900 words History paper
LillianWu
RCI12RacismBlackIslamBlackNatlsmBCRMinUSWorld.pdf
Historical Roots of the Black Lives
Matter Movement © 2015 - R. Charles Weller
Racism, Black Islam,
Black Nationalism, & the Black Civil Rights
Movement in U.S. & World History
The Columbian Exchange (1500-1800)
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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1900, esp. 1700-1850)
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The Industrial & Social Revolutions (1750-1945, esp. 1830-1900)
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The Great Migration(s) (1850-1925)
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Western Imperialism & World Dominance (1800-1991)
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1900)
(esp. 1700-1830)
Approximately ______ black Africans survived the Atlantic crossing between 1450 and 1870.
__ 5 million __ 8 million __ 10 million __ 15 million __ 20 million __ 25 million
10-25 million black Africans
Comparison of the number of slaves sent to each respective region of the Americas:
Portuguese Brazil = 3,650,000
Spanish America = 1,500,000
British, French & Dutch Caribbean = 3,700,000
British North America = 400,000 (by 1783)
Based on Estimated 15 Million Total
“We may then propose an estimate of 15 to 20 percent, or between 2.25 and 3 million Muslims over both American
continents and the Caribbean Islands.”
(S.A. Diouf , Servants of Allah, NYU Press academic, 1998)
Concerning the percentages of typically Muslim Senegambian slaves who were imported and introduced into Louisiana, match the following:
1. Those imported by the French 2. Those introduced by the Spanish
1. Two-thirds (67%) of the men and women 2. After 1763, 61% total (29 percent Mandingo, 10 percent Fulani, and 22 percent Wolof)
“[P]eople from Senegambia were prominent everywhere in the United States, much more
so than virtually anywhere else in the Western Hemisphere.”
The history of Islam in the Americas began with _____________.
__ the start of the Black Muslim movements under Timothy Drew Ali and Marcus Garvey in the U.S. In the early 20th century.
__ the migration of Middle Easterner Muslims in late 19th and early 20th centuries.
__ the Atlantic Slave trade.
Thomas Jefferson (and other founding fathers of the United States) argued for the inclusion of “_______” as rightful citizens within their vision of the nation. (MS) __ “the Jew and the Gentile __ “the Christian” __ “[the] Mahometan” __ “the Hindoo” __ “[the] infidel of every denomination”
(1) Slavery
(2) The American Revolution (1776-83)…
(3) Later rise of the KKK, black lynchings, & ‘Jim Crow’ segregation laws following Civil War Emancipation amidst…
(4)Religious & scientific racist theories…
(5) all gave rise to the development of Black (Muslim & Christian) identity movements & freedom struggles.
The French Revolution
1789
The American Revolution
1776
1776-1783: American Independence –
“All men are created equal”?
(1) Free the slaves & make them U.S. citizens
(2) Free the slaves & send them back to Africa
(3) Consider them sub-human and leave them in chains
“It will probably be asked, Why not retain and incorporate the blacks
into the state…? Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites;
ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have
sustained; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made;
and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions, which will probably never end but in the
extermination of the one or the other race.
To these objections, which are political, may be added others,
which are physical and moral. The first difference which strikes us is
that of colour.”
-- Thomas Jefferson,
“Notes on the State of Virginia”
1781-82
1783 petition for return
to found “settlement”
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1787 ‘Free Africans’ of Boston
Petition for return to Africa to “form
themselves into a civil society, united by
a political constitution.” --------------------------------------------------
Sierra Leone & Liberia
The Haitian
Slave Revolt
&
Independence
for Haiti
1790-1804
1800 - Gabriel
Prosser
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1820 –
Denmark Vesey
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1831 - Nat
Turner
1817 - Andrew Jackson &
the American Colonization
Society (ACS)
Anti-Abolition &
Deportation of ‘Free Blacks’
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(cf. 1830 Indian Removal Act)
“Ours is the government of the white man. The great misfortune of what was formerly Spanish America, is to be traced to the fatal
error of placing the colored race on an equality with the white. …Are we to associate
with ourselves as equals, companions, and fellow citizens, the Indians and mixed races of Mexico? I would consider such an association
as degrading to ourselves and fatal to our institutions.”
(Sen. John Calhoun, Southern Democrat, 1848)
1842 = Alexander McCain. Slavery Defended from Scriptures.
1852 = Josiah Priest. Bible Defense of Slavery.
1853 = Author comte de Gobineau. The Inequality of the Human Races.
1861 & 1868 = J.H. Van Evrie. White Supremacy and Negro Subordination.
1899 & 1911 = Houston Stewart Chamberlain. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century.
1916 = Madison Grant. The Passing of the Great Race.
1850 – Fugitive Slave Act
All blacks required
to prove they were free
or be subject to claim by slave owners.
1857 - Dred Scott Case U.S. Supreme Court
“Negroes…had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to
slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it. …Negroes of the African race…were not intended to be
included, under the word ‘citizens’ in the Constitution.“ (Chief Justice R.B. Taney)
1857
_______________ following the
Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and
the end of the Civil War (1865).
