Paper ( History course)

5 2 O T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D i I

sion. In the face of this "reverse tide," the long-parroted, never tested, never

deeply researched theory of women's liberation aPpeals exhausted. It is this

,.^kn"r, of conventional theory that compels us to face the reality of chinese

society and the reality of chinese women, to investigate conscientiously all

these earth-shattering women's issues'

lShehui kexue zhanxian4 (1988): 3oo-3ro; trans' adapted from Gilmartin et al''

Engendering China, PP' 76-364)

T H E N E W A U T H O R I T A R I A N I S M

Many intellectuals debated the merits of the "new authoritarianism" during the latter

half of the r98os. To its proponents it had some resemblances to what earlier was called

,'political tutelage" or "guided democracy," but its main emphasis was on the need for

stability as a precondition for economic growth. We see in the excerpts below, a decade

after Deng's opening to the outside world, the influence of Western political experi-

ence and philosophy "nd

references to the Four Dragons - Hong Kong' Taiwan' South

Korea, and Singapore. wu Jiaxiang, a noted advocate of the new authoritarianism, was

a researcher at the Investigation and Research Division of the Chinese Communist

pa(y,s central office at the time of the debate. Rong )ian, an important opponent of

the new authoritarianism, was a doctoral student in the philosophy department of

People's UniversitY in Beiiing'

w U I I A X I A N G : . ' A N O U T L I N E F o R S T U D Y I N G T H E N E w A U T H o R I T A R I A N I S M ' ' ' MAY 1989

3. The development of human society cannot be without authority; authority

prouid", stability. Similarly, it cannot be without Iiberty; liberty provides vitality.

A stable and yet continuously changing society is a modern society in which

authority and freedom are integrated' ' '

4. The fundamental program of the new authoritarianism is the market econ-

omy. Without a new authority, marketization cannot be accomplished' and

without that, there can never be true democratic politics' ' ' '

5. The new authoritarianism is dedicated to forming the political power

.r.""rrrry to resolve maior social problems and liberate society from crises dur-

ing the ,trg. of society's transformation. It has been said that china's most

"riti."l prof,l"* today is that the country is not clear on what its critical prob-

I..rr, "r..

This is a clever saying but exPresses poor iudgment' In fact' China is

already clear on its problems; the reason there has not been an effective reso-

lution is that a sufficiently large and strong political power has not yet been

amassed. There are two aspects to this political power that are necessaly to solve

society's problems: the government's power and the power of the masses. . ' .

6. Th; new authoritarianism is most concerned about the form of the redis-

tribution ol has declin<

7. The r this equali perhaps en (the old or no other ri'

8. The r ory of the politicalh'r this theon' autocracv r

and popu| politics, on

balanced tr authority o

9. Chin cratic polit Rousseau.

democracl counrry. . . governmer

the Federa tarianism.

ro. The which soci, or a set oi

rr. The Its scope oi and plan s be producr explains u'1 thority is o of history.

of politics tarian stage

The forl stages; the some probl in modern

idea of aul authoritarii

ursruBrrBlrroqlnB plo er{l jo e8E}s oql tuo{,{llcellP 03 ol uBtll eSEls uBuBllroq}ne

^\au eql ol soeqc Jo e8els E tuo-I; oB o1 llncggrp erotu sI 11 ',ilrroqlne Jo EaPI

leelc ou sElv\ oleql l{Jltl,t\ uI soBqc Jo a3e1s pelce:1ord e olur satlll} ulePour ut

rurq3 pa8unld.{qcreuou SurS eqllo sseuPaPeeqelPPnu eql :suralqord auros

perl BurqC ' ' ' 'uorlnlo^e;o ssecord aql ldrurelul uego e+Eunuolun eq1 f sa8els

een{l IIE q8norql o3.{11ryssaccns uec ler{l souo eq} ere sollelcos o}Bunuo} eqJ

' ' ' 'e8ep crlercoruop IEreqII aql pue'e8e1s uEItElIroqJnB ^\eu oql'e8e1s uetrel

-rroqlne p1o at{l ',{1aueu - se8els .{reuor1n1o,te aql q8norq} oB Nntu scqrlod 3o

