Ashley (need help)

American Journal of Public Health | February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2200 | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | Peer Reviewed | Williams et al.

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies

| David R. Williams, PhD, MPH, Harold W. Neighbors, PhD, and James S. Jackson, PhDThe authors review the avail- able empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between per- ceptions of racial/ethnic dis- crimination and health. This research indicates that dis- crimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, men- tal health status.

However, the extant re- search does not adequately address whether and how ex- posure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measure- ment of discrimination, re- search designs, and inatten- tion to the way in which the association between discrimi- nation and health unfolds over the life course.

Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrim- ination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which dis- crimination can lead to changes in health. (Am J Pub- lic Health. 2003;93:200–208)

THERE IS GROWING SCIENTIFIC interest in examining the extent to which perceptions of racial/ ethnic discrimination are a type of stressful life experience that can adversely affect health.1–5

The stress induced by personal experiences of racial bias is viewed as one mechanism by which racism in the larger soci- ety can affect health.6–8 Here we review the evidence for an asso- ciation between discrimination and health in population-based studies. Gaps in the literature are identified, along with critical next steps for advancing research in this area.

RACIAL BIAS AND HEALTH: THE EVIDENCE

A 1999 review of the litera- ture on discrimination and health identified 15 studies of racial/eth- nic discrimination,1 and a 2000 review of studies restricted to mental health identified 13 stud- ies.2 Our goal here is to update these earlier reviews. We used the key word prejudice to search the MEDLINE database from 1998 to the present and the key- words discrimination, race dis- crimination, ethnic discrimination, social discrimination, and racism to search the PSYCHINFO and SOCIOFILE databases for the same period. We limited our search to population-based empir- ical studies that examined the as- sociation between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and a particular indicator of health. We excluded studies involving college student samples9–11 and studies in

which the outcome measured was an aspect of medical care12,13

or stress.14 We identified a total of 53 studies, 24 of them published between 2000 and the present, reflecting the increasing number of studies in this area.

Table 1 lists the included stud- ies and characterizes the associa- tion between perceived discrimi- nation and health status. A positive association indicates that higher levels of discrimination were associated with higher lev- els of illness/health risk in a mul- tivariate model that included ad- justment for demographic and socioeconomic factors (if avail- able). A negative association indi- cates that higher levels of dis- crimination were associated with lower levels of illness/health risk. A conditional association indi- cates the presence of a positive association but only under cer- tain conditions. No association in- dicates that discrimination was unrelated to health status. We ac- knowledge that, by focusing on published articles, we may over- state the strength of the evi- dence. Multiple articles published as part of a single study, such as the Detroit Area Study,15–18 the National Study of Black Ameri- cans,19–22 and the National Sur- vey of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom,23,24 sometimes focus on different outcomes but involve overlapping health status measures in certain instances.

MENTAL HEALTH

Mental health status was the most common outcome exam-

ined. Of the 53 studies reviewed, 32 included at least one measure of mental health. Scales of non- specific distress were the most common mental health indicators used. Of the 25 associations ex- amined for psychological distress, 20 studies reported a positive as- sociation between discrimination and distress,15,18,20,21,25–39,41 3 re- ported a conditional associa- tion,42–44 and 2 reported no as- sociation.19,40 Six studies examined measures of psycho- logical well-being such as happiness and life satisfac- tion,15,18,20,35,42,45 5 examined self-esteem,25,40,45–47 and 3 fo- cused on perceptions of mastery or control.27,45,48 In the case of each of these mental health indi- cators, all but one study45 re- ported a positive association with discrimination.

Four studies21,23,34,49 examined the relationship between per- ceived discrimination and a diag- nosis of major depression, and 3 revealed a positive association. Other studies focusing on mental health examined generalized anxiety disorder,34 early initia- tion of substance use,50 psy- chosis,23 and anger,50 and all re- ported a positive association with discrimination. None of the men- tal health studies showed a nega- tive association.

PHYSICAL HEALTH

General self-report measures were the most commonly used indicators of physical health sta- tus. Six studies15–17,23,24,51 in- cluded a global self-rated health

February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2 | American Journal of Public Health Williams et al. | Peer Reviewed | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | 201

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

TABLE 1—Studies of Perceived Discrimination and Health

Positive Negative Conditional No Associationa Associationb Associationc Associationd Total

Mental health studies

Well-being 15, 18, 20, 35, 42 45 6

Self-esteem 25, 40, 46, 47 45 5

Control/mastery 27, 48 45 3

Psychological distress 15, 18, 20, 21, 25–39, 41 42–44 19, 40 25

Major depression 23, 34, 49 21 4

Anxiety disorder 34 1

Other mental disorder 23, 50 2

Anger 50 1

Total 38 0 3 6 47

Physical health studies

Self-rated health 15–17, 23, 24, 51 6

Other self-report 15, 16, 20, 23, 37, 51 19, 52 23, 24, 33 11

Blood pressure 52, 55, 56 23, 24, 57, 58, 59 55, 60, 61 11

Other cardiovascular 62 24, 61 3

Mortality 22 1

Very low birthweight 63 64 2

Total 16 0 9 9 34

Health behavior studies

Smoking 26, 65, 66 3

Alcohol 67, 68 2

Total 5 0 0 0 5

Overall total 59 0 12 15 86

Note. Italicized numbers represent the relevant article’s location in the reference list. Totals are the sums of the numbers of articles reporting various types of empirical associations between perceived discrimination and indicators of health status/health risk. Many of the articles reviewed examined multiple outcomes, so the number of associations summarized (86) exceeded the number of articles examined (53). aDefined as more perceived discrimination associated with higher levels of illness/health risk. bDefined as more perceived discrimination associated with lower levels of illness/health risk. cDefined as a positive association but only under some conditions. dDiscrimination unrelated to health status/health risk.

item as an outcome variable, and all reported that discrimination was associated with poorer health status. Eleven studies examined other self-report indicators of health status, including chronic conditions, indicators of disability, and other global ratings of health. Six of these studies revealed a positive relationship with discrim- ination,15,16,20,23,37,51 2 reported a positive association only under some conditions,19,52 and 3 re- ported no association.23,24,33

There has also been consider- able interest in the relationship

between perceptions of discrimi- nation and blood pressure and in the potential for discrimination to account, at least in part, for the elevated prevalence of hyperten- sion among African Ameri- cans.53,54 Eleven studies exam- ined this association, and the findings were complex. A positive association between discrimina- tion and blood pressure was found in 3 studies52,55,56; in an additional 5 studies, the effect was dependent on coping style,57,58 sex or social class,59 or ethnicity.23,24 In 2 studies, reports

of no previous exposure to dis- crimination were associated with elevated blood pressure among at least some respondents,58,59 and 3 studies showed that discrimina- tion was unrelated to blood pres- sure or hypertension.55,60,61

Some studies have also exam- ined other cardiovascular out- comes. One study revealed a pos- itive association between chronic everyday discrimination and the development of atherosclerotic disease (intima-media thickness) in the carotid artery among Black women but not among

White women,62 but in 2 studies discrimination was unrelated to self-reported heart disease.24,61

A range of other outcomes have also been examined. One study reported a positive associa- tion between perceived discrimi- nation and low birthweight only among women with high scores on other risk factors63; in another study, however, these 2 variables were unrelated.64 Results from a national sample showed that dis- crimination was related to ele- vated mortality risks over a 13- year follow-up period among African Americans who had self- blaming as opposed to external attributional orientations.22

Recognizing that health be- haviors may be the pathway through which perceptions of discrimination can affect health, several recent studies have ex- amined cigarette smoking and al- cohol use. Three studies re- vealed a positive association between discrimination and ciga- rette smoking,26,65,66 and 2 oth- ers reported similar associations for alcohol use.67,68 Two studies examined the contributions of discrimination to explaining ra- cial disparities in health. Both showed that, after consideration of socioeconomic status, percep- tions of discrimination made an incremental contribution in ac- counting for Black–White differ- ences in self-reported physical health.15,37

GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE

Generally, discrimination is associated with poor health sta- tus, and the association is strongest in the case of mental health. Although most studies have involved probability sam- ples, there is considerable varia- tion in methodological quality, with virtually every study hav-

American Journal of Public Health | February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2202 | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | Peer Reviewed | Williams et al.

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

ing at least one serious method- ological limitation such as a small sample size, a limited number of statistical analyses, inadequate controls for potential confounders, inadequate assess- ment of discrimination or health status (or both), and reliance on cross-sectional data (only 3 of the studies included involved prospective data). Nonetheless, the consistency of the finding that discrimination is associated with higher rates of disease is quite robust. However, we do not know the extent to which exposure to perceived discrimi- nation leads to increased risk of disease, the conditions under which this might occur, or the mechanisms and processes that might be involved.

It is also not clear whether there is a dose–response rela- tionship between discrimination and changes in health status. As noted, some studies have re- vealed nonlinear patterns in the association between perceived discrimination and blood pres- sure.1,58,59,69 At present, we do not know the threshold for expo- sure to, appraisal of, or response to the stress of discrimination that is necessary to alter disease processes. It is also not clear whether persistent exposure to perceived discrimination accen- tuates the impact of exposure to the stressor or leads to patterns of habituation, such that the ef- fect of perceived discrimination is minimized.

The coverage of population groups has also been selective. Only 6 studies have focused on children or adolescents,25,41,46,47,50,66

while the vast majority have fo- cused on adults. Most have been based in the United States, but recent studies have included im- migrant groups in Canada,32,44

England,23,24 Ireland,41 the

Netherlands,45,47 and Finland.29

Most US research has focused on the experience of African Ameri- cans, but there has been increas- ing attention to other racial/eth- nic groups. Most of the studies comparing 2 racial groups have been limited to Blacks and Whites.

A RESEARCH AGENDA

Clearly, research on discrimi- nation and health is in its in- fancy. However, the available ev- idence suggests that perceived discrimination is an important though understudied race-related stressor that may adversely affect health. Because perceived dis- crimination represents a type of stressful life experience, there is much that can be learned from the larger stress literature that can inform and structure future research in this area. We con- sider insights related both to measurement of discrimination and to mechanisms and proc- esses by which it can affect health.

MEASURING DISCRIMINATION

One of the critically important issues for future research is to improve the assessment of dis- crimination in health studies.1,53

There is not a consensus in the literature as to the optimal mea- sures to capture exposure to dis- crimination. We found wide vari- ability in how discrimination is assessed, with no approach clearly standing out as superior to others. The extant measures vary considerably in both their length and content. Only a few studies employed scales with multiple items, although some in- cluded elaborate and lengthy scales. Some measures seek to

capture acute experiences of dis- crimination, others capture only chronic experiences, some cap- ture both, and many make no distinction between acute and chronic indicators.

In most studies, participants’ exposure to discrimination is measured at one point in time. In some studies, respondents have been asked to provide a retro- spective report regarding expo- sure to perceived discrimination over their life course, while other studies have involved a 30-day, 1-year, or 3-year time frame.

Comprehensive Coverage: Acute and Chronic Discrimination

The literature on assessment of stress offers important lessons for the study of discriminatory experiences. As is the case with other stressful experiences, dis- crimination is multidimensional, and its assessment should pro- vide comprehensive coverage of all relevant domains. The most commonly assessed types of stressful experiences are life events, chronic stress, and daily hassles, and they all have their analogues among existing mea- sures of discrimination. Life events are discrete, observable stressors. Chronic stressors are ongoing problems that are often role related. “Daily hassles” re- fers to chronic or episodic irrita- tions that are minor.

Major acute experiences of ra- cial bias are the most commonly assessed type of discriminatory experience. We found that few studies have provided psycho- metric data regarding the mea- sures of discrimination used. Many of the studies involving multiple-item scales reported Cronbach α coefficients, but only 6 attempted some type of scale validation such as test–

retest convergence/stability or factor analysis.26,29,39,46,60,65

Many of these studies focused on the 18-item Schedule of Rac- ist Events.26 Psychometric prop- erties have also been reported for other measures.70,71

However, not all psychometric data are necessary for all mea- sures of exposure to discrimina- tion. While a measure of internal reliability is relevant for indices that assess chronic exposure to discrimination, it is not an appro- priate statistic for a checklist of acute experiences of discrimina- tion. As has been argued in the literature on stressful life events, the items included in inventories measuring acute stressful experi- ences are not intended as alterna- tive indicators of a single under- lying construct.72,73 Because the experience of one of these events does not necessarily increase the likelihood of another, internal re- liability should not be expected for such a checklist, and evidence of high internal reliability may suggest that there are problems involving item redundancy.72

The preceding also under- scores the importance of compre- hensive assessment of acute ex- periences of discrimination. Because these experiences are largely independent of each other, failure to include relevant events understates exposure to discrimination and thus underes- timates the association between acute discrimination and health. At the same time, test–retest reli- ability—not for the total checklist of acute experiences of discrimi- nation but for the specific stress- ors themselves—is appropriate in the evaluation of acute measures of perceived discrimination.

