project

Lecture 2 Realistic Constraints and Standards

 Realistic Constraints

Attention Please

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Why Realistic Constraints and Standards ??

At the end of this topic, you will be able to:

1. Understand, Identify and list the realistic constraints that are relevant to

your design project.

2. Identify and list standards that are relevant to your project design

An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

ABET* Student Outcome “C”

*ABET: Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology 2

What is a Design??

Engineering Design is achieving

objectives, following engineering

standards, within given constraints

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object,

system or measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints,

engineering drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, ……..etc)

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Electric system design

Electrical drawing blueprint – circuit diagram

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What is meant by Constraints ?

Constraints are conditions that

we need to happen or would

like to happen within a design.

Each constraint defines a subset of the set of all possible designs in which it is satisfied.

In the early stages of a design task they may tend to be negative. As a design proceeds,

they may become more positive 5

Criteria versus Constraint

Criteria are rules or directions that must

be followed; they are the requirements that must be met.

Constraints are restrictions that keep

something from being the best that it can be.

So, your challenge would be to find out how to meet the requirement

(criteria) of receiving good grades under the restriction of the given time

(constraint)

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Product Design Constraints and Requirements

1. Design Engineers must consider a multitude of technical, economic, social, environmental, and political constraints when they design products and processes.

2. There must be clear evidence in your design project that you have addressed the constraints that are relevant to your project.

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Effect of Constraints

Better Design

Design Changes

Design Changes

Constraints Limit

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Types of Constraints

Overall Geometry: size, width, space, arrangement

Motion of parts: type, direction, velocities, acceleration

Forces involved: load direction, magnitude, load

Energy needed: heating, cooling, conversion, pressure

Materials to be used: flow, transport, properties

Control system: electrical, hydraulic, mechanical

Information flow: inputs, outputs, form, display

1. Functional Constraints

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2. Safety Constraints

Operational : direct, indirect, hazard elimination

Human : warnings, training

Environmental : Land, sea, air, noise, light,

radiation, reaction, transport

Designing a “safe” product it does not mean that it cannot fail or that we cannot get hurt or killed by the product; it means that the degree of risk is considered to be acceptable

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3. Manufacturing Constraints

Production of components: factory limitations,

means of production, wastes

Purchase of components: supplier quality,

reliability, quality control, inspection

Assembly: installation, foundations, bolting,

welding

Transport: material handling, clearance,

packaging

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4. Economic Constraints

Marketing analysis: size of market, distribution, market segments Design costs: design team computing, information retrieval Development costs: design detailing, supplier and testing costs Manufacturing cost: tooling, labor, assembly, inspection Distribution costs: packing, transport, service centers, spare parts, warranty Resources: time, budget, labor, capital, machines, material

https://rightmoves.tdtvictoria.org.au/activity5.htm12

Supply Chain Example

https://rightmoves.tdtvictoria.org.au/activity5.htm 13

5. Quality Constraints

Quality assurance : regulations, standards, codes

Quality control : inspection, testing, labeling

Reliability : design life, failures, statistics

QC is used to verify the quality of the output

QA is the process of managing for quality. 14

6. Aesthetic Constraints

Customer appeal : shape, color, texture,

form, feel, smell, surprise and delight

features

Fashion : culture, history, trends

Future expectations : rate of change in

technology, trends, product families

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7. Legal/Ethical Constraints

Regulations: Governmental, others (OSHA, FAA, FDA)

Ethics : Public safety, health, welfare and integrity

Intellectual Property : Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights

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8. Sustainability

The process of developing engineering

devices, products, and systems that use the

available resources in order to meet the

needs of the present without affecting the

ability of future generations to also meet

their own needs.

• Does the manufacture and/or use of the

product employ renewable resources?

• In what ways can the product be reused

and/or recycled at the end of its lifetime? 17

Timing Constraints

• Design schedule – project planning, project control • Development schedule – design detailing, compliance tests • Production schedule – manufacture, assembly, packing, transport • Delivery schedule – delivery date, distribution network, supply chains

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Example of Constraints : Project Lifecycle

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Cost

Scope

Quality

Customer Satisfaction

Risk

Resources

Time

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Effect of Change in constraint

• If there is a change on one constraint, evaluate its effect on other constraints

• For Example, if your schedule is shortened, there might be  Additional resources ( cost increase)  Faster completion ( risk increase, Quality decrease )

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Summary

• Think about CONSTRAINTS

• Plan for them

• Put them into the design

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Group Exercise

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For every Type of constraints, name 2 constraints for the following items to

be used/installed in Kuwait :

1. Car manufacturers for all car types

2. Air conditions manufacturers

3. Sunglasses manufacturers