DEP Paper

10

Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Assignment

Radhika Chhetri

HHPH-416-01E Epidemiology

October 3rd, 2021

Part A: Annotated Bibliography

Article 1: Facial Emotion Identification and Sexual Assault Risk Detection among College Student Sexual Assault Victims and Nonvictims

Melkonian, A. J., Ham, L. S., Bridges, A. J., & Fugitt, J. L. (2017). Facial emotion identification and sexual assault risk detection among college student sexual assault victims and nonvictims. Journal of American College Health, 65(7), 466–473. https://doi-org.proxy.tamuc.edu/10.1080/07448481.2017.1341897

Abstract

Objective: High rates of sexual victimization among college students necessitate the further study of factors associated with sexual assault risk detection. The present study examined how social information processing relates to sexual assault risk detection as a function of sexual assault victimization history. Participants: 225 undergraduates (Mage D 19.12, SD D 1.44; 66% women). Methods: Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing victimization history, an emotion identification task, and a sexual assault risk detection task between June 2013 and May 2014. Results: Emotion identification moderated the association between victimization history and risk detection such that sexual assault survivors with lower emotion identification accuracy also reported the least risk in a sexual assault vignette. Conclusions: Findings suggest that differences in social information processing, specifically recognition of others’ emotions, are associated with sexual assault risk detection. College prevention programs could incorporate emotional awareness strategies, particularly for men and women who are sexual assault survivors.

Annotated Bibliography

The article defined the sexual assault and the rates of sexual assault in undergraduate students who enrolled in college range between 19% and 35% for women. The article aslo incorporates emotion facial recognition to moderate the relationship between victimization history and sexual assault risk detection, in the quest to demonstrate the importance of social information processing in the development of sexual assault prevention programs. It is revealed that, accuracy in the emotion recognition or expression of others is paramount in the sexual assault risk detection. Even those with victimization history but with low rates of emotional recognition are identified to have a low rate of sexual assault risk detection. However, sexual assault survivor that are more accurate in the emotion and expression recognitions, are suitable for a bystander intervention program for preventing sexual assault. This article helps in illustrating the importance of social information processing in the detection and prevention of sexual assault. Primarily, other than learning the verbal cues, accurate recognition of facial emotions and emotions of others is paramount in the sexual assault risk detection and eventual prevention of sexual assault.

Article 2: Testing a Model of How a Sexual Assault Resistance Education Program for Women Reduces Sexual Assaults

Senn, C. Y., Eliasziw, M., Hobden, K. L., Barata, P. C., Radtke, H. L., Thurston, W. E., & Newby-Clark, I. R. (2021). Testing a Model of How a Sexual Assault Resistance Education Program for Women Reduces Sexual Assaults. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(1), 20–36. https://doi-org.proxy.tamuc.edu/10.1177/0361684320962561

Abstract

The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) program has been shown to reduce sexual assaults experienced by university students who identify as women. Prevention researchers emphasize testing theory-based mechanisms once positive outcomes related to effectiveness are established. We assessed the process by which EAAA’s positive outcomes are achieved in a sample of 857 first-year university students. EAAA’s goals are to increase risk detection in social interactions, decrease obstacles to risk detection or resistance with known men, and increase women’s use of effective self-defense. We used chained multiple mediator modeling to assess the combined effects of the primary mediators (risk detection, direct resistance, and self-defense self-efficacy) while simultaneously assessing the interrelationships among the secondary mediators (perception of personal risk, belief in the myth of female precipitation, and general rape myth acceptance). The hypothesized multiple mediation model with three primary mediators met the criterion for full mediation of the intervention effects. Together, the mediators accounted for 95% and 76% of the reductions in completed and attempted rape, respectively, demonstrating full mediation. The hypothesized secondary mediators were important in achieving improvements in personal and situational risk detection. The findings strongly support the benefit of cognitive ecological theory and the Assess, Acknowledge, Act conceptualization underlying EAAA. This evidence can be used by administrators and staff responsible for prevention policy and practice on campuses to defend the implementation of theoretically grounded, evidence-based prevention programs

Annotated Bibliography

The article explores sexual assault preventions interventions that can be deployed, with authors taking a case analysis of the undergraduate women, who are exposed to sexual assault more than men. A theory-driven, evidence-based program, a comprehensive approach for sexual violence prevention has been explored in the article. Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) sexual assault resistance education program, is the theory-driven, evidence-based approach that which authors have presented, and which they argue when implemented can reduce cases of sexual assault on the campuses among female students. This resource is important because it provides statistics that show that indeed the program is working in the reduction of sexual assault, with attempted and completed rapes noted to have reduced by 95% and 76%. Additionally, EAAA can be used by the administrator and staff responsible for the development of sexual assault and violence prevention policies and practices in the campuses. EAAA is formed to recognize the diversity of experiences of college students who is self-identify their prior sexual victimization history. The article also mentioned about the mediators (primary and secondary) who worked together under is EAAA program to reduce the sexual violence prevention practice and producing the program’s effect on sexual assault. The article also points out about attempted Vs completed rape which was experienced by college and universities students. Moreover, it also mentioned the strengths and limitations of the EAAA program and how this practice implements among the college and universities students.