,{rolsrq lecrdll e 'tusruerrelt.toqlne .{\ou eq1 1o e.trlcedsred aql uorg 'holsrq

3o ,{qdosoyqd E sr rusluelrellroqlne ̂Aeu oql o^alleq 1 'puoceg 'Peulelqo sr fiuoq} -nE ,/r\eu aql .&10q lou lnq seoP ll lBtllyl pue sr {r:oq}nB ^\au eql lBtll!\ sureldxa

p 'sp.rom roqlo ul 'uorlrsod eql uteluleut Plnoc ropr ol{l ̂{oq ro pecnpord eq

luru re1n.r poo8 e ,,rtoq ol puolxa lou seop }l 'aluq srolnr eql plnoqs uuld puu

lSaqu4s luaururaao8go puDI leq/tAJo uotlsenb eql ol pelclrlsar sr ,{pnlsgo adocs s11 ',{qdosoyqd

lecqrlod e 'lsoure:o; pue }slS

'st utstuetteltroqlne ̂\eu eqJ 'II

' ' ' 'pacnpord eq o1 sl llelcos e 3o .{1rroq1ne ^Aou eql ^\oq roJ solnr Jo }es E ro

u8rsep e a^eq ol alqrssodurr lsotulu sl ll '&yoqlne.,neu s1r sacnpord fielcos qclt{,i\^

ur urro] er{l lnoqe ,{1crd l1.re1ncr1;ed 1ou sr rxsluBlrBll.toq}ne .{'\eu ".T,t,,roJ,r",

-rroqln' ^\ou Jo salduuxe u'clrotuv aql sol'ls pollun aql Jo slsll'.Iop"g

"qi IIec I +Br{} esuas slt{+ ur .{lesrce.rd sI lI PuB 'e1n.r-;1os

luuor8e; qlyu luaurura,ro8

Iequec lngre,rod E eulquoc ol s{oos [usruerreluoqlnB ,t{eu er{J] ' ' ' ',{rlunoc

e8rul u ol palrns ororil sl{ce;co1ne searoqd\ 'ft1unoc lelletus e s}geq ,{ce;cotuep ',$erlrroql ul 'salllunoc

IIBursJo slerlurpe IIB eJe,lrr nernbse1uotr41 pue 'neessnog

'apolsr.ry "nou{

IIE e^{ sy '&1unoc a3re1 e;o suoqrPuoc aql lg uec scrltlod cqerc -ouap A\oq lnoqe peurocuoc .{pelncrlred ere suet:ellroqlne ,tnau s,eutq3 '6

''' .,'do1uru1unoru,, E sordncco {uoqlne

go ecerd qceo qcrq^\ ur scrlrlod 3ue3 ro prolre^\ :o 'scttrt1od {red pacueleq

-puB-pe{ceqc elqrsr^rp e 're,,rrod lerrolelclp olqrsr^Ipul uE-seq reqlle euo 'sct1t1od'

lecrlcerd ul 'purru s.neassnog ur ,{se1ue; e ,(1e.rou sr fiu8rare,ros .relndod pue

11r.tr lureue8 olqrsr^rpur uy 's8ue8 lq lueurure,ro8 leuoqrperl E ol ro ,{cercolne'

IBcrr{ctBuoul leuoqrpBrl oql o} urnler e eq ,{1uo Plnoc lpsar aq1 "{roeql

slql

^\ollo; ol ere.{\ o,4AJI 'ursrcrlupuor &erap1 qcuord jo ,{qeq petuiogleur lllecqrlod

e sr ,&oeql s.neassnog 'fiu8rera,ros;o hoaql aql pue 11.,n lereueS aql 1o ,|o

-oq] s.neassnou PIE,/r{ol ePn}IDB IBcIlIrc B sPlot{ LusluelrB}Iroq*t T;;trltrj

"" sr ororlJ '(euo ,ueu eql) lllroqlne lq peqsrloqe oq

lsnu peteerc lauo p1o aql)