__ The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) arose
__ Black lynchings began to dramatically
increase
__ Immigrants from Europe and other parts
of the world began to pour into the U.S. in
search of land and jobs.
1877-1896: End of Reconstruction,
Rise of 'Jim Crow' Segregation Laws
In the 1896 Supreme Court Case of
Plessy vs. Fergusun, the court ruled
that _____________ facilities were
in accordance with the U.S.
Constitution.
__ ‘only racially integrated’
__ ‘separate but equal’
The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11 & Acts 17)
God separated the peoples &
nations according to their
languages
Edward Wilmot Blyden _________. (MS)
__ was an African American from the Caribbean who had moved to the West African nation of Liberia in 1851.
__ was an educator and politician.
__ concluded that Islam, as opposed to Christianity, had succeeded in producing genuine black civilization, self-respect, high morals, industry, deep spirituality, and social unity. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__ was the author of a book in 1887 on ‘Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race’ which continued to be read long after he died in 1912. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__ became a source of knowledge and inspiration in the Garvey movement and other organizations committed to the political self- determination of black people.
1895-1930: Black Nationalist Revival
1897: American Negro Academy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1909: W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) & the NAACP ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1913) 1925: Timothy Drew Ali founds Moorish Science Temple in Newark, NJ (black dignity and supremacy over whites). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1914: Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) established by Marcus Garvey. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1920-30s: 2nd KKK re-grouped and active through U.S.
Elijah Muhammad (1934), as leader of the Nation of Islam, _______.
__taught Black dignity & Black supremacy, God himself was Black
__ preached the need for economic and financial independence, encouraging believers to establish and patronize their own businesses.
__ emphasized the need for black political self-determination.
__ taught his followers that the total separation of the races would be the only lasting solution to racism.
__ told them not to vote in U.S. elections or serve in the U.S. Military.
__ insisted they were members of the Nation of Islam, not the United States.
1930s: Great Depression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1930s: ‘The Great Debaters’ (Wiley College) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1940s: Malcolm X jailed & converted to Black Islam -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1941-1948: World War II & Truman’s military desegregation order ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1954-1970s: Black Civil Rights Movement & Black Nationalist ('Black Power') Resurgence (MLK, Jr. & Malcolm X)
Black American Islam as
‘Radical’?
Malcolm X ______________.
__ became the national spokesperson for the Nation of Islam, helping increase its membership by 20,000 – 40,000 members.
__ left the nation of Islam and declared his allegiance to Sunni Islam in the 1960s.
__ was assassinated in 1965 by Nation of Islam members (with possible FBI and CIA support).
During and after his 1964 pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm ___________. (MS)
__ shared food and drink with a blue-eyed white Muslim.
__ said he experienced “a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non- white.”
__ declared that racism could be overcome with the help of almighty God.
__ credited Islam with opening his eyes to the essential equality of all human beings.
__ became willing to work together with Martin Luther King, Jr. and other Christian leaders of the Black Civil Rights Movement.
In the face of increasing pressures for Black Civil Rights both within the U.S. and internationally, ______________. (MS)
July 1964: Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin and providing the federal government with the
powers to enforce desegregation.
Aug 1965: Congress passes the Voting Rights Act, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. Literacy tests, poll taxes, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal.
Sep 1965: Pres. Johnson issues Executive Order 11246, enforcing affirmative action for the first time, requiring government contractors to "take affirmative action" toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment.
On October 3, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a new immigration law called the Hart-Celler Act which expunged the racist immigration quotas that had been established under the National Origins Act of 1924 and the McCarran- Walter Act of 1952.
Jun 12, 1967: Supreme Court rules in Loving vs. Virginia that interracial marriage is legal, that restriction of it is unconstitutional.
King Family vs. Jowers Nov 1999, Tennessee State Court
Prosecuting Lawyer: “On behalf of the family of Martin Luther King, Jr., on behalf of the people of the United States, I ask you to find for the plaintiff and find that conspiracy existed and that those conspirators involved not only the defendant here but we’re dealing in conspiracy with agents of the City of Memphis and the governments of the State of Tennessee and the United States of America.”
Court: “In answer to the question did Loyd Jowers participate in a conspiracy to do harm to Dr. Martin Luther King, your [the jury’s] answer is yes. Do you also find that others, including governmental agencies, were parties to this conspiracy as alleged by the defendant? Your answer to that one is also yes. And the total amount of damages you find for the plaintiffs entitled to is one hundred dollars.”
Smoked cigarettes and had certain discreet extra- marital affairs while out campaigning for Black Civil Rights?
Oct 15, 1966: Black Panther Party formed in Oakland, CA, joining with the 'Black Power' movement, as a militant voice for Black & other minority Civil Rights.
Famous Black Muslims of the 1960-90s
Malcolm Little → Malcolm X
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Cassius Clay → Muhammad Ali
(Cat Stevens → Yusuf Ali)
Jermaine Jackson → Muhammad Abdul Aziz
Mike Tyson