In the general literature on stress, chronic stressors are stronger predictors of onset and course of illness than are acute

February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2 | American Journal of Public Health Williams et al. | Peer Reviewed | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | 203

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

life events74; they are challeng- ing to measure, however, and few studies have comprehen- sively assessed them and exam- ined their effects on health, and even fewer have focused on objective health outcomes.75

Conceptually, persistent and re- peated experiences of discrimi- nation are especially relevant in identifying the contribution of discrimination to health condi- tions in which onset and progres- sion are characterized by long periods of time. To date, assess- ment of chronic discrimination has focused on the domains of work and education.71 There is a need to focus beyond the inter- personal conflicts and tensions associated with these contexts and assess chronic stressors, such as persistent noise, air pol- lution, or crowding, that can also be consequences of institutional discrimination.76 In addition, as is the case with the larger litera- ture on chronic stressors, mea- sures of chronic exposure to discrimination need to devote more attention on directly as- sessing duration and frequency of exposure.75

Comprehensive Coverage: Traumas, Nonevents, and Macrostressors

Traumas, nonevents, and macrostressors are other distinc- tive types of stressors77 that point to promising areas of expansion for comprehensively assessing discrimination. Traumas are acute or chronic stressors, such as sexual assault or natural disas- ters, that are very serious, over- whelming in impact, and usually regarded as outside of the typical range of human experience. Al- though some experiences of dis- crimination that receive high- profile media coverage are clearly traumatic, we know little

about their prevalence in the general population, and current assessment strategies do not gather the contextual information necessary to identify traumatic experiences.

Macrostressors are large-scale, systems-related stressors such as economic recessions. Highly pub- licized race-related traumatic events may also be macrostres- sors. Such experiences can lead to vicarious discrimination, and the effects of historical trauma in- volving an individual’s racial/eth- nic group may be transmitted across generations.78 Some of the items included in the Cultural Racism and Collective Racism subscales of the Index of Race- Related Stress appear to capture macrostressors.79

Nonevents are desired and ex- pected experiences that fail to occur. Nonevents appear to be especially appropriate to the study of racial bias, because one key characteristic of racism is its ability to produce blocked oppor- tunity.80(p99–128) Some types of nonevents, such as being denied a promotion, are captured by ex- isting measures of acute experi- ences of discrimination, but the literature has yet to characterize exposure to this stressor in a sys- tematic way.

The stress literature indicates that the various types of stress have independent effects on health, such that an evaluation of the full impact of stress re- quires inclusion of all relevant classes of stressors.77,81 It is thus likely that, as a result of the liter- ature’s failure to consider the distinct and cumulative impact of multiple dimensions of perceived discrimination, current assess- ments of the strength of the as- sociation between perceived dis- crimination and health represent underestimates.

Comprehensive Coverage: Content

The stress literature has indi- cated that it is crucial for mea- sures of stressors to provide ade- quate representation of all of the stressful experiences occurring in individuals’ lives.74,82 This issue is relevant to the measures of perceived discrimination that have been used to date, espe- cially among population sub- groups such as children, adoles- cents, and the elderly. One strategy that has been used to identify additional stressors is the use of follow-up probes that seek to elicit important stressors that may not have been captured by standard questions.72 A similar approach should be used in stud- ies of acute and chronic mea- sures of discrimination. The data obtained could enable us to iden- tify the extent to which there are experiences of discrimination that are not included in our exist- ing measures.

At the same time, the stress lit- erature also indicates that more items do not necessarily translate into a better measure, because not all stressful experiences are equally likely to affect health. All stressors are not equivalent, with as many as half of the items on inventories of life events having little or no association with health status for most individu- als.72,73 A judicious selection of 30 to 50 events is regarded as adequate to capture exposure to acute stressful experiences.72

Thus, research is needed to iden- tify the specific indicators of dis- crimination that are associated with health status.

Variations in role occupancy can also affect variations in expo- sure to stress, especially in the case of assessment of role-related stressors.72 Among the most prevalent forms of chronic role-

related discrimination is discrimi- nation at work. One measure- ment solution in the area of role- related workplace discrimination and other forms of role-related discrimination is to establish the number of roles occupied by an individual and adjust for role oc- cupancy in assessing the effects of role-related stressors on health status.72

Identifying Relevant Characteristics of Stressors, Appraisals, and Situations

Research reveals that the as- sociation between a stressor and health varies when specific char- acteristics of the stressful experi- ence are taken into account.73

Key aspects of stressful life expe- riences include the domain in which the event occurs, the magnitude of the event, the tem- poral characteristics of the event, and the nature of the re- lationship between the stressor in question and other race- related and non-race-related stressors.74 Thus, more informa- tion about discrimination and its particular context is necessary for determining its impact. Some measures of discrimination at- tempt to assess severity by hav- ing respondents rate their expe- riences according to their stressfulness.26,35 However, this approach has been rejected in the larger stress literature be- cause it fails to separate mea- sures of exposure from mea- sures of reactions to stressors.73

Also, inadequate attention has been given to the temporal char- acteristics and course of particu- lar stressors in general74 and measures of discrimination in particular. Stressors can be char- acterized according to the dura- tion of exposure to the event, du- ration of the appraised threat or demand, and duration of behav-

American Journal of Public Health | February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2204 | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | Peer Reviewed | Williams et al.

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

ioral, emotional, or physiological responses to the stressor.83 Other temporal characteristics, such as the continuousness or repetitive- ness of the stressor, may also be important.74,84

Certain individual and con- textual factors may increase one’s vulnerability to stressful experiences by accentuating ap- praisal of the stress.74 However, we do not know the characteris- tics of individuals or situations that modify the effects of per- ceived discrimination on health. Beliefs about oneself and the environment are individual fac- tors that might affect appraisals of stress. The salience of racial consciousness and identity might function in this way for race-related stressors.10,11,16,24,85

Similarly, resources such as so- cial support and feelings of con- trol could enhance an individ- ual’s capacity to cope and respond to stressful experiences. Attention should also be given to the long-term consequences of moderating variables. For ex- ample, factors such as disposi- tional optimism could enhance adaptive capacities, while cop- ing styles such as denial, repres- sion, and neuroticism might pro- vide short-term relief but have longer term negative effects on health.

Assessments of characteris- tics of discriminatory experi- ences should include character- istics of the perpetrator. One study of African Americans showed that experiences of dis- crimination were more strongly related to psychological distress when the perpetrator was also Black than when the perpetra- tor was White.38 However, a laboratory-based study revealed that the race of the perpetrator had little impact on partici- pants’ responses.86

Assessing Discrimination Over the Life Course

An important challenge for fu- ture research is to capture expo- sure to experiences of discrimi- nation over the life course. At present, it is not clear whether the effects of exposure to dis- crimination are cumulative. Ex- isting longitudinal analyses have failed to characterize exposure to perceived discrimination throughout the follow-up period. For example, the National Study of Black Americans captured ex- posure to discrimination within the previous 30 days at baseline and used the same window of exposure in subsequent waves.19,22

An important barrier to long- term retrospective reports of dis- crimination is substantial error due to forgetting. Some evidence suggests that the falloff in report- ing stressors occurs at a rate of 5% per month.87 Recent re- search on the structure of autobi- ographical memory reveals that event history calendars can facili- tate reconstruction of past events more completely and accurately and lead to better quality retro- spective reports than traditional questionnaires.88,89 These ap- proaches should be used to cap- ture exposure to discrimination over the life course.

Subjective Nature of Reports Many researchers are con-

cerned about the shared re- sponse biases that can occur when both the measure of stress and measures of health status are based on self-reports. This is es- pecially important in mental health studies in which there is concern about confounding be- tween reports of discrimination and health based on selective re- call as a function of current men- tal health status.73 However, the

available evidence suggests that these fears may not be war- ranted.53 For example, a national longitudinal study of African Americans revealed no associa- tion between baseline measures of major depression or psycho- logical distress and subsequent reports of racial discrimination.21

Several strategies that have been used to improve individu- als’ accuracy in reporting stress- ors should be applied to the study of discrimination as well. These strategies include using cues to memory such as visual representations and reminders of personally salient events, word- ing questions in ways that clearly define the domain of the experi- ence being captured, and using a life events calendar, which helps to identify the onset and resolu- tion of stressful experiences. These efforts have been shown to substantially increase the relia- bility of reports of stressful expe- riences.90 Establishing the accu- racy of reports of perceptions of discrimination is important in correctly estimating the associa- tion between discrimination and health outcomes.

Another strategy for address- ing the potential of bias in obser- vational studies is to include sta- tistical adjustment for potentially confounding factors. Such adjust- ment strengthens the analytic de- sign and increases the likelihood that observed associations be- tween perceived discrimination and health outcomes might re- flect a causal relationship. Most of the studies reviewed included controls for sociodemographic variables, and some controlled for other stressors; however, few adjusted for additional psycho- logical variables. A clear consen- sus has yet to emerge regarding the potential confounding vari- ables that should be included in

such studies. Personality disposi- tions such as neuroticism, social desirability, and negative affect are promising candidates.91

Measurement: Framing the Question

One debate that has emerged in the literature is the extent to which race should be made salient in assessments of discrimi- nation. Williams and col- leagues15–18,34 have adopted an approach that downplays the sa- lience of race and frames expo- sure to discrimination in terms of “unfair treatment.” Once a partic- ular unfair treatment experience has been endorsed, the respon- dent is asked to indicate the source of this unfair treatment and is allowed to select from multiple social status categories, including race and ethnicity. It has been suggested by some that this approach may not truly cap- ture racial discrimination,92 but the current evidence in support of such a view is weak.53

At the same time, approaches to the assessment of discrimina- tion that involve long lists of questions in which a respondent is repeatedly asked whether a particular event occurred “be- cause of your race” can produce demand characteristics that lead to either overreports or underre- ports of exposure. One study of college students showed that the use of discrimination terminology in the wording of questions leads to higher self-reports of both ra- cial and sex discrimination.93

Complex Relationships Among Stressors

Another important issue in the literature is that of gaining an un- derstanding of how multiple types of discrimination relate to each other as well as to other types of stressors. Chronic stress is linked to exacerbation of the

February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2 | American Journal of Public Health Williams et al. | Peer Reviewed | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | 205

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

effects of acute life events, espe- cially when the life domains af- fected by these events are the same as those affected by chronic stress.73 Experience of a particular acute stressor may also change the meaning of other on- going chronic stressors, generate new stressors, or exacerbate ex- isting ongoing strains.72,94

Losing one’s job because of one’s race (acute discrimination) can trigger a chronic stressor such as financial strain, which in turn can exacerbate marital con- flict. This example illustrates that chronic or acute experiences of discrimination may magnify the impact of other non-race-related stressors. Turner and Avison95 at- tempted to address this complex relationship among multiple types of stressors by obtaining detailed information about each reported event in terms of both when it began and when it ended. More generally, research on discrimination needs to con- sider the joint effects of acute and chronic stressors, especially within the same domain.

Studying Individual Events Future research should focus

on studying individual experi- ences of discrimination to pro- vide an understanding of both the causal processes by which these stressors might affect health and the pathways through which they operate, as well as the coping challenges, resources, and vulnerabilities that can play a role in these processes.73 The study of individual events might also enhance our understanding of the specific aspects of discrimi- nation that would affect the strength of its association with health status.

One approach to obtaining rich contextual data on discrimi- nation is use of the Life Events

and Difficulties Schedule,96 a semistructured intensive personal interview that allows for detailed qualitative probes to identify the contextual threat of events, severity levels, and the timing of events in relationship to the onset of health problems. Some evidence suggests that such in- tense interviewing methods are effective in terms of dating events.97 However, this approach is not without its problems.73 It is labor intensive and requires highly trained interviewers, and, more important, the contextual rating of the stressful experience often incorporates important in- formation about stress modifiers into the stress severity rating.

Nonetheless, this approach might yield useful foundational data for future research on dis- crimination. It can shed light on many of our unanswered ques- tions, facilitating identification of traumatic experiences of discrim- ination, the key characteristics of perceived discrimination that are related to changes in health sta- tus, the range of coping re- sponses to discrimination, and the complex ways in which expe- riences of discrimination are re- lated to other stressors.

FROM ASSOCIATIONS TO UNDERLYING PROCESSES

A major challenge in future re- search is to think more carefully about the models by which per- ceived discrimination might ad- versely affect health status, in- cluding focusing more explicit attention on the plausible path- ways by which these effects might occur. One of the most critical needs is for more careful research attention to the specific mechanisms by which percep- tions of discrimination might ad- versely affect health. The litera-

ture on stress and health indi- cates that stressors influence physical illness primarily through causing negative emotional states such as anxiety and depression, which in turn can have direct ef- fects on biological processes or patterns of behavior that affect disease risk.74

It is instructive that mental health has been the most fre- quently studied outcome in the research literature on discrimina- tion and health and that, consis- tently, perceptions of discrimina- tion tend to be associated with poorer mental health status. Re- searchers studying the associa- tion between perceptions of dis- crimination and health can view measures of mental health status as intermediary mechanisms by which perceptions of discrimina- tion might ultimately affect physi- cal disease processes.

Research needs to assess the extent to which reports of dis- crimination and the negative emotional states created by them might lead to health behaviors, such as impaired sleep patterns, decreased physical activity, in- creased substance use, and overeating, that may ultimately affect disease risk. Use of tobacco and alcohol and poor diets have been established as risk factors for multiple chronic illnesses. As noted, some studies have shown that exposure to discrimination is associated with problem drink- ing67,68 and cigarette smoking.65

Experiences of discrimination and the negative affect created by them may also lead to lower levels of compliance with med- ical recommendations.74 This lat- ter mechanism has not yet been explored in the literature.