&poqtne leql .{qc:erarq eqJ ' ' ' 's}Brcouap IBcIpBr euros ,{q pouolsl^ue sdeqred

sr se crlaod pue 'crlueuor 'paxeler se 1ou llurepec sr 'rele,,ttoq ,Qlpnbe slqt

Jo uor+Bzrleer eqJ'lrl1enba ueunq sl ..elqlq,, :,Lusp:pellroqlne

^\a: eqJ '/

'PosaBIIoc ue^e ro PeurlceP sBq

{uoqlne p1o eql uaq.,rt fiercos IBuoIlIpErl E uI sacrnoser re,nod IEIcosJo uollnqlrl

rcS srrlirC s?l puD ,,uotJDzt'Iirapo141,, s,?uaq

-$Per aqlJo tul " "sesseu eq

e,t1os o1 ,{ressacr ueeq la,{ qou sr -osol e^rlcelJe I

sr eurq3'1ceg t -qo.rd pcrlrrc q

lsoru s(Burr{3 l -rnP seslJc ruor

re.,l,rod 1ecr1r1oc

pue'paqsrldtu -uoce le{rBru el

qcrq,,n ur llarc ',{1r1e1rn sepr.to:

fiuoqtrne f.{1uo

,,'tNsINVIuvln

1o luau4rudap r

1o lueuoddo 1ut

lsrunuruJoc esa

sEA'ursruBuElu

qlnos 'uE^lIEJ'l

-r:edxa lecqrlod

epEcep E '{^\olaq

roj Peeu eql uo

pe11ec sun rerFt

ra11e1 eql 3ur:n1

ftgt-rgt 'dd'a

''p 1e uUreulrl

1p ,{lsnoquarc

aseurq3 1o l1r

srql sr ll 'Pals

razreu 'palsa1.

' 2 2 T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D I T I O N

to the new authoritarian stage. As soon as a normal process is interrupted, it is extremely easy to plunge history into a pitiable cycle of old authority and chaos with no authority, replacing each other repeatedly. Therefore, we can see that the new authoritarian stage is a stage that cannot be leapfrogged by any nation

that seeks to realize modernization. Any attempt to do so would only bring

about disaster. . . . History has demonstrated that the monarchical form was the

ideal instrument . . . for going through the new authoritarian stage. It was able

to minimize the crisis of the legitimacy and unity of the authority during the

period of social transformation and was able to reduce the use of violence while

enhancing the use of the government's prestige. Therefore, according to my

theory, I do not consider the new authoritarianism to be merely a summation

of the post-World War II political system in Latin America and the East Asian region; rather, I see it as a philosophical summation of a certain stage of de-

velopment in the history of humanity as a whole.

lFrom Liu and Li, Xin quanwei zhuyi, pp. 47-53; trans. adapted from Chinese Sociology and Anthropology zV, no.3 (Spring ry9r): 16-4]

RONG JIAN: .'DOES

CHINA NEED AN AUTHORITARIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IN

THE COURSE OF MODERNIZATION?" ttt.+V rg8g

China's reliance on political authoritarianism during the period of developing a liberated economy may appear, phenomenologically, to reflect that China, too, cannot bypass what seems to be a necessary and unavoidable stage in the

progress toward modernization. This may well further confirm the resolve on the part of the highest level decision [makers] and policy makers in the reforms to carry out an intense concentration of power. In reality, the reforms have

already shown signs of developing in this direction. Nevertheless, I believe that to carry out, under China's present conclitions, a coexistence behveen political

' authoritarianism and a liberated economy would invite a confrontation with an ever-sharper contradiction than that which existed in those countries where modernization has already been completed or is being cornpleted. Thereasons

are the following: First, from the perspective of the progress of modernization in what were

the nondeveloped countries, especially frorn the perspective of the Four Little

Dragons in Asia, the premise of political authoritarianism is the thorough du- alism befureen politics and economics. By "thorough," we mean the privatiza- tion of the ownership system (or socialization), the "marketization" of the econ- omy, and the independence of the enterprises. On the other hand, it remarns

dubious as to whether this same dualism can become a reality in China . . .

still saddled with a basic problem, namely, that the question o[ the system of ownership has not yet been resolved. . . .

