ART HISTORY
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RealismManetImpressionismPostImpressionismMix.pptxRealism & 19th-Century Photography: The Search for Truth c. 1850-1900
Between 1815-1870, France experiences political instability, including: the overthrow of Napoleon, coups, re-establishment of the monarchy, a Second Republic & a Second Empire
Creates the atmosphere in France for a desire for the real (authentic) and for the true
Political caricature becomes a mean to express discontent with politics and to bring light to the issues of the real world
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels is published in 1848-declaring it to be the time for the rise & rule of the urban proletariat (worker) & NOT the bourgeoisie [middle class].
In art, this results in the rise of the Realist movement (particularly in France,) in reaction against the Romantic movement
Honoré Daumier (1808-1879)
Honoré Daumier
“Gifts for Christmas”
1868
lithograph
Honoré Daumier
“Bed of Peace”
1868
Lithograph
“The Men of Justice”
1848
Lithograph
[“You have lost your case, Madam.”]
Daumier
The Laundress
Daumier
The Laundress
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Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
Courbet held leftist political leanings: supported the rise of the peasant class
Rejected the Academy & the Salon
Universal Exposition of 1855: Courbet set up his own exhibition
Gustave Courbet, Nadar
Gustave Courbet
Burial at Ornans
1849-1850
Oil on canvas
11
Gustave Courbet
Burial at Ornans
1849-1850
Oil on canvas
*LIFE-SIZED FIGURES
10’ 3” x 21’ 9”
Detail: Just a burial, death comes to all, nothing heroic
Figures from local society, family portraits, local setting, life-sized figures
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Gustave Courbet
Grain Sifters
Oil on canvas
Courbet
Stone Breakers
1849
Oil on canvas
16
Courbet
Stone Breakers
1849
Oil on canvas
Jean-Francois Millet
The Gleaners
1857
Oil on Canvas
Jean-François Millet
The Angelus*
1857-1859
Oil on Canvas
*a Catholic prayer
Jean-Francois Millet
The Gleaners
1857
Oil on Canvas
21
Jean-Francois Millet
The Gleaners
1857
Oil on Canvas
Millet
Woman with a Rake
Millet
Woman with a Rake
23
Millet
Man with a Hoe
1852-1862, oil on canvas
24
Adolph von Menzel
Iron Rolling-Mill
1875
Oil on canvas
25
Adolph von Menzel
Iron Rolling-Mill
1875
Oil on canvas
Industrial Revolution- “A rapid development in industry; spec. (freq. with capital initials) the development which took place in England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, chiefly owing to the introduction of new or improved machinery and large-scale production methods.” [OED]
Crayon on paper
Pen, ink, charcoal & watercolor on paper
crayon, watercolor, pen, ink
Daumier
Third-Class Carriage
1862
Oil on canvas
30
Daumier
Third-Class Carriage
1862
Oil on canvas
Daumier
Third-Class Carriage
1862
Oil on canvas
32
Photography
Patented c. 1839
camera obscura: “the forerunner of the photographic camera: a dark chamber in which images of objects outside are projected on to a wall by light admitted through a pin-point aperture or lens. Developed in the 17th century as a portable box with a mirror to receive an image which would be seen through a ground-glass screen on top, it was occasionally used by artists as an aid for drawing. The invention of photography followed the discovery of light sensitive chemical substances that could fix such images.”
daguerreotype: “Photographic process invented by L.J. M Daguerre and patented in 1839 for fixing positive images on silver-coated metal plates and widely used, especially for portraits, until the 1860s. Each daguerreotype is unique and the process was superseded by developments from the calotype process by which numerous prints may be made from a single negative.”
calotype: “The name patented in 1841 by W.H. Fox Talbot for his photographic process by which an image projected on a sheet of sensitized paper is chemically fixed as a negative and may be placed over another sheet of sensitized paper and exposed to light to make a positive print. This was the first negative-positive process, the basis for others by which it was superseded.
Camera Obscura
Louis-Jacques- Mandé Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838 , Daguerrotype
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Louis-Jacques- Mandé Daguerre
Boulevard du Temple, Paris
1838
Daguerrotype
“city of the dead”
Monet, Boulevard des Capuchines, Paris, 1873-74, Oil on canvas
Anonymous, Frederick Douglass, 1847, Daguerrotype
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Anonymous
Frederick Douglass
1847
Daguerrotype
What can photography accomplish that painting cannot?
What assumptions do you make about a photographic portrait?
Which present a “truer” image, photography or painting?
carte-de-visite: “a small photographic portrait mounted on a card, 3.5 x 4.25 in.” [OED]
professional photographer: 19th-century term for a photographer who takes studio photographs and/or journalistic photographs for strictly documentary purposes or for profit.
William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door, 1843, calotype
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William Henry Fox Talbot
The Open Door
1843
Salted paper print from a calotype negative
Louis-Jacques- Mandé Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838 , Daguerrotype
49
William Henry Fox Talbot
Bridge of Sighs, St. John's College, Cambridge
Salted Paper
1845
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William Henry Fox Talbot
Bridge of Sighs, St. John's College, Cambridge
Salted Paper
1845
Is a photograph a work of art? Why or why not?
Paris 1861: “photographs could be…products of thought and spirit, of taste and intelligence, bearing the imprint of a personality & thus works of art”
Excluded from the Salons & Royal Academy exhibitions in the 1850s & 60s
Reciprocal relationship
Edgar Degas, Thomas Eakins
Can you tell someone’s character from a photographic portrait?