Article 3: An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior to Bystander Intervention for Sexual Assault

Reynolds-Tylus, T., Lukacena, K. M., & Quick, B. L. (2019). An application of the theory of normative social behavior to bystander intervention for sexual assault. Journal of American college health, 67(6), 551-559.

Abstract

Objective: Given the high prevalence of sexual assault on U.S. college campuses, the current study examines predictors of college students’ intentions to intervene to prevent sexual assault through the lens of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB). Participants: One hundred eighty-six undergraduate students aged 18–25 were recruited from an introductory course at a large Midwestern university. Methods: Data were collected through an online survey during the 2015–2016 academic year. Results: Results indicated that descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and outcome expectations had direct positive effects on behavioral intention. However, no direct effect of group identity on intention was found. In addition to these main effects, an interaction between descriptive and injunctive norms was also observed. Conclusions: The results of the current study speak to theoretical questions surrounding the nature of TNSB variables, as well as several practical implications for coordinated efforts to promote bystander intervention on college campuses.

Annotated Bibliography

The article reflects the total numbers of estimated people who are sexually assaulted in United States each year, which is 300,000 among them most of them are college students. The authors explore behavioral intervention that has been exploited in the campuses and found working in the prevention of sexual assault. Bystander intervention program has been found suitable, a practical strategy that has been implemented in the campus and resulted in the prevention of sexual assault. Descriptive norms, injunctive norms and outcome expectations are the constructs of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) which have been found to positively influence positive intentions thus promoting successful implementation of bystander intervention in the prevention of sexual assault. This article helps in narrowing down to a particular intervention that has been implemented and found success in addressing the health issue of the concern (sexual assault), and points to constructs of TSNB which promote the success of bystander intervention in the campuses.

Part B: Literature Review Methodology and Matrix

Literature Review Methodology

To conduct this literature review, total of five students undertook the processes of researching from credible sources and publications which included Journal of American College Health, Sage Publications and typing nature of content desired on the search engines followed by the term “Journal Article”. On the search, the timeframe was constrained from 2017-2021. Sexual assault detection, sexual assault intervention and prevention were the main terms used to help extract articles which were 15. Among the 15 peer-reviewed articles, three articles which addressed three questions-topic of interest, evidence-based practice intervention to address the health issue, and the third article which was found to best contain specific information about the intervention that has been implemented in the addressing the health issue.

Literature Review Matrix: Focus Sexual Assault Risk Detection and Prevention

Article and in-text Citation	Key Points from Article	Determinant of Sexual Assault Risk Detection and intervention to prevent sexual assault.	Real-World Application of Points
Melkonian, A. J., Ham, L. S., Bridges, A. J., & Fugitt, J. L. (2017). Facial emotion identification and sexual assault risk detection among college student sexual assault victims and nonvictims. Journal of American college health, 65(7), 466-473. (Melkonian et al…,2017).	· Victimization differs across gender, with women more likely to be victimized than men. · Emotion identification scores and sexual assault vignette risk detection are positively correlated. · Individuals with victimization history show a positive relationship between emotion identification and risk detection.	· Accuracy in emotion recognition improves sexual assault risk detection. · The individuals that have been victims of sexual assault but lack identification ability for emotions, expressions or nonverbal cues are poor sexual assault risk detection.	· Social information processing, which is an accurate interpretation of situational, social, and nonverbal cues improves sexual assault risk detection. · There is a need to train people, especially women emotional awareness cues and how to interpret emotions and nonverbal cues.
Senn, C. Y., Eliasziw, M., Hobden, K. L., Barata, P. C., Radtke, H. L., Thurston, W. E., & Newby-Clark, I. R. (2021). Testing a model of how a sexual assault resistance education program for women reduces sexual assaults. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(1), 20-36. (Senn et al…, 2021).	· The total effect of the EAAA program was a 45% reduction in the risk of completed rape. · Sexual assault outcomes reduced significantly with the implementation of EAAA.	· EAAA sexual assault resistance education program increase risk detection cues, decrease obstacles to risk detection and improve women’s effective use of self-defense. · EAAA substantially reduces sexual assault and victimization.	· On the campuses, EAAA sexual assault resistance education programs can be adopted and taught to female students. · Teaching EAAA equips female students with knowledge of effective resistance strategies in acquaintances situations and sexual assault cues in men’s behavior that would lead to a significant decrease in sexual assault on the campuses.
Reynolds-Tylus, T., Lukacena, K. M., & Quick, B. L. (2019). An application of the theory of normative social behavior to bystander intervention for sexual assault. Journal of American college health, 67(6), 551-559 (Reynolds-Tylus, Lukacena & Quick, 2019).	· Descriptive norms are positively associated with the intention to intervene to prevent sexual assault. · Injunctive norms and expectation outcomes are positively associated with intention. · When both injunctive and descriptive norms are high, individual intention to intervene to prevent sexual assault is high.	· The bystander intervention program is the specific program implemented and suitable for the prevention and reduction of sexual assault on the campuses. · The theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) has successfully been applied in the bystander intervention program.	· Campuses should implement bystander intervention programs to mitigate the prevalence rate of sexual assault. · Emotional awareness of bystanders, training on nonverbal cues communication and recognition, are initiatives that should be taken to make bystander intervention programs more effective.