In studying how individuals confront and adapt to discrimina- tion, it is also important to focus on the potential positive, as well

as negative, consequences. Some stressful life experiences can change people’s perspectives in ways that can improve and en- hance their coping capacity and make them better able to deal with future stressful experiences. A growing literature on trauma- related growth documents that some individuals experience pos- itive changes in their lives as a result of adaptation to traumatic experiences.98

At this early stage of the re- search, we do not understand how exposure to discrimination leads to changes in particular bi- ological responses and health be- haviors. Future research needs to identify the conditions under which particular types of expo- sure affect health. A broad range of health-related outcomes should be used to examine the specificity of underlying proc- esses. Research also needs to identify the specific physiological systems (cardiovascular, neuroen- docrine, immune) that are af- fected by discrimination.

In addition, we are largely un- aware of what may be the cru- cial psychological or biological vulnerability factors and the ex- tent to which the same race- related stressor can produce dif- ferent responses in different individuals. We are equally un- aware of the individual factors, both genetic and psychological, that result in some organ sys- tems being especially vulnerable to the health effects of discrimi- nation. Some evidence suggests, for example, that greater genetic vulnerability to depression is as- sociated with an increased im- pact of stressful life experiences on major depression.73

The model of underlying processes should also guide se- lection of the measure of discrim- ination most appropriate for a

American Journal of Public Health | February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2206 | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | Peer Reviewed | Williams et al.

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

particular study. The target popu- lation and its characteristics, as well as the research questions used, should guide the selection of the most appropriate measure of discrimination. The optimal measure of a stressor depends on understanding the disease and its course, especially the particular stage of the disease that is under investigation.74

For example, the appropriate measure of discrimination for studying a disease, such as ather- osclerosis, that develops over dec- ades would be different from the measure used to study a new episode of major depression. The relevant measure might differ for research questions focused on un- derstanding onset of disease and research questions seeking to cap- ture progression or course of dis- ease. Thus, the choice of instru- ment and research design should be linked to the particular re- search context. Depending on the question, there may be a need to capture lifetime exposures to stressful experiences as well as the timing of such exposures.

CONCLUSIONS

Race plays a significant role as a determinant of health in the United States. Racial disparities in all-cause and infant mortality are larger now than they were in 1950.99 The persistence of racial inequalities in health must be understood in light of the persistence of racialized social structures that affect health sta- tus in multiple ways.8,100 The re- search reviewed here suggests that the subjective experience of racial bias may be a neglected determinant of health and a contributor to racial disparities in health.

Perceptions of discrimination appear to induce physiological

and psychological arousal, and, as is the case with other psycho- social stressors, systematic expo- sure to experiences of discrimina- tion may have long-term consequences for health. These experiences are part of the social and psychological context in which disease risk emerges and within which effective interven- tions to improve health must be embedded. Although the rigor- ous scientific research that would allow us to evaluate causal direc- tionality in the discrimination– health association is still in the future, the available evidence suggests that there is likely to be a high payoff in pursuing this line of research.

Despite the many inadequa- cies noted in assessment of dis- crimination and the limitations of earlier research, there is sub- stantial consistency of results, especially among the method- ologically strongest studies. Findings are consistent as well with the larger literature on stress and the mechanisms by which potential stressors can af- fect health. It is impressive that perceptions of discrimination tend to be associated with poorer health across a broad range of outcomes and across socially disadvantaged groups in different societies. Nonetheless, virtually all of the studies con- ducted in this field have in- volved limitations with respect to comprehensively assessing discrimination and identifying accumulation of exposures over the life course. The promise of the research findings in this area and the research directions out- lined here suggest an urgent need to systematically assess the extent to which exposure and adaptation to racial/ethnic bias affect the health of various pop- ulation groups.

About the Authors The authors are with the Institute for So- cial Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Requests for reprints should be sent to David R. Williams, PhD, MPH, Institute for Social Research, University of Michi- gan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 (e-mail: wildavid@umich. edu).

This article was accepted October 21, 2002.

Contributors All of the authors contributed to the conceptualization of this article. D. R. Williams and H. W. Neighbors analyzed the data, and all of the authors con- tributed to the writing of the article.

Acknowledgments Preparation of this commentary was supported by grant MH 59575 from the National Institute of Mental Health and by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Net- work on Socioeconomic Status and Health.

We wish to thank Scott Wyatt, Carl Hill, Rashid Njai, and Car Nosel for as- sistance with research and manuscript preparation.

References 1. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health conse- quences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv. 1999;29:295–352.

2. Williams DR, Williams-Morris R. Racism and mental health: the African American experience. Ethn Health. 2000;5:243–268.

3. Harrell JP, Merritt MM, Kalu J. Racism, stress, and disease. In: Jones RL, ed. African American Mental Health. Hampton, Va: Cobb & Henry Publish- ers; 1998:247–280.

4. Dion KL. The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination. Can Psychol. 2001;43:1–10.

5. Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54:805–816.

6. Williams DR. Racism and health: a research agenda. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:1–6.

7. Rollock D, Gordon EW. Racism and mental health into the 21st cen- tury: perspectives and parameters. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70:5–13.

8. Jones CP. Levels of racism: a theo- retical framework and a gardener’s tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90: 1212–1215.

9. Ying Y, Lee PA, Tsai JL. Cultural orientation and racial discrimination: predictors of coherence in Chinese American young adults. J Community Psychol. 2000;28:427–442.

10. Fischer AR, Shaw CM. African Americans’ mental health and percep- tions of racist discrimination: the mod- erating effects of racial socialization ex- periences and self-esteem. J Counseling Psychol. 1999;46:395–407.

11. Branscombe NR, Schmitt MT, Har- vey RD. Perceiving pervasive discrimi- nation among African Americans: impli- cations for group identification and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77: 135–149.

12. Auslander WF, Thompson SJ, Dre- itzer D, Santiago JV. Mothers’ satisfac- tion with medical care: perceptions of racism, family stress, and medical out- comes in children with diabetes. Health Soc Work. 1997;22:190–199.

13. Klassen AC, Hall AG, Saksvig B, Curbow B, Klassen DK. Relationship be- tween patients’ perceptions of disadvan- tage and discrimination and listing for kidney transplantation. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:811–817.

14. Stancil TR, Hertz-Picciotto I, Schramm M, Watt-Morse M. Stress and pregnancy among African-American women. Pediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2000;14:127–135.

15. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson J, An- derson N. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socioeconomic sta- tus, stress, and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2:335–351.

16. Williams DR, Spencer M, Jackson JS. Race, stress, and physical health: the role of group identity. In: Contrada RJ, Ashmore RD, eds. Self, Social Identity, and Physical Health: Interdisciplinary Ex- plorations. New York, NY: Oxford Uni- versity Press Inc; 1999:71–100.

17. Schulz A, Israel B, Williams DR, Parker E, Becker A, James S. Social in- equalities, stressors and self-reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit metro- politan area. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51: 1639–1653.

18. Schulz A, Williams DR, Israel B, et al. Unfair treatment, neighborhood ef- fects, and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41:314–332.

19. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Rac- ism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132–147.

20. Williams DR, Chung AM. Racism

February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2 | American Journal of Public Health Williams et al. | Peer Reviewed | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | 207

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

and health. In: Gibson R, Jackson JS, eds. Health in Black America. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. In press.

21. Brown TN, Williams DR, Jackson JS, et al. Being black and feeling blue: the mental health consequences of ra- cial discrimination. Race Soc. 2000;2: 117–131.

22. LaVeist TA, Sellers R, Neighbors HW. Perceived racism and self and sys- tem blame attribution: consequences for longevity. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:711–721.

23. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. Relation be- tween racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. Am J Public Health. 2002;92: 624–631.

24. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. Agency and structure: the impact of ethnic identity and racism on the health of ethnic mi- nority people. Sociol Health Illness. 2002;24:1–20.

25. Rumbaut RG. The crucible within: ethnic identity, self-esteem, and seg- mented assimilation among children of immigrants. Int Migration Rev. 1994;28: 748–794.

26. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. The Schedule of Racist Events: a measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. J Black Psychol. 1996;22: 144–168.

27. Broman CL, Mavaddat R, Hsu S. The experiences and consequences of perceived racial discrimination: a study of African Americans. J Black Psychol. 2000;26:165–180.

28. Murry VM, Brown PA, Brody GH, Cutrona CE, Simons RL. Racial discrimi- nation as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning, and family relationships. J Marriage Fam. 2001;63:915–926.

29. Liebkind K, Jasinskaja-Lahti I. The influence of experiences of discrimina- tion on psychological stress: a compari- son of seven immigrant groups. J Com- munity Appl Soc Psychol. 2000;10: 1–16.

30. Finch BK, Kolody B, Vega WA. Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in Califor- nia. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41: 295–313.

31. Salgado de Snyder VN. Factors as- sociated with acculturative stress and depressive symptomatology among mar- ried Mexican immigrant women. Psychol Women Q. 1987;11:475–488.

32. Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, Hou F, Rummens J. Perceived racial discrimina- tion, depression, and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:193–207.

33. Gee GC. A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:615–623.

34. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Wil- liams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of per- ceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40: 208–230.

35. Williams DR. Race, stress, and mental health: findings from the Com- monwealth Minority Health Survey. In: Hogue C, Hargraves M, Scott-Collins K, eds. Minority Health in America: Find- ings and Policy Implications From the Commonwealth Fund Minority Health Survey. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2000:209–243.

36. Thompson VL. Perceived experi- ences of racism as stressful life events. Community Ment Health. 1996;32: 223–233.

37. Ren XS, Amick B, Williams DR. Racial/ethnic disparities in health: the interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status. Ethn Dis. 1999;9: 151–165.

38. Mays VM, Cochran SD. Racial dis- crimination and health outcomes in Af- rican Americans. In: Proceedings of the Public Health Conference on Records and Statistics and Data User’s Conference. Washington, DC: US Government Print- ing Office; 1998. CD-ROM 1.

39. Klonoff EA, Landrine H, Ullman JB. Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among blacks. Cultural Diver- sity Ethnic Minority Psych. 1999;5: 329–339.

40. Diaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E, Henne J, Marin BV. The impact of homopho- bia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:927–932.

41. Casey S, O’Connell M. Pain and prejudice: assessing the experience of racism in Ireland. In: MacLachlan M, O’Connell M, eds. Cultivating Pluralism: Psychological, Social and Cultural Per- spectives on a Changing Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Oak Tree Press; 2000:19–48.

42. Amaro H, Russo NF, Johnson J. Family and work predictors of psycho- logical well-being among Hispanic women professionals. Psychol Women Q. 1987;11:505–521.

43. Utsey SO, Payne Y. Psychological impacts of racism in a clinical versus normal sample of African American men. J Afr Am Men. 2000;5:57–72.

44. Dion KL, Dion KK, Pak AWP. Per- sonality-based hardiness as a buffer for discrimination-related stress in members

of Toronto’s Chinese community. Can J Behav Sci. 1992;24:517–536.

45. Verkuyten M, Nekuee S. Subjective well-being, discrimination and cultural conflict: Iranians living in the Nether- lands. Soc Indicators Res. 1999;47: 281–306.

46. Fisher CB, Wallace SA, Fenton RE. Discrimination distress during adoles- cence. J Youth Adolescence. 2000;29: 679–695.

47. Verkuyten M. Perceived discrimi- nation and self-esteem among ethnic minority adults. J Soc Psychol. 1998; 138:479–493.

48. Becker BE, Krzystofiak FJ. The in- fluence of labor market discrimination on locus of control. J Vocational Behav. 1982;21:60–70.

49. Siefert K, Bowman PJ, Helfin CM, Danzinger S, Williams DR. Social and environmental predictors of maternal depression in current and recent wel- fare recipients. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70:510–522.

50. Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, McMorris BJ, Chen X, Stubben JD. Perceived dis- crimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42:405–424.

51. Finch BK, Hummer RA, Kolody B, et al. The role of discrimination and ac- culturative stress in the physical health of Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2001;23:399–429.

52. James K, Lovato C, Khoo G. Social identity correlates of minority workers’ health. Acad Manage J. 1994;37: 383–396.

53. Williams DR, Neighbors HW. Rac- ism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:800–816.

54. Brondolo E, Rieppi R, Kelly KP, Gerin W. Perceived racism and blood pressure: a review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Ann Behav Med. In press.

55. Dressler WW. Lifestyle, stress, and blood pressure in a southern black com- munity. Psychosom Med. 1990;52: 182–198.

56. Guyll M, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT. Discrimination and un- fair treatment: relationship to cardiovas- cular reactivity among African Ameri- can and European American women. Health Psychol. 2001;20:315–325.

57. James SA, LaCroix AZ, Kleinbaum DG, Strogatz DS. John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men: II. The role of occupational stress- ors. J Behav Med. 1984;7:259–275.

58. Krieger N. Racial and gender dis- crimination: risk factors for high blood

pressure? Soc Sci Med. 1990;30: 1273–1281.

59. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial dis- crimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health. 1996; 86:1370–1378.

60. Poston WSC, Pavlik VN, Hyman DJ, et al. Genetic bottlenecks, perceived racism, and hypertension risk among African Americans and first-generation African immigrants. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15:341–351.