Second, China's traditional system was based politically on an intense con-

centration of power. Even though this basis has suffered tremendous impact

stnce greate cannc of the

Th strips

dictio tence resolv Fourtl count nectio

The s autocr moder

wide I come cratic its infi

ft' who h with ii tempe enmel for pol ence c mands

vented CVEN V

Fro toward also ca central should Iiberal

conditi politicr

Yan Jiar on polit

Jo elnlcnrls IPcIiIIocI eql PelIuPE '{gea1c puu sorlq8ra aql Suunp urroiel IEJIIIIoo uo

uorssnrsrP aql P3l'sacuelJs IEIJos Jo '{uapecy eseulric erp lE reqcrBesa: e 'rburf ue1

,,snousdsoual sIAIOCf,fl NVC VNIIIC '^AOH,, :I6VII NVr'

f9-LS :(6&1o66r -re1ur16) z'ou'tz lSolodotrltuy puo f,?o1otcog asautU)

*or3 p"ratpt 'suur1 t[r-€rr dd'ilnqz b&uDnb uly 'r1 puu nr1 uro:g]

rrlBrco.,,ep pr'.t\ol ursluBIlBlIrotilne tecrlrlod uro{ uolllsu'r aql loi "":it;'i::

I'rcos eql Sulleetc .pueq ror{lo erl} uo (Pue ,{tuouoce eql Jo lueudole^eP IeIaqII

eq] loj suoqrpuoc IBIcos oql SLIIlBerc 'pueq auo elll uo :8ul^\olloJ arp eq Plnoqs

ufioJar aql Jo ecuesss aqJ 'ulotrs'{s clulouoca PuE luels'{s IecFIIod PozllBl}uac

.{1q3-rq 'leuoqrpurl aLIl Jo uol}BulroJsuell PuE ullolal q8noroql B lno drrec osle

lt"* U 'rrq,1od S,r,rrlBrrorileP

PuE {urouoce eql SulzlIEroqllJo l1Iun aql PrB'/Y\o}

sdals se>1e1 eurqC leql otull aures aql le leql eos {Bu; aM (}uaulnErs slql uroltl ' ' ' 'lolABqaq lualol^ uo^e

pue rsa{uls'slsalorcl 'suotlerlsuou.toP sE qcns 'suuelu IEuIrouqE q8nolql Poluen

ag ol punoq e.re ,(aql 'sueaur lBtlriou qSnorql PezIIBar PUB letu eq uEc sPueur

-ap rllelcoulep s.aldoed oql sselun 'PIro^ eql io uollBzllelcotuoP aql Jo ecua

-uodxo lecuolsrq eql ol SulPloccv ' ' "{ep

aql '{q Sursrr sI turo;ar lucqrlod :o3

rourBlc OLII'ssausnolcslloc cllElcouoP Pocuequa {1leer8 u e'teq '{epc4 'lueruua

-l{8r1ue cllercotuaP Jo srea.{ .tlsl lse 1 eql PuB urroJel clulouoco eql Jo Suuoduo}

,ql p"",r",rr.lxo oslB o^Btl PuB re'trocl 1o uollElluecuoc 1o eer8ap q8rq Qr qlt't't

1rr"*r3r,trorlo rua1s,{s IEUoIIIPBT} eq} roPun sree'{ 'Qrol lueds '{pee:1e a^Bq oLI'^A

'elcload oql jo sassgtrl PEo:q oql leql sl enssl luepodur lsotu PUE IlUg eqJ

" "ecuonHul sll

uroJj aunululr aq louuBc llurupec pue 1ua8r18eu eq louuEc EUIqC {oPIl cl}B'lc

-oIUoP aPLt\PIlo,t\ E qcns qll/\\ PecEd ' ' ' 'Plro',\\ otil

Jo lxBorlsulBtlr oql etuoc

-rq ,r.1 tetrlunoc Surclole,tep oql uI letll '{llercadse "{ce:couap

Jo aPq ePI^{

?llo/y\ E lEql uollBraPour Jo Pue4 leraueS siql ur '{lesrcerd sr 1r pue 'uotleraporu