Paris 1861: “photographs could be…products of thought and spirit, of taste and intelligence, bearing the imprint of a personality & thus works of art”
Excluded from the Salons & Royal Academy exhibitions 1850s & 60s
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Thomas Eakins, The Champion Single Sculls (Max Schmitt in a Single Scull), 1872
Nadar (Gaspard- Felix Tournachon), The Photographer’s Wife, 1853, Gelatin silver print
Tonal effects of light on the subject
Nadar (Gaspard- Felix Tournachon), The Photographer’s Wife, 1853, Gelatin silver print
Tonal effects of light on the subject
“Photography is a marvelous discovery, a science that has attracted the greatest intellects, an art that excites the most astute minds– and one that can be practised by an imbecile. Photographic theory can be taught in an hour, the basic technique in a day.” Nadar
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“Photography is a marvelous discovery, a science that has attracted the greatest intellects, an art that excites the most astute minds– and one that can be practised by an imbecile… Photographic theory can be taught in an hour, the basic technique in a day. But what cannot be taught is the feeling for light…It is how light lies on the face that you as artist must capture. Nor can one be taught how to grasp the personality of the sitter. To produce an intimate likeness rather than a banal portrait, the result of mere chance, you must put yourself at once in communication with the sitter, size up this thoughts and his very character.” Nadar, 1856
Gustave Courbet, Nadar
Nadar
Gustave Courbet
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Nadar
Eugene Delacroix
57
Francois Millet
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Edouard Manet & the Rise of Impressionism
1850-1900
Édouard Manet (c. 1832-1888)
Influence of photography
What can be achieved in one medium that cannot be achieved with the other?
Familiar with Renaissance & 17th century European artists: Raphael, Titian, Giorgione, Hals, Velasquez, Goya; Japanese woodblock prints
Replacing line with color and light; emphasis on the facture and & physicality of a painting
Calling attention to the work of art as a work of art; the flatness of the canvas & the physicality of the paint are acknowledged
Incorporating the artist’s subjectivity into the work rather than presenting the illusion of objectivity; Contemporary subject matter
Édouard Manet (c. 1832-1888)
Giorgione & Titian (Tiziano Vicelli)
Concert Champetre (Pastoral Symphony)
c. 1508
Oil on Canvas
Diego Velasquez
The Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress
1650s
The Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress
1650s
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“painterliness”
Expressive brushstrokes
Technique not rediscovered until the 1850s (Manet & Impressionism)
Vision can be tricked
Goya
Two Old Men Eating from the Black Paintings
Goya
Two Old Men Eating from the Black Paintings
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Manet, Twig with Two Peonies, 1864
Manet
Twig with Two Peonies
1864
Oil on canvas
69
Edouard Manet
Luncheon on the Grass [Dejeuner sur l’Herbe]
1863
Oil on canvas
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Édouard Manet
Luncheon on the Grass [Dejeuner sur l’Herbe]
1863
Oil on canvas
Rejected by the Salon of 1863
Exhibited at the Salon des Refusés- still caused a scandal
Titian
Venus of Urbino*
c. 1538
Oil on canvas
Patron: Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
“cabinet picture”
Marriage? V. “naked woman”
*later title
Manet
Olympia
1862-83
Oil on canvas
74
Manet
Olympia
1862-83
Oil on canvas
“A Queen of Spades getting out of a bath.” ~ Gustave Courbet
Edouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies- Bergere
1881-82
Oil on canvas
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Edouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies- Bergere
1881-82
Oil on canvas
Impressionism,
&
Japonisme
1870s- 1900
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aeqxu88jHPA
78
Monet
Impression- Sunrise
1872
Oil on canvas
Light & color, vibrations & sensations
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Monet
Impression- Sunrise
1872
Oil on canvas
Light & color, vibrations & sensations
en plein air [in open air]- “An approach to painting much popular among the Impressionists, in which an artist sketches outdoors to achieve a quick impression of light, air, color. The artist then takes the sketches to the studio for reworking into more finished works of art.” [Kleiner]
1st Impressionist Exhibition: Held at Nadar’s studio on April 15, 1874 for one month
Monet, The Haystacks, End of Summer, Giverny, 1891
Monet, The Haystacks, End of Summer, Giverny
1891
Oil on canvas
81
Monet, Stacks of Wheat (End of Day, Autumn), 1890-91
Monet
Stacks of Wheat (End of Day, Autumn)
1890-91
Oil on canvas
82
Monet, Stacks of Wheat, (Sunset, Snow Effect), 1891
Monet
Stacks of Wheat, (Sunset, Snow, Effect)
1891
Oil on canvas
83
Monet, Haystack, (Sunset, Snow Effect), 1890-1
Monet
Haystack, (Sunset, Snow Effect)
1890-1
Oil on canvas
84
Monet, Haystacks, (Sunset, Winter), 1890-1
Monet
Haystacks, (Sunset, Winter)
1890-1
Oil on canvas
85
Monet
Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun)
1894
Oil on canvas
Monet
Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun)
1894
Oil on canvas
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Detail
87
Monet
Rouen Cathedral, Effects of Morning Light
1893
Oil on canvas
Monet
Rouen Cathedral, Effects of Morning Light
1893
Oil on canvas
88
The Cathedral at Rouen, in the Fog
1893
The Cathedral at Rouen, in the Fog
1893
89
Rouen Cathedral:
The Portal, Gray Weather,
Gray Harmony
1892