61. Broman CL. The health conse- quences of racial discrimination: a study of African Americans. Ethn Dis. 1996;6: 148–153.

62. Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical cardiovascular disease in African American and Caucasian women. Hypertension. In press.

63. Collins JW Jr, David RJ, Symons R, Handler A, Wall SN, Dwer L. Low- income African American mothers’ per- ception of exposure to racial discrimina- tion and infant birth weight. Epidemiology. 2000;11:337–339.

64. Murrell NL. Stress, self-esteem, and racism: relationships with low birth weight and preterm delivery in African American women. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 1996;8:45–53.

65. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. Racial discrimination and cigarette smoking among blacks: findings from two stud- ies. Ethn Dis. 2000;10:195–202.

66. Guthrie BJ, Young AM, Williams DR, Boyd CJ, Kintner EK. African American girls’ smoking habits and day- to-day experiences with racial discrimi- nation. Nurs Res. 2002;51:183–189.

67. Yen IH, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Fisher JM. Racial discrimination and al- cohol-related behavior in urban transit operators: findings from the San Fran- cisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Public Health Rep. 1999;114:448–458.

68. Yen IH, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Fisher JM. Workplace discrimination and alcohol consumption: findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Ethn Dis. 1999;9:70–80.

69. Krieger N, Sidney S. Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay dis- crimination: a study of Black and White women and men in the CARDIA co- hort. Int J Health Serv. 1997;27: 157–176.

70. Utsey SO. Assessing the stressful effects of racism: a review of instrumen- tation. J Black Psychol. 1998;24: 269–288.

71. McNeilly MD, Anderson NB, Arm-

American Journal of Public Health | February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2208 | Racial/Ethnic Bias and Health | Peer Reviewed | Williams et al.

⏐ RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH ⏐

stead CA, et al. The Perceived Racism Scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethn Dis. 1996;6: 154–166.

72. Turner RJ, Wheaton B. Checklist measurement of stressful life events. In: Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU, eds. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995:29–58.

73. Kessler RC. The effects of stressful life events on depression. In: Spence JT, ed. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 48. Palo Alto, Calif: Annual Reviews Inc; 1997:191–214.

74. Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU. Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders. In: Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU, eds. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995:3–26.

75. Lepore SJ. Measurement of chronic stressors. In: Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gor- don LU, eds. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995:102–120.

76. Williams DR, Collins CA. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Pub- lic Health Rep. 2001;116:404–416.

77. Wheaton B. The nature of stress- ors. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL, eds. A Handbook of the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Symptoms. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1999:176–197.

78. Harrell SP. A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70:42–57.

79. Utsey SO, Ponterotto JG. Develop- ment and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). J Counseling Psychol. 1996;43:490–501.

80. Neighbors HW, Williams DR. The Epidemiology of Mental Disorder. In: Braithwaite RL, Taylor SE, eds. Health issues in the black community. San Fran- cisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass Publishers; 2001:99–128.

81. Turner RJ, Wheaton B, Lloyd DA. The epidemiology of social stress. Am Sociol Rev. 1995;60:104–125.

82. Thoits PA. Dimensions of life events that influence psychological dis- tress: an evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In: Kaplan HB, ed. Psychoso- cial Research: Trends in Theory and Re- search. New York, NY: Academic Press Inc; 1983:33–103.

83. Baum A, Choen L, Hall M. Control and intrusive memories as possible de-

terminants of chronic stress. Psychosom Med. 1993;55:274–286.

84. Elliott G, Eisdorfer C. Stress and Human Health. New York, NY: Springer; 1982.

85. Jones DR, Harrell JP, Morris- Prather CE, Thomas J, Omowale N. Af- fective and physiological responses to racism: the roles of Afrocentrism and mode of presentation. Ethn Dis. 1996;6: 109–122.

86. Morris-Prather CE, Harrell JP, Collins R, Leonard KL, Boss M, Lee JW. Gender differences in mood and cardio- vascular responses to socially stressful stimuli. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:123–131.

87. Funch DP, Marshall JR. Measuring life events: factors affecting fall-off in the reporting of life events. J Health Soc Behav. 1984;25:453–464.

88. Belli RF. The structure of autobio- graphical memory and the event history calendar: potential improvements in the quality of retrospective reports in sur- veys. Memory. 1998;6:383–406.

89. Belli RF, Shay WL, Stafford FP. Event history calendars and question list surveys: a direct comparison of in- terviewing methods. Public Opin Q. 2001;65:45–74.

90. Kessler RC, Wethington E. The re- liability of life events: reports in a com- munity survey. Psychol Med. 1991;21: 1–16.

91. Watson D, Clark LA. Negative af- fectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychol Bull. 1984;96:465–490.

92. Brown TN. Measuring self-per- ceived racial and ethnic discrimination in social surveys. Sociol Spectrum. 2001; 21:377–392.

93. Gomez JP, Trierweiler S. Does dis- crimination terminology create response bias in questionnaire studies of discrimi- nation? Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2001;27: 630–638.

94. Pearlin L, Lieberman M, Menaghan E, Mullan J. The stress process. J Health Soc Behav. 1981;22:337–356.

95. Turner RJ, Avison WR. Innovations in the measurement of life stress: crisis theory and the significance of event res- olution. J Health Soc Behav. 1992;33: 36–50.

96. Brown GW, Harris T. Social Ori- gins of Depression. New York, NY: Free Press; 1978.

97. Wethington E, Brown GW, Kessler RC. Interview measurement of stressful life events. In: Cohen S, Kessler RC, Gordon LU, eds. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995:59–79.

98. Tedeschi RG, Park CL, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis. Hills- dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998.

99. Health, United States, 2001 With Urban and Rural Health Chartbook. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics; 2001.

100. Williams DR. Race, SES, and health: the added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:173–188.

American Public Health Association Publication Sales Web: www.apha.org E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (301) 893-1894 FAX: (301) 843-0159

Suitable for classroom discussions andprofessional workshops, this book of edited public health case studies illus- trates the ethical concerns and problems in public health research and practice. The sixteen chapters cover privacy and confidentiality protection, informed con- sent, ethics of randomized trials, the insti- tutional review board system, scientific misconduct, conflicting interests, cross- cultural research, genetic discrimination, and other topics. An instructor’s guide is also provided at the end.

ISBN 0-87553-232-2 1997 ❚ 182 pages ❚ softcover

$26.00 APHA Members $37.00 Nonmembers

plus shipping and handling

Case Studies in Public Health Ethics By Steven S. Coughlin, PhD, Colin L.

Soskolne, PhD, and Kenneth W. Goodman, PhD

ET02J2

This article has been cited by:

1. Alexis Jemal. 2018. Transformative Consciousness of Health Inequities: Oppression Is a Virus and Critical Consciousness Is the Antidote. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work 75. . [Crossref]

2. Lilli Mann-Jackson, Eunyoung Y. Song, Amanda E. Tanner, Jorge Alonzo, Julie M. Linton, Scott D. Rhodes. 2018. The Health Impact of Experiences of Discrimination, Violence, and Immigration Enforcement Among Latino Men in a New Settlement State. American Journal of Men's Health 155798831878509. [Crossref]

3. Menghan Shen. 2018. The effects of school desegregation on infant health. Economics & Human Biology . [Crossref] 4. Tse-Chuan Yang, I-Chien Chen, Seung-won Choi, Aysenur Kurtulus. 2018. Linking perceived discrimination during adolescence

to health during mid-adulthood: Self-esteem and risk-behavior mechanisms. Social Science & Medicine . [Crossref] 5. Jesse J. Plascak, Bernadette Hohl, Wendy E. Barrington, Shirley AA Beresford. 2018. Perceived neighborhood disorder, racial-

ethnic discrimination and leading risk factors for chronic disease among women: California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013. SSM - Population Health . [Crossref]

6. Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes, Pamela P. Martin, Nikeea Copeland-Linder, Eleanor K. Seaton, Niki Matusko, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, James S. Jackson. 2018. The Protective Role of Religious Involvement in African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination. Youth & Society 50:5, 659-687. [Crossref]

7. Zita Dixon, Melissa L. Bessaha, Margaret Post. 2018. Beyond the Ballot: Immigrant Integration Through Civic Engagement and Advocacy. Race and Social Problems 38. . [Crossref]

8. Jihyung Hong. 2018. Effects of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Mental Health and Perceived Discrimination Among Ethnic Return Migrants: The Case of Korean Chinese Return-Migrated to South Korea. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 10. . [Crossref]

9. Rayna Sage, Sandra Benavides-Vaello, Erin Flores, Sydnie LaValley, Patrick Martyak. 2018. Strategies for conducting health research with Latinos during times of political incivility. Nursing Open 37. . [Crossref]

10. Jacqueline Woerner, Cassie Overstreet, Ananda B Amstadter, Carolyn E Sartor. 2018. Profiles of psychosocial adversity and their associations with health risk behaviors and mental health outcomes in young adults. Journal of Health Psychology 135910531878050. [Crossref]

11. Michael A. Robinson, Sharon Jones-Eversley, Sharon E. Moore, Joseph Ravenell, A. Christson Adedoyin. 2018. Black Male Mental Health and the Black Church: Advancing a Collaborative Partnership and Research Agenda. Journal of Religion and Health 57:3, 1095-1107. [Crossref]

12. Valerie A. Earnshaw, Sari L. Reisner, David D. Menino, V. Paul Poteat, Laura M. Bogart, Tia N. Barnes, Mark A. Schuster. 2018. Stigma-based bullying interventions: A systematic review. Developmental Review 48, 178-200. [Crossref]

13. Velma McBride Murry, Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes, Tilicia L. Mayo-Gamble, Misha N. Inniss-Thompson. 2018. Excavating New Constructs for Family Stress Theories in the Context of Everyday Life Experiences of Black American Families. Journal of Family Theory & Review 10:2, 384-405. [Crossref]

14. Catharine R. B. Thomann, Karen L. Suyemoto. 2018. Developing an Antiracist Stance: How White Youth Understand Structural Racism. The Journal of Early Adolescence 38:6, 745-771. [Crossref]

15. Shervin Assari, Frederick Gibbons, Ronald Simons. 2018. Depression among Black Youth; Interaction of Class and Place. Brain Sciences 8:6, 108. [Crossref]

16. Shervin Assari. 2018. Family Income Reduces Risk of Obesity for White but Not Black Children. Children 5:6, 73. [Crossref] 17. Shervin Assari. 2018. Socioeconomic Status and Self-Rated Oral Health; Diminished Return among Hispanic Whites. Dentistry

Journal 6:2, 11. [Crossref] 18. Shervin Assari, Neda Hani. 2018. Household Income and Children’s Unmet Dental Care Need; Blacks’ Diminished Return.

Dentistry Journal 6:2, 17. [Crossref] 19. Shervin Assari. 2018. Parental Education Better Helps White than Black Families Escape Poverty: National Survey of Children’s

Health. Economies 6:2, 30. [Crossref] 20. Shervin Assari, Maryam Moghani Lankarani. 2018. Poverty Status and Childhood Asthma in White and Black Families: National

Survey of Children’s Health. Healthcare 6:2, 62. [Crossref] 21. Monica J. Martin, Kelly B. Bacher, Rand D. Conger, Richard W. Robins. 2018. Prospective Relationships Between Ethnic

Discrimination and Substance Use by Mexican-American Adolescents. Child Development 112. . [Crossref] 22. Zoua M. Vang, Yvonne Chang. 2018. Immigrants’ Experiences of Everyday Discrimination in Canada. International Migration

Review 40, 019791831876487. [Crossref]

23. Delishia M. Pittman, Paramjit Kaur. 2018. Examining the role of racism in the risky alcohol use behaviors of black female college students. Journal of American College Health 66:4, 310-316. [Crossref]

24. Eleanor K. Seaton, Karolyn Tyson. 2018. The Intersection of Race and Gender Among Black American Adolescents. Child Development 38. . [Crossref]

25. Nihaya Daoud, Meiyin Gao, Amira Osman, Carles Muntaner. 2018. Interpersonal and institutional ethnic discrimination, and mental health in a random sample of Palestinian minority men smokers in Israel. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 93. . [Crossref]

26. ANNA WANKA, LAURA WIESBÖCK, BRIGITTE ALLEX, ELISABETH ANNE-SOPHIE MAYRHUBER, ARNE ARNBERGER, RENATE EDER, RUTH KUTALEK, PETER WALLNER, HANS-PETER HUTTER, FRANZ KOLLAND. 2018. Everyday discrimination in the neighbourhood: what a ‘doing’ perspective on age and ethnicity can offer. Ageing and Society 55, 1-26. [Crossref]

27. Billie Castle, Monica Wendel, Jelani Kerr, Derrick Brooms, Aaron Rollins. 2018. Public Health’s Approach to Systemic Racism: a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 94. . [Crossref]

28. Ricci B. Harris, James Stanley, Donna M. Cormack. 2018. Racism and health in New Zealand: Prevalence over time and associations between recent experience of racism and health and wellbeing measures using national survey data. PLOS ONE 13:5, e0196476. [Crossref]

29. Timothy T. Brown, Juulia Partanen, Linh Chuong, Vaughn Villaverde, Ann Chantal Griffin, Aaron Mendelson. 2018. Discrimination hurts: The effect of discrimination on the development of chronic pain. Social Science & Medicine 204, 1-8. [Crossref]