;t""3, u" olul pe^oul{puarle seq PIIoM otg 't\ou ll1fl'lueuule'to8 crle:co1ne

1no ,{rrec o} rolB}cIP ,{ra,te rol esncxe uE Paleerc rE^\ PIoc oql Jo a}E}s eqJ

'oul4 eql lE suolllPuoc lBuoll8ulelul Surle'tercl eql PuB IELI} uoe'4Aleq uotlceu

-uoc osolc E sB,^A ereql 'ustuetrelt:oq1ne lecqrlod rleq] lno PoIrjBc

'set:lunoc

Surdole.lap rorlo sB IIo,^A sE 'utsy ut suo8urq alill'I rnog eql uaq'&\ ' ' ' 'qlrnog

' 'scrulouoco PuE scllllod uaamlaq usIIenP oql Jo uelqord aql pe'rlosar

lou peq ,{lclurrs ue1s,{s leuorllPel} eq} lEI{l sI tto$clPurluor B Llcns Jo ecue}

-srxa tural-8uol aql roj'LrosBer aql'sellllBcol PUE leluec eLIl uee^Aleq suoflclP

-Blluoc oql otB aseql '.euq 3uo1 e .ro1 PolsIXe o^Ell.qcolq lBluozlroq pue sdrrls

IBcrue^,, uoe,&qeq suollclPBlluoc aql 'tuelsls IeuoIlIPErl s,Eulr{c ul 'PllqJ

' ' ' ',{urouoca firpotutuoc eql;o

luaudole,rap or{l a}Bllllcei o},,ursIuBIrelIroq}nE IBcllllod,'Jo PUI{ sIt{} esn }ouuEc

a.ar, ,.{'ee13 ',{urouoca oql Jo uoIlBZllBlaqII eq} ol {colqPgol luellnc lselear8

aql IIps sr PuB POIP lou sBtl lnq Paglsso auocoq seq 1t 'uebeq sulrojel eql aculs

tzS st4rrC sil PuD .,uotlPztu)apo1,1,. s,?uag

lcedur snopuer -uoc osueJul uE

go ure1s.{s eq1 1o " ' eurq3 ur,{1 sureuJol lr ,puet

-uoce aqlJo,.uot -ezrle,rud eq1 ue -np qSno-roql ar.1 elllrT rnod eqlJr aJe.t\ l9r{,4\ ur uc

suosPor aqJ .Peli

eleq,.{\ ser4unoc uB rllr^l uorlBluol

lecqrlod uee,qaq

1eq1 e,rerlaq 1 ,ssa

e^Br{ surloJe-r erl suuojal aq] ur sJ. uo oAIosoJ ar{}_ur eql ur e8els e1qe1 {Elrlqc

lBrll lceui Surdole,tep jo por

61 NI hiSJSIS TVCI.

f€z-9r :(166r Surrdr uror; peldepe .sue:1

-ep 3o a8els urel:a

uersv lsBg or{l PUI uorleuruns u lial lu o1 Surprocce .

elrq.iv\ oruelor^Jo ; eq] Sur.rnp llr,roqlr aJqE se.r\ ll .e8e1s u aql sB,rl uljoJ IBcIr{ Surrq ,,{1uo p1no,u uorleu ,{ue lq pa8! leql eas uBc e,4A ,or

sour{r puB,{proqlnr sr 1r 'peldnr-re1ur

sr

' 2 4 T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D I T I O N

the Western liberal democracies. Note that the question of how China is to achieve

I i wealth and power goes back to the self-strengthening movement of the r86os, when it ll was also linked to domestic political reform. Like the self-strengthdner Feng Guifen,

Yan seeks to release the energies and enthusiasm of the Chinese people through po-

liticai reform and to bring about wealth and power.

Give Free Play to People's Initiative

China is at present engaged in a reform of its political and economic structures.

However, if this reform cannot bring into full play the enthusiasm and initiative

of individuals, then it is of little use. Each person comes to know politics

through his personal experiences. A successful reform must be conducive to '

bringing into play the initiative of the individual. . . .

