is prejudiced against people of your ethnicity, you may choose to not disclose your identity in an effort to preserve your job. However, when you are applying for financial aid at college and you see that there is a scholarship available for someone with your ethnicity, you may choose to reveal your ethnic identity in this potentially beneficial situation.

Symbolic Ethnicity

What Is a Minority?

A minority group is a social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society.

It is not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group.

In South Africa, blacks dramatically outnumber whites by a ratio of seven to one, yet before the 1994 election of president Nelson Mandela, whites controlled the country whereas blacks occupied the lowest status in that society. Minority does not mean numerically inferior; it refers to the group that has less access to resources or power. However, it is interesting to note that the unequal and unfair treatment of the minority group typically generates a strong sense of common identity and solidarity among group members.

Racial and Ethnic Populations in the United States, 2016

U.S. Population by Race in 2060

For discussion: why is the racial make-up in the United States changing? What social factor might be influencing these trends?

Racism in Its Many Forms

Racism: a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group

Used to justify inequality

Often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic

Color-blind racism: an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

Sometimes people argue that racism is no longer an issue in the United States. It is true that our race relations have changed, but many sociologists argue that racism has not been eliminated. In the past, it was socially acceptable in many places to display racist attitudes and to use racial slurs. That’s not politically correct or acceptable anymore, so people tend to reserve their attitudes until they know they are in like-minded company; however, this in no way means that racism has been eliminated. It’s just more difficult sometimes to identify, which, many argue, is actually worse.

Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that color-blindness makes these subtle forms of racism difficult to acknowledge and address productively.

Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice (a thought process):

An idea about the characteristics of a group

Applied to all members of that group

Unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

Discrimination (an action):

Unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group

Usually motivated by prejudice

It is important to distinguish between prejudice and discrimination.

Prejudice is an internal evaluation, and discrimination is an action.

While it makes sense to see these things as happening chronologically or in order, it is important to know that that’s not always the case. Some people may be prejudiced yet not discriminate against individuals. Others may discriminate yet not be prejudiced (for instance, a manager may refuse to hire Chinese people because other people in the office don’t like them, even though the manager himself doesn’t actually dislike Chinese people at all).

Prejudice and Discrimination: Individual & Institutional Discrimination

Individual discrimination is discrimination carried out by one person against another.

Institutional discrimination is systematic discrimination carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it.

While any kind of discrimination is problematic, institutional discrimination is bigger than individual discrimination and more difficult to address.

Individual discrimination is a type of discrimination by one individual against another.

Institutional discrimination refers to a structural disadvantage for an entire group of individuals based on their group membership. Institutional discrimination is often more difficult to observe because it is not just one person acting against another. It might instead be embedded in policies, rules, traditions, or beliefs, and usually no one person can be held accountable. Therefore, eliminating institutional discrimination is a significantly more challenging task than eliminating individual discrimination.

The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement is an example of institutional discrimination as it exists to oppose policies and practices of social institutions that perpetuate discrimination against racial minority groups.

Racism in Its Many Forms (cont’d.)

White nationalism is the belief that the nation should reflect a white identity

White Privilege involves unearned advantage for dominant group members and Color-blind racism is an ideology that disqualifies race and an explanatory factor for inequality

Microaggressions consist of everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are denigrating or dismissive

Cultural appropriation occurs when dominant group members adopt aspects of an oppressed group’s culture without permission and for gain

Reverse racism is the claim by whites that they are discriminated against due to their race

Antiracist allies are whites who work alongside people of color to end racial injustice.

Rachel Dolezal was a civil rights activist, NAACP local chapter leader, and professor of Africana studies. Dolezal is also a white woman who identified as black, which shows that cultural appropriation is not a simple matter.

Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race: Structural Functionalism

Structural Functionalism

Focus on the ways that race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds

Acknowledge that such ties can lead to violence and social conflict between groups

Functionalist theories state that racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.

Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race: Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory

Focuses on the struggle for power and control over scarce resources

Early conflict theorists tried to explain race as a result of economic oppression. The theory states that racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict—minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect them.

Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race: Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism

Focus on the ways that race, class, and gender intersect to produce an individual’s identity

See race as an aspect of identity established through interaction

There are several different ways that we project and receive our racial and ethnic identities. This theory states that race and ethnicity are part of our presentation of self.

Symbolic Interactionism

Racial passing, or living as if one is a member of a different racial category, has a long history in the United States.

Double-consciousness: W.E.B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States

The way that we are perceived in the physical world, our embodied identity, has historically been used as a basis for discrimination. This issue becomes particularly interesting today as we examine online communication, where our physical traits often remain hidden from those with whom we interact.

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

Race and ethnicity influence all aspects of our lives, including health, education, work, family, and interactions with the criminal justice system and health care.

You may remind students of Max Weber’s idea of life chances, that our opportunities in life are different depending on the class into which we are born. We talked earlier about how race and gender intersect with class, so how could a person’s race affect their life chances?

Health care is an area in which we find widespread disparity between racial and ethnic groups. Disparities in access to health care may help explain the differing life expectancy rates for men and women of different races.

Intermarriage Rates by Race

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances: Education

In U.S. education, the highest high school dropout rates are associated with those from economically disadvantaged and non-English-speaking backgrounds.

Maybe it is true that high school is harder for these individuals or that they are more likely to have to leave school due to family responsibility, but think about this from a structural perspective—isn’t there any way that the structure of the education system could be modified to encourage these individuals to complete their educations rather than dropping out? Could this be an example of institutional discrimination, where the structure of education systematically denies opportunities to those from economically disadvantaged and non-English-speaking backgrounds?

Americans over Age 25 with Bachelor’s Degrees by Race/Ethnicity, 2016

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances: Work and Income

Inequality can also be seen in the workplace and in income distribution.