30. Shervin Assari, Frederick Gibbons, Ronald Simons. 2018. Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: An 18-Year Longitudinal Study. Behavioral Sciences 8:5, 44. [Crossref]

31. Terrell J. A. Winder, Charles H. Lea. 2018. “Blocking” and “Filtering”: a Commentary on Mobile Technology, Racism, and the Sexual Networks of Young Black MSM (YBMSM). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 5. . [Crossref]

32. Lisa Kiang, Andrew J. Supple, Gabriela L. Stein. 2018. Latent Profiles of Discrimination and Socialization Predicting Ethnic Identity and Well-Being Among Asian American Adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence 12. . [Crossref]

33. Ben Lennox Kail, Miles G Taylor, Nick Rogers. 2018. Double Disadvantage in the Process of Disablement: Race as a Moderator in the Association Between Chronic Conditions and Functional Limitations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 59. . [Crossref]

34. Tse-Chuan Yang, Danhong Chen. 2018. A multi-group path analysis of the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-rated stress: how does it vary across racial/ethnic groups?. Ethnicity & Health 23:3, 249-275. [Crossref]

35. Laura Hoyt D’Anna, Marissa Hansen, Brittney Mull, Carol Canjura, Esther Lee, Stephanie Sumstine. 2018. Social Discrimination and Health Care: A Multidimensional Framework of Experiences among a Low-Income Multiethnic Sample. Social Work in Public Health 33:3, 187-201. [Crossref]

36. Rachel Caspari. 2018. Race, then and now: 1918 revisited. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165:4, 924-938. [Crossref] 37. Shervin Assari. 2018. Life Expectancy Gain Due to Employment Status Depends on Race, Gender, Education, and Their

Intersections. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 5:2, 375-386. [Crossref] 38. Emily L. Escovar, Michelle Craske, Peter Roy-Byrne, Murray B. Stein, Greer Sullivan, Cathy D. Sherbourne, Alexander Bystritsky,

Denise A. Chavira. 2018. Cultural influences on mental health symptoms in a primary care sample of Latinx patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 55, 39-47. [Crossref]

39. John E. Pachankis, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katie Wang, Charles L. Burton, Forrest W. Crawford, Jo C. Phelan, Bruce G. Link. 2018. The Burden of Stigma on Health and Well-Being: A Taxonomy of Concealment, Course, Disruptiveness, Aesthetics, Origin, and Peril Across 93 Stigmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44:4, 451-474. [Crossref]

40. Amanda Weber, Shelly-Ann Collins, Tracy Robinson-Wood, Elda Zeko-Underwood, Bianca Poindexter. 2018. Subtle and Severe: Microaggressions Among Racially Diverse Sexual Minorities. Journal of Homosexuality 65:4, 540-559. [Crossref]

41. Marina Campos Araujo, Valéria Troncoso Baltar, Edna Massae Yokoo, Rosely Sichieri. 2018. The association between obesity and race among Brazilian adults is dependent on sex and socio-economic status. Public Health Nutrition 62, 1-7. [Crossref]

42. Valerie A. Earnshaw, Lisa Rosenthal, Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden, Amy Carroll-Scott, Trace S. Kershaw, Alycia Santilli, Jeannette R. Ickovics. 2018. Intersectional experiences of discrimination in a low-resource urban community: An exploratory latent class analysis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 28:2, 80-93. [Crossref]

43. Shandra S Forrest-Bank, Matthew J Cuellar. 2018. The Mediating Effects of Ethnic Identity on the Relationships between Racial Microaggression and Psychological Well-Being. Social Work Research 42:1, 44-56. [Crossref]

44. Melissa Dominicé Dao. 2018. Vulnerability in the clinic: case study of a transcultural consultation. Journal of Medical Ethics 44:3, 167-170. [Crossref]

45. Shervin Assari. 2018. The Benefits of Higher Income in Protecting against Chronic Medical Conditions Are Smaller for African Americans than Whites. Healthcare 6:1, 2. [Crossref]

46. Stephanie Brooks Holliday, Tamara Dubowitz, Ann Haas, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Amy DeSantis, Wendy M. Troxel. 2018. The association between discrimination and PTSD in African Americans: exploring the role of gender. Ethnicity & Health 98, 1-15. [Crossref]

47. Ioana Popescu, Erin Duffy, Joshua Mendelsohn, José J. Escarce. 2018. Racial residential segregation, socioeconomic disparities, and the White-Black survival gap. PLOS ONE 13:2, e0193222. [Crossref]

48. Douglas Rhein. 2018. African American student sociocultural adjustment to Thai international higher education. Globalisation, Societies and Education 33, 1-14. [Crossref]

49. Jafar Bakhshaie, Andrew H. Rogers, Nubia A. Mayorga, Joseph Ditre, Rubén Rodríguez-Cano, Ana C. Ruiz, Andres G. Viana, Monica Garza, Chad Lemaire, Melissa Ochoa-Perez, Daniel Bogiaizian, Michael J. Zvolensky. 2018. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Pain Intensity/Disability Among Economically Disadvantaged Latinos in a Federally Qualified Health Center: The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 9. . [Crossref]

50. Rusty Souleymanov, David J. Brennan, Clemon George, Richard Utama, Andre Ceranto. 2018. Experiences of racism, sexual objectification and alcohol use among gay and bisexual men of colour. Ethnicity & Health 44, 1-17. [Crossref]

51. Alana M. W. LeBrón, Michael Spencer, Edith Kieffer, Brandy Sinco, Gloria Palmisano. 2018. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Diabetes-Related Outcomes Among Latinos with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 31. . [Crossref]

52. Khanh T. Dinh, Ivy K. Ho, Yuying Tsong. 2018. Introduction to Special Issue: Trauma and Well-Being Among Asian American Women. Women & Therapy 23, 1-14. [Crossref]

53. Shervin Assari, Alvin Thomas, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Ronald B. Mincy. 2018. Blacks’ Diminished Health Return of Family Structure and Socioeconomic Status; 15 Years of Follow-up of a National Urban Sample of Youth. Journal of Urban Health 95:1, 21-35. [Crossref]

54. Kathryn E. Chavez, Tibor P. Palfai, Leah E. Squires, Debbie M. Cheng, Christine Lloyd-Travaglini, Richard Saitz. 2018. Perceived discrimination and drug involvement among black primary care patients who use drugs. Addictive Behaviors 77, 63-66. [Crossref]

55. Hannah E. Lapp, Sarah Ahmed, Celia L. Moore, Richard G. Hunter. 2018. Toxic stress history and hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis function in a social stress task: Genetic and epigenetic factors. Neurotoxicology and Teratology . [Crossref]

56. Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Mary E. Fleischli, Carolyn E. Cutrona, Michelle L. Stock. 2018. Moderation of the effects of discrimination-induced affective responses on health outcomes. Psychology & Health 33:2, 193-212. [Crossref]

57. Jin-Won Noh, Hyunchun Park, Minji Kim, Young Dae Kwon, Jin-Seok Kim, Shieun Yu. 2018. The Effects of Discrimination Experience on Life Satisfaction of North Korean Refugees: Mediating Effect of Stress. Psychiatry Investigation 15:1, 49-53. [Crossref]

58. Felicia V Wheaton, Courtney S Thomas, Carly Roman, Cleopatra M Abdou. 2018. Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men Across the Adult Lifecourse. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 73:2, 208-218. [Crossref]

59. Rachel C. Shelton, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Ronald Bayer, Lisa R. Metsch. 2018. Future Perfect? The Future of the Social Sciences in Public Health. Frontiers in Public Health 5. . [Crossref]

60. Andrea J. Romero, Kali Van Campen. Bicultural Stress 386-398. [Crossref] 61. S.M. Meints, R.R. Edwards. 2018. Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes. Progress in Neuro-

Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry . [Crossref] 62. Daniel A. Hojman, Álvaro Miranda. 2018. Agency, Human Dignity, and Subjective Well-being. World Development 101, 1-15.

[Crossref] 63. Cecilia Gustafsson. 2018. ‘“ For a better life … “ A study on migration and health in Nicaragua’. Global Health Action 11:1,

1428467. [Crossref] 64. Ana Laura Fonseca, Jill Koyama, Emily A. Butler. 2018. The Role of Family of Origin in Current Lifestyle Choices. Family &

Community Health 41:3, 146-158. [Crossref] 65. Amélie Blanchet Garneau, Annette J. Browne, Colleen Varcoe. 2018. Drawing on antiracist approaches toward a critical

antidiscriminatory pedagogy for nursing. Nursing Inquiry 25:1, e12211. [Crossref] 66. Shervin Assari. 2018. Health Disparities due to Diminished Return among Black Americans: Public Policy Solutions. Social Issues

and Policy Review 12:1, 112-145. [Crossref]

67. Serap Keles, Oddgeir Friborg, Thormod Idsøe, Selcuk Sirin, Brit Oppedal. 2018. Resilience and acculturation among unaccompanied refugee minors. International Journal of Behavioral Development 42:1, 52-63. [Crossref]

68. Christopher T. Begeny, Yuen J. Huo. 2018. Is it always good to feel valued? The psychological benefits and costs of higher perceived status in one’s ethnic minority group. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21:1, 193-213. [Crossref]

69. Angelitta M. Britt-Spells, Maribeth Slebodnik, Laura P. Sands, David Rollock. 2018. Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Men Residing in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Men's Health 12:1, 52-63. [Crossref]

70. Gisel Lorena Fattore, Leila D Amorim, Letícia Marques dos Santos, Darci Neves dos Santos, Mauricio Lima Barreto. 2017. Personal-Level and Group-Level Discrimination and Mental Health: the Role of Skin Color. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 43. . [Crossref]

71. Rocío Calvo, Dawn C. Carr, Christina Matz-Costa. 2017. Expanding the Happiness Paradox: Ethnoracial Disparities in Life Satisfaction Among Older Immigrants in the United States. Journal of Aging and Health 8, 089826431772660. [Crossref]

72. Qais Alemi, Hafifa Siddiq, Kelly Baek, Hoda Sana, Carl Stempel, Nahid Aziz, Susanne Montgomery. 2017. Effect of Perceived Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms in 1st- and 2nd-Generation Afghan-Americans. The Journal of Primary Prevention 38:6, 613-626. [Crossref]

73. Sheryl L. Coley, Carlos F. Mendes de Leon, Earlise C. Ward, Lisa L. Barnes, Kimberly A. Skarupski, Elizabeth A. Jacobs. 2017. Perceived discrimination and health-related quality-of-life: gender differences among older African Americans. Quality of Life Research 26:12, 3449-3458. [Crossref]

74. Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Janet Exornam Ocloo, Diana Siawor-Robertson. 2017. Ethnic Diversity and Health Outcomes. Social Indicators Research 134:3, 1077-1112. [Crossref]

75. C. André Christie-Mizell, Erika T. A. Leslie, Brittany N. Hearne. 2017. Self-Rated Health, Discrimination, and Racial Group Identity: the Consequences of Ethnicity and Nativity Among Black Americans. Journal of African American Studies 21:4, 643-664. [Crossref]

76. Whitney J. Cowell, Rosalind J. Wright. 2017. Sex-Specific Effects of Combined Exposure to Chemical and Non-chemical Stressors on Neuroendocrine Development: a Review of Recent Findings and Putative Mechanisms. Current Environmental Health Reports 4:4, 415-425. [Crossref]

77. Pratima A. Patil, Michelle V. Porche, Nellie A. Shippen, Nina T. Dallenbach, Lisa R. Fortuna. 2017. Which girls, which boys? The intersectional risk for depression by race and ethnicity, and gender in the U.S. Clinical Psychology Review . [Crossref]

78. Rebecca L. Pearl, Rebecca M. Puhl, John F. Dovidio. 2017. Can Legislation Prohibiting Weight Discrimination Improve Psychological Well-Being? A Preliminary Investigation. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 17:1, 84-104. [Crossref]

79. Kristin Nicole Dukes, Kimberly Barsamian Kahn. 2017. What Social Science Research Says about Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Understanding the Antecedents and Consequences-An Introduction. Journal of Social Issues 73:4, 690-700. [Crossref]

80. 2017. REFERENCES. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 82:4, 143-165. [Crossref] 81. Carrington C.J. Shepherd, Jianghong Li, Matthew N. Cooper, Katrina D. Hopkins, Brad M. Farrant. 2017. The impact of racial

discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data. International Journal for Equity in Health 16:1. . [Crossref]

82. Clifford Odimegwu, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun. 2017. Ethnicity, gender and risky sexual behaviour among Nigerian youth: an alternative explanation. Reproductive Health 14:1. . [Crossref]

83. Amanda J. Shallcross, Tanya M. Spruill. 2017. The Protective Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Depression. Mindfulness 59. . [Crossref]

84. Amy Lubitow, Jennifer Rainer, Sasha Bassett. 2017. Exclusion and vulnerability on public transit: experiences of transit dependent riders in Portland, Oregon. Mobilities 12:6, 924-937. [Crossref]

85. Laura Ferrari, Rosa Rosnati, Elena Canzi, Anna Ballerini, Sonia Ranieri. 2017. How international transracial adoptees and immigrants cope with discrimination? The moderating role of ethnic identity in the relation between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 27:6, 437-449. [Crossref]