Use Systems to Limit the Tenure of Leaders

China has a very long history. However, despite the differences among the

political systems of the various dynasties, they were all built on the foundation

of the "perfect man." Whenever Chinese society is faced with all sorts of serious

problems, the only remedy that comes to the mind of the Chinese is to hope

for the appearance of a morally upright and perfect leader, whose efforts will

then change the status quo. For all the complexities of the "Cultural Revolu-

tion," its guiding idea is exceedingly simple - that is, China must search for a

perfect leader in order to transfer the highest state power. The tremendous

calamities caused by the "Cultural Revolution" shook this idea to its very foun-

dations. As I see it, the starting point for China's political structural reform is

to admit that no one is perfect. Since human beings have all kinds of defects ' and weaknesses, a system is needed to restrain them. . . .

Democracy Is an Error-Correcting Mechanism

Though it promoted "big democracy," the Cultural Revolution actually was a

period of the total destruction of democracy. To call the destruction of democ-

racy "big democracy" was a great invention in human history. Therefore, I think

there is a need today for clarifying the meaning of democracy, to prevent certain

people from using the .banner of "democracy" to trample on democracy. I

believe the most important foundation for democratic politics is to recognize

the imperfectibility of human nature - to err is human. In an organization or

group that cannot fully agree on goals, opinions, or values, the adoption of

democracy means the making of group decisions according to agreed-on pro- I cedures and the will of the majority. The practice of democracy often requires

people to bow to mistakes. When a maioriiy of the people realize that the

original decisions were wrong, then they can be corrected according to proce-

dures that or an area political pr nism, it ha society; or values, der tanks. Con but will ha racy, howe majorityl.

speech anc tibilib/ of l cultural ler opinions,

procedures

Whether k determinin legal rule ir governmen

without ex< that of the teeing the i each enter; our society full play.

Us

\,ntna s Pro on econom how, in an r where the n abilities, an, areas on th< private ecor tems to refo sures are exJ

'suollB.Ioldxe InJosn ,{leuollxa alE selns

-Bo{x oseql IIB {ulql I 'rua}s,{s drqsrauno crlqnd leuoqlPeq aql uroJer ol stue}

+,{s firlqrsuodser pue {cols aql Sursn alq,t\ elucs re8re1 e uo ,{urouoce ele,rud

eql dole,nep IILI\ sluauuedep ler4snpul eulos 'pueluteu aseuILIC aql uo seele

ouros ur ',{epo; 'pe,4Aouer llsnonurluoc sI alnlcn-lls IBIJ}snPuI eql PUE 'satltltqe

luetudola,rep-Jlos e^Eq sestrdrelue 'rrrog altuosel seulurelaP le{IPtu 0q} oleq/v\

&uouoce uB qsllqelso o1 'drqsrau,lro crlqnd lq PalBultuoP,{uouoca ur ut ','noq

sr ruroJor Jnuolloce s,BuIqC Surce; ruelqo:d eql' ' ' 'surloJel clurouoce uo

osle lnq suuoJer 1e8e1 pue lurllllod uo ,{1uo 1ou ,{1er o1 seq lluedsord s,eutq3

secrnosau Jo luJlilr^oN aqt alrlnSag o+ la{JBN eql esn

',{u1d 11n3

ue,rr8 sn;o qcesJo e^qsqul oql Pue,{cusrcg;e pue ,{1r1e1rrr;o 11n; eq Aercos .rno

uec Surop os ur l1u6 'lpnplltPul qcee PuE

'uotleztue8ro qcea 'astrdraluo qceo 'luauure,ro8

Jo le^ol qceo Jo s:e,trod 3ur>1eur-uotsrcep luepuedepur aql Suraal -uuren8 s,ry\el pue uollnlllsuoc aql uo puedep IIt.^ ELIIqD Jo olol{M eqt Jo lut{l

1nq Suoy Suop 1o &1tq"tt pue duadsord eqt .{1uo loN ' ' ' 'uotldecxa }noq}l^\

A\el eq+ leqo o1 a^Eq IIB slEnPI^IPuI pue 'suotleztue8ro 'sast:d:a1ua 'lueurura,ro8

aql 'serped 1ucq11od iourardns ere s,{\PI luql eePI eql qsllqu}se o1 sr e1n.r 1e8a1