People of color, who are less likely to achieve high levels of education, are more likely to have lower-paying jobs.

Inequality in education leads to further inequalities in life. For instance, it is harder to get a high-paying job without a higher level of education. Additionally, without a good job, it is harder to gain access to insurance and health care.

In 2016, the median U.S. income for Asian Americans, $81,431; for whites was $65,041; for Hispanics, $47,675; and for African Americans, $39,490.

In 2016, 9% of whites lived below the poverty line compared with 22% of African Americans and 19% of Hispanics.

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances: Criminal Justice

Also, nonwhites are more likely to interact with law enforcement.

African Americans and Hispanics are much more likely to go to prison than whites. African Americans are also far more likely to be murdered than whites. Also, 30 percent of racially motivated hate crimes in 2015 targeted blacks. Is this because nonwhites are more violent and commit more crimes, or is it because, for instance, the police are more likely to patrol inner-city areas than gated communities?

You may ask students if they have heard of the phenomena called driving while black. Students may be able to articulate, just from reading the paper or watching the news, that it is more likely for a black person to be pulled over or arrested than for people of other races. If this phenomena is accurate, what does that mean for black individuals who interact with this system?

Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation (Genocide & Population Transfer)

Genocide is the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group.

Population transfer is the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied.

Interactions between dominant and subordinate groups can take many different forms.

Can your students think of examples of genocide? Probably they will mention Nazi Germany. But how about within the United States?

The forced relocation of Native Americans to specific areas (i.e., Indian reservations) is an example of population transfer. However, many scholars argue that forced cultural assimilation of Native Americans constitutes genocide.

Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation (Internal Colonialism & Segregation)

Internal colonialism is the economic and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation.

Segregation is the formal and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity.

Internal colonialism could be thought of in terms of slavery or indentured servitude.

As an example of segregation, in the U.S. South up to the 1960s, not only did blacks live in separate neighborhoods, they were restricted to “coloreds-only” sections of buses, parks, restaurants, and even drinking fountains.

Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation (Assimilation)

Assimilation: the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous.

Racial assimilation: racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage.

Cultural assimilation: racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group’s culture.

Assimilation is the central idea behind America’s “melting pot.” Minority group members may lose their previous ethnic or racial identity.

Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation (Pluralism or Multiculturalism)

Pluralism (or multiculturalism) is a pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society.

Pluralism not only permits racial and ethnic variation within one society, it actually encourages people to embrace diversity—to exchange the traditional melting pot image for a “salad bowl.” At the core of multiculturalism is tolerance of racial and ethnic differences.

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 1

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor is called

ethnicity.

symbolic ethnicity.

symbolic race.

race.

ANS: A

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 2

The unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group is called

racism.

discrimination.

prejudice.

institutional racism.

ANS: B

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 3

Light-skinned African Americans who attempt to live as white in order to avoid the consequences of being black in a racist society are practicing

racial passing.

social fraud.

ethnic cleansing.

symbolic racism.

ANS: A

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 4

_____ is an idea about the characteristics of a group.

Prejudice

Assimilation

Discrimination

Stereotyping

ANS: A

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 5

The pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society is called

pluralism.

segregation.

population transfer.

assimilation.

ANS: A

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 6

The systematic extermination of a group is called:

ethnic cleansing.

genocide.

population transfer.

assimilation.

ANS: B

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 7

Which theoretical approach would explain race and ethnicity as a part of our identity displayed through our presentation of self?

Conflict theory

Functionalism

Symbolic Interactionism

ANS: C

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 8

Which theoretical approach would explain race and ethnicity as social constructions that help to maintain social order?

Conflict theory

Functionalism

Symbolic Interactionism

ANS: B

Race and Ethnicity— Concept Quiz 9

Which theoretical approach would explain race and ethnicity as social constructions that create conflict and inequality?

Conflict theory

Functionalism

Symbolic Interactionism

ANS: A

Chapter 8: Participation Questions 1

Is this class representative of the U.S. population? What is your race?

white, non-Hispanic

Hispanic or Latino

African American

Asian

American Indian or Alaska Native

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander

two or more races

other

prefer not to answer

These questions can be used with “clickers,” cell phones, or other audience response systems to increase participation in your classes. They can also be used to encourage discussion without technological input.

This question can also be used to spur a discussion about how the U.S. Census constructs racial categories.

U.S. Population (2016):

White, Non-Hispanic = 61.3%

Hispanic or Latino = 17.8%

African American = 13.3%

Asian = 5.7%

American Indian or Alaska Native = 1.3%

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander = 0.2%

Two or more races = 2.6%

Chapter 8: Participation Questions 2

Do you think that you have ever been discriminated against on the basis of your race?

yes

Chapter 8: Participation Questions 3

Have you ever participated in symbolic or situational ethnicity?

symbolic

situational

both

neither

Chapter 8: Participation Questions 4

Would you be willing to date a person who is of another race than you?

yes

Chapter 8: Participation Questions 5

If you were dating a person of another race, would your family accept your partner?

yes

Chapter 8: Data Workshop Activity

Refer to the Data Workshop on pages 241-243 to prepare for this activity.

Following the prompts provided, conduct a content analysis of your text.

Discuss your findings within a small group and be prepared to share with the class.

Directions for Instructors:

-Refresh students’ memories about data collection from Chapter 2, and content analysis in particular.

-Refer students to pages 241-243. Ask them to read the data workshop activity.

For this activity, you may either supply students with texts to analyze or assign them to select a text in advance.

Direct students to the prompts listed on page 233.

Divide students into small groups and ask them to discuss their answers. If students focused on one or two prompts, assign groups based on the prompt they selected.

This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 8