86. Nicholas S. Perry, Shannon D. Chaplo, Katherine J.W. Baucom. 2017. The Impact of Cumulative Minority Stress on Cognitive Behavioral Treatment With Gender Minority Individuals: Case Study and Clinical Recommendations. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 24:4, 472-483. [Crossref]

87. Kevin M. Korous, José M. Causadias, Deborah M. Casper. 2017. Racial discrimination and cortisol output: A meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine 193, 90-100. [Crossref]

88. Laura Ferrari, Alison W. Hu, Rosa Rosnati, Richard M. Lee. 2017. Ethnic Socialization and Perceived Discrimination on Ethnic Identity Among Transracial Adoptees: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Italy and the United States. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology 48:10, 1507-1521. [Crossref]

89. David H. Chae, Wizdom A. Powell, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Mia A. Smith-Bynum, Eleanor K. Seaton, Tyrone A. Forman, Rodman Turpin, Robert Sellers. 2017. The Role of Racial Identity and Implicit Racial Bias in Self-Reported Racial Discrimination: Implications for Depression Among African American Men. Journal of Black Psychology 43:8, 789-812. [Crossref]

90. Christopher Ashley Burkett. 2017. Obstructed Use: Reconceptualizing the Mental Health (Help-Seeking) Experiences of Black Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 43:8, 813-835. [Crossref]

91. Rachel N. Head, Maxine Seaborn Thompson. 2017. Discrimination-related Anger, Religion, and Distress: Differences between African Americans and Caribbean Black Americans. Society and Mental Health 7:3, 159-174. [Crossref]

92. Rengin B. Firat. 2017. Discrimination and Well-Being: The Moderating Effects of Agentic Value Orientations. Social Indicators Research 134:1, 167-194. [Crossref]

93. Michelle A. Albert, Eva M. Durazo, Natalie Slopen, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Julie E. Buring, Ted Silva, Daniel Chasman, David R. Williams. 2017. Cumulative psychological stress and cardiovascular disease risk in middle aged and older women: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. American Heart Journal 192, 1-12. [Crossref]

94. Fang Gong, Jun Xu, David T. Takeuchi. 2017. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Everyday Discrimination. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3:4, 506-521. [Crossref]

95. Dušan Drbohlav, Dagmar Dzúrová. 2017. Social Hazards as Manifested Workplace Discrimination and Health (Vietnamese and Ukrainian Female and Male Migrants in Czechia). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14:10, 1207. [Crossref]

96. Shervin Assari, Daniel B. Lee, Emily Joy Nicklett, Maryam Moghani Lankarani, John D. Piette, James E. Aikens. 2017. Racial Discrimination in Health Care Is Associated with Worse Glycemic Control among Black Men but Not Black Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in Public Health 5. . [Crossref]

97. Leah D. Doane, Michael R. Sladek, Emma K. Adam. An Introduction to Cultural Neurobiology: Evidence from Physiological Stress Systems 25-254. [Crossref]

98. Amy Irby-Shasanmi, Tamara G.J. Leech. 2017. ‘Because I Don’t know’: uncertainty and ambiguity in closed-ended reports of perceived discrimination in US health care. Ethnicity & Health 22:5, 458-479. [Crossref]

99. Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra Ford, Abby Rudolph, BoRin Kim, Crystal M. Lewis. 2017. Drug use Discrimination Predicts Formation of High-Risk Social Networks: Examining Social Pathways of Discrimination. AIDS and Behavior 21:9, 2659-2669. [Crossref]

100. Patrick S. Forscher, Chelsea Mitamura, Emily L. Dix, William T.L. Cox, Patricia G. Devine. 2017. Breaking the prejudice habit: Mechanisms, timecourse, and longevity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 72, 133-146. [Crossref]

101. May A. Beydoun, Angedith Poggi-Burke, Alan B. Zonderman, Ola S. Rostant, Michele K. Evans, Deidra C. Crews. 2017. Perceived Discrimination and Longitudinal Change in Kidney Function Among Urban Adults. Psychosomatic Medicine 79:7, 824-834. [Crossref]

102. Sheila A. Dugan, Tené T. Lewis, Susan A. Everson-Rose, Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Siobán D. Harlow, Imke Janssen. 2017. Chronic discrimination and bodily pain in a multiethnic cohort of midlife women in the Study of Womenʼs Health Across the Nation. PAIN 158:9, 1656-1665. [Crossref]

103. C. de O. Bernardo, J. L. Bastos, D. A. González-Chica, M. A. Peres, Y. C. Paradies. 2017. Interpersonal discrimination and markers of adiposity in longitudinal studies: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews 18:9, 1040-1049. [Crossref]

104. Magdalena Szaflarski, Shawn Bauldry, Lisa A. Cubbins, Karthikeyan Meganathan. Nativity, Race–Ethnicity, and Dual Diagnosis Among US Adults 171-191. [Crossref]

105. Yuying Shen, Ami Moore, Philip Q. Yang, Dale E. Yeatts. 2017. Family, neighbourhood, and children’s health: Trends and racial/ ethnic disparities between 2003 and 2007 in the U.S. Global Public Health 12:8, 970-987. [Crossref]

106. Shipra Singh, Amy Jo Schulz, Harold W. Neighbors, Derek M. Griffith. 2017. Interactive Effect of Immigration-Related Factors with Legal and Discrimination Acculturative Stress in Predicting Depression Among Asian American Immigrants. Community Mental Health Journal 53:6, 638-646. [Crossref]

107. Roger C. McIntosh, Michael Antoni, Adam Carrico, Ron Duran, Barry E. Hurwitz, Gail Ironson, Mary Ann Fletcher, Nancy Klimas, Mahendra Kumar, Neil Schneiderman. 2017. Change in urinary cortisol excretion mediates the effect of angry/hostile mood on 9 month diastolic blood pressure in HIV+ adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 40:4, 620-630. [Crossref]

108. Irena Stepanikova, Lubomir Kukla. 2017. Is Perceived Discrimination in Pregnancy Prospectively Linked to Postpartum Depression? Exploring the Role of Education. Maternal and Child Health Journal 21:8, 1669-1677. [Crossref]

109. Judith A. MacDonnell, Mahdieh Dastjerdi, Nimo Bokore, Wangari Tharao, Nazilla Khanlou, Wairimu Njoroge. 2017. “Finding a Space for Me Outside the Stereotypes”: Community Engagement in Policy and Research to Foster Canadian Racialised Immigrant Women’s Mental Health and Well-Being. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 15:4, 738-752. [Crossref]

110. Oddgeir Friborg, Tore Sørlie, Ketil L. Hansen. 2017. Resilience to Discrimination Among Indigenous Sami and Non-Sami Populations in Norway: The SAMINOR2 Study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48:7, 1009-1027. [Crossref]

111. Eric Anthony Grollman, Nao Hagiwara. 2017. Measuring Self-Reported Discrimination: Trends in Question Wording Used in Publicly Accessible Datasets. Social Currents 4:4, 287-305. [Crossref]

112. Terrence Hill, C. Christie-Mizell, Preeti Vaghela, Krysia Mossakowski, Robert Johnson. 2017. Do Religious Struggles Mediate the Association between Day-to-Day Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms?. Religions 8:8, 134. [Crossref]

113. Özcan Erdem, Elisa Riva, Rick G. Prins, Alex Burdorf, Margot Van der Doef. 2017. Health-related behaviours mediate the relation between ethnicity and (mental) health in the Netherlands. Ethnicity & Health 4, 1-14. [Crossref]

114. Leah E. Squires, Tibor P. Palfai, Don Allensworth-Davies, Debbie M. Cheng, Judith Bernstein, Nancy Kressin, Richard Saitz. 2017. Perceived discrimination, racial identity, and health behaviors among black primary-care patients who use drugs. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 62, 1-18. [Crossref]

115. Sophie D. Walsh, Maya Sagis-Krebs, Ashi Gross. 2017. Emotional alienation as a mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and alcohol use among immigrant adolescents in Israel. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 78, 1-18. [Crossref]

116. Magdalena Szaflarski, Daniel H. Klepinger, Lisa A. Cubbins. 2017. Alcohol use/abuse and help-seeking among U.S. adults: The role of racial-ethnic origin and foreign-born status. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 15, 1-28. [Crossref]

117. Jasmin Llamas, Louisa M. Holmes, Nadra E. Lisha, Pamela M. Ling. 2017. Psychometric evaluation of an abbreviated version of the intragroup marginalization inventory. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 9, 1-20. [Crossref]

118. Samta P. Pandya. 2017. Childhood depression and spirituality: Insights for spiritually sensitive child-centred social work interventions. Social Work in Mental Health 15:4, 373-396. [Crossref]

119. Ibrahim A. Kira, Hanaa Shuwiekh, Kenneth Rice, Boshra Al Ibraheem, Jakoub Aljakoub. 2017. A Threatened Identity: The Mental Health Status of Syrian Refugees in Egypt and Its Etiology. Identity 17:3, 176-190. [Crossref]

120. Sarah E. Zemore, Nina Mulia, Edwina Williams, Paul A. Gilbert. 2017. Job loss and alcohol dependence among Blacks and Whites in a National Longitudinal Survey. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 16:3, 314-327. [Crossref]

121. Malia Jones, Anais Taylor, Yue Liao, Stephen S. Intille, Genevieve Fridlund Dunton. 2017. Real-time subjective assessment of psychological stress: Associations with objectively-measured physical activity levels. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 31, 79-87. [Crossref]

122. Lydia W. Li, XinQi Dong. 2017. Self-reported Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Chinese Adults in Chicago. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 72:suppl_1, S119-S124. [Crossref]

123. Lauren J. Parker, Haslyn Hunte, Anita Ohmit. 2017. Discrimination in Health Care: Correlates of Health Care Discrimination Among Black Males. American Journal of Men's Health 11:4, 999-1007. [Crossref]

124. Charles P. Hoy-Ellis, Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen. 2017. Depression Among Transgender Older Adults: General and Minority Stress. American Journal of Community Psychology 59:3-4, 295-305. [Crossref]

125. Dawn P. Misra, Jaime Slaughter-Acey, Carmen Giurgescu, Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson, Alexandra Nowak. 2017. Why Do Black Women Experience Higher Rates of Preterm Birth?. Current Epidemiology Reports 4:2, 83-97. [Crossref]

126. Jinhong Guo, Sylvie Mrug, David C. Knight. 2017. Emotion socialization as a predictor of physiological and psychological responses to stress. Physiology & Behavior 175, 119-129. [Crossref]

127. Shervin Assari, Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman. 2017. Racial Discrimination during Adolescence Predicts Mental Health Deterioration in Adulthood: Gender Differences among Blacks. Frontiers in Public Health 5. . [Crossref]

128. Brady A. Garrett, Bethany J. Livingston, Melvin D. Livingston, Kelli A. Komro. 2017. The Effects of Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination on Substance Use Among Youths Living in the Cherokee Nation. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 26:3, 242-249. [Crossref]

129. Andrea Preciado, Kimberly D’Anna-Hernandez. 2017. Acculturative stress is associated with trajectory of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy in Mexican-American women. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 48, 28-35. [Crossref]

130. Veronica Y. Womack, Lloyd R. Sloan. 2017. The Association of Mindfulness and Racial Socialization Messages on Approach- Oriented Coping Strategies Among African Americans. Journal of Black Studies 48:4, 408-426. [Crossref]

131. Chun-Hao Li, Shu-Yao Hsu. 2017. Acculturation and psychological well-being of immigrant brides in Taiwan. Asian Education and Development Studies 6:2, 138-152. [Crossref]

132. Magdalena Szaflarski, Lisa A. Cubbins, Karthikeyan Meganathan. 2017. Anxiety Disorders among US Immigrants: The Role of Immigrant Background and Social-Psychological Factors. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 38:4, 317-326. [Crossref]

133. Deborah Rivas-Drake, Gabriela Livas Stein. 2017. Multicultural Developmental Experiences. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26:2, 271-281. [Crossref]

134. Anjali J. Forber-Pratt, Marianne P. Zape. 2017. Disability identity development model: Voices from the ADA-generation. Disability and Health Journal 10:2, 350-355. [Crossref]

135. Aneeta Rattan, Oriane A.M. Georgeac. 2017. Understanding intergroup relations through the lens of implicit theories (mindsets) of malleability. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 11:4, e12305. [Crossref]

136. Sandi Phibbs, Karen Hooker. 2017. An Exploration of Factors Associated With Ageist Stereotype Threat in a Medical Setting. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 50. . [Crossref]

137. Isha W. Metzger, Shauna M. Cooper, Tiarney D. Ritchwood, Chisom Onyeuku, Charity Brown Griffin. 2017. Profiles of African American College Students’ Alcohol Use and Sexual Behaviors: Associations With Stress, Racial Discrimination, and Social Support. The Journal of Sex Research 54:3, 374-385. [Crossref]

138. Jesus Alfonso D. Datu, Nino Jose Mateo. 2017. How to combat the negative impact of discrimination in a collectivist context? The safeguarding function of peer-oriented hope. Psychology, Health & Medicine 22:3, 345-351. [Crossref]

139. Tetyana P. Shippee, Lindsay R. Wilkinson, Markus H. Schafer, Nathan D. Shippee. 2017. Long-Term Effects of Age Discrimination on Mental Health: The Role of Perceived Financial Strain. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 27. . [Crossref]