Jo Bopr eqJ (r'olnr 1e8a1,, qsrlqrlsa urc BarE ro ,{rlunoc B roqleq^{ Sururulelep

uorlBpunoJ eql oslB sr lou ro ,,&lllqllcajreclull uEurnq,, eztu8oca: o1 laqlaq^A

,,a1ny 1u8e1,, ol ,,alng leuosrad,, a8ueq3

'sernperord

q8norql suolslcep eslnol Jo e{Btu PuB 'suotlorua pue 'seltsep 'suotutdo

.rreq1 sserdxe,{1ee:y,{eru aldoad 1eq1 azru8ocer 'sep111qedec PUB sle^el lBlnllnc

luerel;rp ssossod sro{Eur uolslcaP eql letll aztuSocar 'e:nleu ueunq Jo &lllqp

-cayedu:r eqq ezruSocar o1 sr'pe1e1a:1snt 1 se'sserd aql;o uloPoe4 pue qcaads

Jo LuopeerJ Jo sernpocotd esoql e>1t1 'lcercoueP Jo aslureld

",{I 'llllioteur

eql lq epeu] sa{E}slur .&\olloj ol ,,{pea: ,{1lue1suor aq }snrrr e.tr 'raa,eruroq ',{cur

-couep Jo suotlsenb uo llpuelsuoc qlnq Jo selelclP aql ̂{olloi ol o^ELI III^\ }nq

elnr fiuoleu ol Jroser lou III/!\ a,Lr 'suotlsanb JgIlLIotcs uo '{lluenbasuoC 'que}

{un{t pue 'sdnor8 ,{.rost,rpe 'ecuatcs o} Ue[ oq Plnoqs 3ur4eu uolslcoP 'san1e,t

ralo slueurae-r8esrp ou pue sleo8 realc arB eleql eleql\ suorlsenb uo fllarcos

uBunq ur Sur4eur uolslcap jo sruJo; snolle^ are arar{J ',{cercouep seq lt 'u.tstu

-Eqceu Sutlcarroc-roua Jo pul{ slq} ser{ uottreztue8lo IEIcos B ro {red lecqrlod E ueq.{\ fr{cercouep sBq }I 'rusluetlcaru SutltarroJ-lotra uE qJns seq eale uE lo

,{.r1unoc E ueq1A' ' ' 'peuluralapard pue eldoed 1sour,{q uo pae:8e are leql sarnP

SzS sntttr) sll puD .,uotlDzrurapol/11,, s,7uag

-acord o1 Surproccr

eq] lBlll ozIIBal ai(

serrnbe: ueryo ,{ce:: -ord uo-peer8e oi €

go uorldope eqt 's;

ro uotluztue8ro ue

azru3ocet ol sI sJTl

1 '.{ce.rcourap uo a

urrpec luerrard o1 "

Tulql I '.oroiareqJ'

-coLuoP jo uollcn!

e se,,n .{11en}ce uotl

UISIT

slrejoP Jo sPuI{ ilt sr uIroJaI IEInlcn4 -uno1 ,{re.l sp otr ea1

snoPuouarl eql

E roJ rlcreos ]sntU r -nlo^eu IB.Inlln3..

IIr,a suoJJo esoq^\

adoq o1 sI oseulq'

srlolrosJo suos IIE I

UorlEPunoJ eql uo

aql Suoute sacua:

ol a^rcnPuoc eq l scrlrlod ̂\ou{ oi

e^rlErlrul PUB UISE 'selnlcn4s cltuoul

-od q8norql eldoac '.ueJInC Suag rau:

lr ueq.t\ 'so98r eql

e^erqcE ol sr EUII{:

5 2 6 T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D I T I O N

Using Law to Promote and Guarantee Reform

A major task facing China's political and economic structural reforms is to

improve the legal system and imbue reform with the spirit of the rule of law.

Use the law to promote ieform; use the law to guarantee reform. I believe, if

we do so, then China's prosperity will not be a very distant thing from us.

fFrom Bachman and Yang, Yan liaqi and China's Struggle

for Demouacy, pp. 84-go]

T\4

In keepi ments ot suPprest this shor and Pro Christiat

Chris munist ( could br Chiang I family. I hold hig official p munist I

To re1 tural enc Xiangbo Zichen ( different takeover atheistic