140. Loren Henderson. 2017. Racial Discrimination, Religion, and the African American Drinking Paradox. Race and Social Problems 9:1, 79-90. [Crossref]

141. Monica A. Ghabrial. 2017. “Trying to Figure Out Where We Belong”: Narratives of Racialized Sexual Minorities on Community, Identity, Discrimination, and Health. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 14:1, 42-55. [Crossref]

142. Emily F. Wood, Dan Werb, Leo Beletsky, Gudelia Rangel, Jazmine Cuevas Mota, Richard S. Garfein, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Karla D. Wagner. 2017. Differential experiences of Mexican policing by people who inject drugs residing in Tijuana and San Diego. International Journal of Drug Policy 41, 132-139. [Crossref]

143. Kanetha B. Wilson, Roland J. Thorpe, Thomas A. LaVeist. 2017. Dollar for Dollar: Racial and ethnic inequalities in health and health-related outcomes among persons with very high income. Preventive Medicine 96, 149-153. [Crossref]

144. Kenneth F Ferraro, Blakelee R Kemp, Monica M Williams. 2017. Diverse Aging and Health Inequality by Race and Ethnicity. Innovation in Aging 1:1. . [Crossref]

145. Paul J. Fleming, Laura Villa-Torres, Arianna Taboada, Chelly Richards, Clare Barrington. 2017. Marginalisation, discrimination and the health of Latino immigrant day labourers in a central North Carolina community. Health & Social Care in the Community 25:2, 527-537. [Crossref]

146. Sze Yan Liu, Ichiro Kawachi. 2017. Discrimination and Telomere Length Among Older Adults in the United States. Public Health Reports 132:2, 220-230. [Crossref]

147. Dana G. El Hajj, Paul F. Cook, Kathy Magilvy, Michael E. Galbraith, Lynn Gilbert, Marla Corwin. 2017. Tobacco Use Among Arab Immigrants Living in Colorado. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 28:2, 179-186. [Crossref]

148. Lauren J. Parker, Haslyn Hunte, Anita Ohmit, Debra Furr-Holden, Roland J. Thorpe. 2017. The Effects of Discrimination Are Associated With Cigarette Smoking Among Black Males. Substance Use & Misuse 52:3, 383-391. [Crossref]

149. Shervin Assari, Maryam Moghani Lankarani. 2017. Discrimination and Psychological Distress: Gender Differences among Arab Americans. Frontiers in Psychiatry 8. . [Crossref]

150. Jeremiah R. Garza, Beth A. Glenn, Rashmita S. Mistry, Ninez A. Ponce, Frederick J. Zimmerman. 2017. Subjective Social Status and Self-Reported Health Among US-born and Immigrant Latinos. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19:1, 108-119. [Crossref]

151. Eric Anthony Grollman. 2017. Sexual Health and Multiple Forms of Discrimination Among Heterosexual Youth. Social Problems 64:1, 156-175. [Crossref]

152. J. Kolber. 2017. Having it both ways: White denial of racial salience while claiming oppression. Sociology Compass 11:2, e12448. [Crossref]

153. Svetlana Markova, Ekaterina Nikitskaya. 2017. Coping strategies of adolescents with deviant behaviour. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 22:1, 36-46. [Crossref]

154. Kevin L. Nadal, Katie E. Griffin, Yinglee Wong, Kristin C. Davidoff, Lindsey S. Davis. 2017. The Injurious Relationship Between Racial Microaggressions and Physical Health: Implications for Social Work. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work 26:1-2, 6-17. [Crossref]

155. Andrea L. Stone, Shauna K. Carlisle. 2017. Racial bullying and adolescent substance use: An examination of school-attending young adolescents in the United States. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 16:1, 23-42. [Crossref]

156. Alex L. Pieterse, Abigail I. Nicolas, Christina Monachino. 2017. Examining the factor structure of the perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire in a sample of Australian university students. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 10:1, 97-107. [Crossref]

157. Leo Wilton. An Evolving Epidemic for African American and Latino HIV Positive Gay Men: Understanding the Sociocultural Contexts of Stigma, Marginalization, and Structural Inequalities 247-266. [Crossref]

158. Aneeta Rattan, Oriane Georgeac. Mindsets About Malleability and Intergroup Relations 127-156. [Crossref] 159. Magdalena Bobowik, Nekane Basabe, Anna Wlodarczyk. Only Real When Shared: Social Well-Being, Collective Efficacy, and

Social Networks Among Immigrant Emerging Adults in Spain 157-171. [Crossref] 160. Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Asmaa M. Abumuamar, David Warren Spence, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Adam Moscovitch, Ahmed

S. BaHammam. 2017. Racial/Ethnic and Social Inequities in Sleep Medicine: The Tip of the Iceberg?. Journal of the National Medical Association 109:4, 279-286. [Crossref]

161. Mark A. Cohen. 2017. The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 8:03, 369-384. [Crossref]

162. Lisa Bowleg. Intersectionality: An Underutilized but Essential Theoretical Framework for Social Psychology 507-529. [Crossref] 163. Umar Z. Ikram, Marieke B. Snijder, Charles Agyemang, Aart H. Schene, Ron J. G. Peters, Karien Stronks, Anton E. Kunst.

2017. Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and the Metabolic Syndrome in Ethnic Minority Groups. Psychosomatic Medicine 79:1, 101-111. [Crossref]

164. May Ling Halim, Keith H Moy, Hirokazu Yoshikawa. 2017. Perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination and Latina immigrant women’s health. Journal of Health Psychology 22:1, 68-78. [Crossref]

165. Erin Linnenbringer, Sarah Gehlert, Arline T. Geronimus. 2017. Black-White Disparities in Breast Cancer Subtype: The Intersection of Socially Patterned Stress and Genetic Expression. AIMS Public Health 4:5, 526-556. [Crossref]

166. Nolan L. Cabrera, Jeremy D. Franklin, Jesse S. Watson. 2016. Whiteness in Higher Education: The Invisible Missing Link in Diversity and Racial Analyses. ASHE Higher Education Report 42:6, 7-125. [Crossref]

167. Lisa A. Marchiondo, Ernest Gonzales, Shan Ran. 2016. Development and Validation of the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale. Journal of Business and Psychology 31:4, 493-513. [Crossref]

168. S. B. Nadimpalli, A. Dulin-Keita, C. Salas, A. M. Kanaya, Namratha R. Kandula. 2016. Associations Between Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health Among Asian Indians in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 18:6, 1284-1291. [Crossref]

169. Tse-Chuan Yang, Danhong Chen, Kiwoong Park. 2016. Perceived Housing Discrimination and Self-Reported Health: How Do Neighborhood Features Matter?. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 50:6, 789-801. [Crossref]

170. Courtney Boen. 2016. The role of socioeconomic factors in Black-White health inequities across the life course: Point-in-time measures, long-term exposures, and differential health returns. Social Science & Medicine 170, 63-76. [Crossref]

171. Joanna Almeida, Katie B. Biello, Francisco Pedraza, Suzanne Wintner, Edna Viruell-Fuentes. 2016. The association between anti- immigrant policies and perceived discrimination among Latinos in the US: A multilevel analysis. SSM - Population Health 2, 897-903. [Crossref]

172. Yu Wang, Yinjun Zhao, Shuangge Ma. 2016. Racial differences in six major subtypes of melanoma: descriptive epidemiology. BMC Cancer 16:1. . [Crossref]

173. Dena M. Fernandez, Janet L. Larson, Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher. 2016. Associations between health literacy and preventive health behaviors among older adults: findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health 16:1. . [Crossref]

174. Janice Du Mont, Tonia Forte. 2016. Perceived discrimination and self-rated health in Canada: an exploratory study. BMC Public Health 16:1. . [Crossref]

175. Ranjita Misra, Haslyn Hunte. 2016. Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among Asian Indians in the United States. BMC Health Services Research 16:1. . [Crossref]

176. Eva Åkerman, Per-Olof Östergren, Birgitta Essén, Cecilia Fernbrant, Ragnar Westerling. 2016. Knowledge and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare services among Thai immigrant women in Sweden. BMC International Health and Human Rights 16:1. . [Crossref]

177. Yugyun Kim, Inseo Son, Dainn Wie, Carles Muntaner, Hyunwoo Kim, Seung-Sup Kim. 2016. Don’t ask for fair treatment? A gender analysis of ethnic discrimination, response to discrimination, and self-rated health among marriage migrants in South Korea. International Journal for Equity in Health 15:1. . [Crossref]

178. Chang-O Kim. 2016. Discrimination-related health inequality and role of social capital among marriage migrant women in South Korea. International Journal for Equity in Health 15:1. . [Crossref]

179. Bohyun Park, Sook Ja Choi, Sukyong Seo. 2016. Health Disparities among Korean Workers by Enterprise Size: Using Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (17th). Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing 25:4, 277-289. [Crossref]

180. Sevag K. Kertechian, Viren Swami. 2016. The hijab as a protective factor for body image and disordered eating: a replication in French Muslim women. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 19:10, 1056-1068. [Crossref]

181. Miguel Ángel Cano, Yessenia Castro, Marcel A. de Dios, Seth J. Schwartz, Elma I. Lorenzo-Blanco, Angelica M. Roncancio, Marcos J. Martinez, Diana M. Sheehan, Rehab Auf, Brandy Piña-Watson, Que-Lam Huynh, Byron L. Zamboanga. 2016. Associations of ethnic discrimination with symptoms of anxiety and depression among Hispanic emerging adults: a moderated mediation model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 29:6, 699-707. [Crossref]

182. Justin P. Jose. 2016. Identity and Social Exclusion of Dalit Women: A Psychosocial Perspective. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 8:2, 136-152. [Crossref]

183. William A. Smith, Jalil Bishop Mustaffa, Chantal M. Jones, Tommy J. Curry, Walter R. Allen. 2016. ‘You make me wanna holler and throw up both my hands!’: campus culture, Black misandric microaggressions, and racial battle fatigue. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 29:9, 1189-1209. [Crossref]

184. Lauren J. Parker, Ballington L. Kinlock, Dakarai Chisolm, Debra Furr-Holden, Roland J. Thorpe. 2016. Association Between Any Major Discrimination and Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adult African American Men. Substance Use & Misuse 51:12, 1593-1599. [Crossref]

185. Emily F. Wood, Monica K. Miller. 2016. Prejudice toward immigrants in student and community samples. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8:4, 290-300. [Crossref]

186. Soudabeh Fazeli Dehkordy, Kelli S. Hall, Vanessa K. Dalton, Ruth C. Carlos. 2016. The Link Between Everyday Discrimination, Healthcare Utilization, and Health Status Among a National Sample of Women. Journal of Women's Health 25:10, 1044-1051. [Crossref]

187. Valerie A Earnshaw, Lisa Rosenthal, Amy Carroll-Scott, Alycia Santilli, Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden, Jeannette R Ickovics. 2016. Everyday discrimination and physical health: Exploring mental health processes. Journal of Health Psychology 21:10, 2218-2228. [Crossref]

188. Edward D. Vargas, Nadia C. Winston, John A. Garcia, Gabriel R. Sanchez. 2016. Latina/o or Mexicana/o? The Relationship between Socially Assigned Race and Experiences with Discrimination. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2:4, 498-515. [Crossref]

189. Mabel Berezin, Michèle Lamont. 2016. Mutuality, mobilization, and messaging for health promotion: Toward collective cultural change. Social Science & Medicine 165, 201-205. [Crossref]

190. Diane Hughes, Juan Del Toro, Jessica F. Harding, Niobe Way, Jason R. D. Rarick. 2016. Trajectories of Discrimination Across Adolescence: Associations With Academic, Psychological, and Behavioral Outcomes. Child Development 87:5, 1337-1351. [Crossref]

191. Dawn P. Witherspoon, Eleanor K. Seaton, Deborah Rivas-Drake. 2016. Neighborhood Characteristics and Expectations of Racially Discriminatory Experiences Among African American Adolescents. Child Development 87:5, 1367-1378. [Crossref]

192. Ruqaiijah A. Yearby. 2016. Involuntary Consent: Conditioning Access to Health Care on Participation in Clinical Trials. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44:3, 445-461. [Crossref]

193. Liat Ayalon. 2016. Perceived Age Discrimination: A Precipitator or a Consequence of Depressive Symptoms?. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 9, gbw101. [Crossref]

194. Magdalena Szaflarski, Lisa A. Cubbins, Shawn Bauldry, Karthikeyan Meganathan, Daniel H. Klepinger, Eugene Somoza. 2016. Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia at the Intersection of Nativity and Racial–Ethnic Origins. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 18:4, 749-763. [Crossref]

195. Bethany G. Everett, Jarron Saint Onge, Stefanie Mollborn. 2016. Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health. Population Research and Policy Review 35:4, 445-469. [Crossref]

196. Rony Berger, Joy Benatov, Hisham Abu-Raiya, Carmit T. Tadmor. 2016. Reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup attitudes among elementary-school children in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Journal of School Psychology 57, 53-72. [Crossref]

197. Christy M. Byrd, Dorinda J. Carter Andrews. 2016. Variations in students' perceived reasons for, sources of, and forms of in- school discrimination: A latent class analysis. Journal of School Psychology 57, 1-14. [Crossref]

198. Lynlee R. Tanner Stapleton, Christine Dunkel Schetter, Larissa N. Dooley, Christine M. Guardino, Jan Huynh, Cynthia Paek, Elizabeth Clark-Kauffman, Peter Schafer, Richard Woolard, Robin Gaines Lanzi. 2016. The Community Child Health Network Life Stress Interview: a brief chronic stress measure for community health research. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 29:4, 352-366. [Crossref]

199. India J. Ornelas, Gwen T. Lapham, Hugo Salgado, Emily C. Williams, Nathan Gotman, Veronica Womack, Sonia Davis, Frank Penedo, Sylvia Smoller, Linda C. Gallo. 2016. Binge drinking and perceived ethnic discrimination among Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos sociocultural ancillary study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 15:3, 223-239. [Crossref]

200. Jasmine A. Mena. 2016. “I Love My Work, but This Is Not My Life” : Women of Color in the Academy. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education 9:2, 190-207. [Crossref]

201. Stephanie Wallace, James Nazroo, Laia Bécares. 2016. Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Public Health 106:7, 1294-1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

202. Aprill Z. Dawson, Rebekah J. Walker, Jennifer A. Campbell, Leonard E. Egede. 2016. Validation of theoretical pathway between discrimination, diabetes self-care and glycemic control. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 30:5, 858-863. [Crossref]

203. Joseph Hackman, Jonathan Maupin, Alexandra A. Brewis. 2016. Weight-related stigma is a significant psychosocial stressor in developing countries: Evidence from Guatemala. Social Science & Medicine 161, 55-60. [Crossref]

204. Paul A. Gilbert, Sarah E. Zemore. 2016. Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence. Social Science & Medicine 161, 178-194. [Crossref]

205. Laura Smart Richman, Alison Blodorn, Brenda Major. 2016. An identity-based motivational model of the effects of perceived discrimination on health-related behaviors. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19:4, 415-425. [Crossref]

206. Anjana Muralidharan, David Austern, Samantha Hack, Dawne Vogt. 2016. Deployment Experiences, Social Support, and Mental Health: Comparison of Black, White, and Hispanic U.S. Veterans Deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Journal of Traumatic Stress 29:3, 273-278. [Crossref]

207. L. R. Powell, W. M. Jesdale, S. C. Lemon. 2016. On edge: the impact of race-related vigilance on obesity status in African- Americans. Obesity Science & Practice 2:2, 136-143. [Crossref]

208. Marian Moser Jones. 2016. Does Race Matter in Addressing Homelessness? A Review of the Literature. World Medical & Health Policy 8:2, 139-156. [Crossref]

209. Brianna Bilkins, Argie Allen, Maureen P. Davey, Adam Davey. 2016. Black Church Leaders’ Attitudes About Mental Health Services: Role of Racial Discrimination. Contemporary Family Therapy 38:2, 184-197. [Crossref]

210. Erin M. Fekete, Michael Chatterton, Matthew D. Skinta, Stacey L. Williams. 2016. Ethnic differences in the links between benefit finding and psychological adjustment in people living with HIV. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 39:3, 493-501. [Crossref]

211. Shervin Assari, Maryam Moghani Lankarani. 2016. Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 3:2, 349-356. [Crossref]

212. Abigail A. Sewell, Kevin A. Jefferson, Hedwig Lee. 2016. Living under surveillance: Gender, psychological distress, and stop- question-and-frisk policing in New York City. Social Science & Medicine 159, 1-13. [Crossref]

213. Leah M. Adams, Jane M. Simoni. 2016. The need for multi-level mitigation of medical mistrust among social network members contributing to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence in African Americans living with HIV: Comment on Bogart et al. (2016). Social Science & Medicine 159, 58-60. [Crossref]

214. Lena D. Saleh, Jacob J. van den Berg, Christopher S. Chambers, Don Operario. 2016. Social support, psychological vulnerability, and HIV risk among African American men who have sex with men. Psychology & Health 31:5, 549-564. [Crossref]

215. Anna K. Lee, Maya A. Corneille, Naomi M. Hall, Cecile N. Yancu, Micha Myers. 2016. The stressors of being young and Black: Cardiovascular health and Black young adults. Psychology & Health 31:5, 578-591. [Crossref]

216. Il-Ho Kim, Samuel Noh. 2016. Racial/ethnic variations in the main and buffering effects of ethnic and nonethnic supports on depressive symptoms among five ethnic immigrant groups in Toronto. Ethnicity & Health 21:3, 215-232. [Crossref]

217. Umar Z. Ikram, Marieke B. Snijder, Matty A. S. de Wit, Aart H. Schene, Karien Stronks, Anton E. Kunst. 2016. Perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms: the buffering effects of ethnic identity, religion and ethnic social network. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51:5, 679-688. [Crossref]

218. S. L. Hatch, B. Gazard, D. R. Williams, S. Frissa, L. Goodwin, M. Hotopf. 2016. Discrimination and common mental disorder among migrant and ethnic groups: findings from a South East London Community sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51:5, 689-701. [Crossref]

219. Davide Morselli, Annick Berchtold, Joan-Carles Suris Granell, André Berchtold. 2016. On-line life history calendar and sensitive topics: A pilot study. Computers in Human Behavior 58, 141-149. [Crossref]

220. Àlex Boso, Mihaela Vancea. 2016. Should irregular migrants have the right to healthcare? Lessons learnt from the Spanish case. Critical Social Policy 36:2, 225-245. [Crossref]

221. Lynn C. Holley, Natasha S. Mendoza, Melissa M. Del-Colle, Marquita Lynette Bernard. 2016. Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: Experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 28:2, 93-116. [Crossref]

222. Chiachih D. C. Wang, Dominick A. Scalise, I. Alejandro Barajas-Munoz, Kathy Julio, Ayleen Gomez. 2016. Attachment, Acculturation, and Psychosomatic Complaints Among Hispanic American University Students. Journal of College Counseling 19:1, 45-60. [Crossref]

223. Abigail A. Sewell, Kevin A. Jefferson. 2016. Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City. Journal of Urban Health 93:S1, 42-67. [Crossref]

224. Alecia McGregor. 2016. Politics, Police Accountability, and Public Health: Civilian Review in Newark, New Jersey. Journal of Urban Health 93:S1, 141-153. [Crossref]

225. Elizabeth Rata, Carlos Zubaran. 2016. Ethnic Classification in the New Zealand Health Care System. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 41:2, 192-209. [Crossref]

226. Jennifer Reid, Donna Cormack, Marie Crowe. 2016. The significance of relational continuity of care for Māori patient engagement with predominantly non-Māori doctors: findings from a qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 40:2, 120-125. [Crossref]

227. Meeta Banerjee, Rika M. L. Meyer, Stephanie J. Rowley. 2016. Experiences With Discrimination and Depression. Journal of Family Issues 37:6, 833-854. [Crossref]

228. Shervin Assari, Maryam Moghani Lankarani. 2016. Stressful Life Events and Risk of Depression 25 Years Later: Race and Gender Differences. Frontiers in Public Health 4. . [Crossref]

229. Yulong Lian, Jing Xiao, Chen Zhang, Suzhen Guan, Fuye Li, Hua Ge, Jiwen Liu. 2016. A comparison of the relationships between psychosocial factors, occupational strain, and work ability among 4 ethnic teacher groups in China. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 71:2, 74-84. [Crossref]

230. Sherry Lipsky, Mary A. Kernic, Qian Qiu, Deborah S. Hasin. 2016. Posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse among women: effects of ethnic minority stressors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51:3, 407-419. [Crossref]

231. Thales De Nardo, Rodney M. Gabel, John A. Tetnowski, Eric R. Swartz. 2016. Self-acceptance of stuttering: A preliminary study. Journal of Communication Disorders 60, 27-38. [Crossref]

232. Obinna Achuko, Rebekah J. Walker, Jennifer A. Campbell, Aprill Z. Dawson, Leonard E. Egede. 2016. Pathways Between Discrimination and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 18:3, 151-158. [Crossref]

233. Mario Sims, Ana V Diez-Roux, Samson Y Gebreab, Allison Brenner, Patricia Dubbert, Sharon Wyatt, Marino Bruce, DeMarc Hickson, Tom Payne, Herman Taylor. 2016. Perceived discrimination is associated with health behaviours among African- Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 70:2, 187-194. [Crossref]

234. Chenelle A. Jones, Helen T. Greene. 2016. Race Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Offending Trends Among African American College Students. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 32:1, 60-77. [Crossref]

235. Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Julie Ober Allen, Shervin Assari. Family Influences on African American Men’s Health: Family- Based Interventions 195-214. [Crossref]

236. Frederick X. Gibbons, Michelle L. Stock, Ross E. O’Hara, Meg Gerrard. Prospecting Prejudice: An Examination of the Long- Term Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Health Behavior and Health Status of African Americans 199-232. [Crossref]

237. Krim K. Lacey, James S. Jackson, Niki Matusko. Racial and Ethnic Influences on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: The Case of Caribbean Blacks 331-346. [Crossref]

238. L. Kohn-Wood, S. Pollard, R. Becker Herbst, D.K. Birichi. Ethnic Minority Mental Health Strengths in the United States 149-160. [Crossref]

239. Jacqueline L. Angel, Stipica Mudrazija, Rebecca Benson. Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health 123-141. [Crossref] 240. Daniel P. Keating. Social Inequality in Population Developmental Health 75-104. [Crossref]

241. Jaime C. Slaughter-Acey, Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson, Laura Helmkamp, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Theresa L. Osypuk, Robert W. Platt, Jennifer K. Straughen, Rhonda K. Dailey-Okezie, Purni Abeysekara, Dawn P. Misra. 2016. Racism in the form of micro aggressions and the risk of preterm birth among black women. Annals of Epidemiology 26:1, 7-13.e1. [Crossref]

242. Daniel Herda. 2016. The specter of discrimination: Fear of interpersonal racial discrimination among adolescents in Chicago. Social Science Research 55, 48-62. [Crossref]

243. Miao K. Qian, Gail D. Heyman, Paul C. Quinn, Francoise A. Messi, Genyue Fu, Kang Lee. 2016. Implicit Racial Biases in Preschool Children and Adults From Asia and Africa. Child Development 87:1, 285-296. [Crossref]

244. Arlesia Mathis, Ronica Rooks, Daniel Kruger. 2016. Improving the Neighborhood Environment for Urban Older Adults: Social Context and Self-Rated Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13:1, 3. [Crossref]

245. Darlingtina K. Atakere, Tamara A. Baker. 2016. Immuned by Race: Ethnic Identity, Masculinity, and Attachment as Predictors of Cancer Screening among Black Men. Psychology 07:07, 1023-1033. [Crossref]

246. Nao Hagiwara, Courtney J. Alderson, Jessica M. McCauley. 2015. “We get what we deserve”: the belief in a just world and its health consequences for Blacks. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 38:6, 912-921. [Crossref]

247. Lindsey Potter, Kenneth Wallston, Paula Trief, Jan Ulbrecht, Vanessa Juth, Joshua Smyth. 2015. Attributing discrimination to weight: associations with well-being, self-care, and disease status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 38:6, 863-875. [Crossref]

248. Shipra Singh, Kimberly McBride, Vivek Kak. 2015. Role of Social Support in Examining Acculturative Stress and Psychological Distress Among Asian American Immigrants and Three Sub-groups: Results from NLAAS. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17:6, 1597-1606. [Crossref]

249. Tse-Chuan Yang, Kiwoong Park. 2015. To What Extent do Sleep Quality and Duration Mediate the Effect of Perceived Discrimination on Health? Evidence from Philadelphia. Journal of Urban Health 92:6, 1024-1037. [Crossref]

250. Khushbeen Kaur Sohi, Purnima Singh. 2015. Collective Action in Response to Microaggression: Implications for Social Well- Being. Race and Social Problems 7:4, 269-280. [Crossref]

251. Shauna K. Carlisle, Andrea L. Stone. 2015. Effects of Perceived Discrimination and Length of Residency on the Health of Foreign-Born Populations. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2:4, 434-444. [Crossref]

252. Sirry M. Alang, Ellen M. McCreedy, Donna D. McAlpine. 2015. Race, Ethnicity, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrants in the United States. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2:4, 565-572. [Crossref]

253. Yonina Fleischman, Sarah S. Willen, Nadav Davidovitch, Zohar Mor. 2015. Migration as a social determinant of health for irregular migrants: Israel as case study. Social Science & Medicine 147, 89-97. [Crossref]

254. Weikang Yang, Haitao Li, Xiaoyuan Fu, Junqiang Lu, Zhiqiang Xue, Chuan’an Wu. 2015. Inequalities in Cardiovascular Health Between Local and Migrant Residents. Medicine 94:49, e2103. [Crossref]

255. Carolyn A Mendez-Luck, Jeffrey W Bethel, R Turner Goins, Marc B Schure, Elizabeth McDermott. 2015. Community as a source of health in three racial/ethnic communities in Oregon: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 15:1. . [Crossref]

256. Cheryl Zlotnick, Hadass Goldblatt, Efrat Shadmi, Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Omer Taychaw. 2015. A qualitative study assessing cardiovascular risk factors: the accumulative stressors influencing societal integration of teenage African immigrants. BMC Public Health 15:1. . [Crossref]

257. Emerson Sebastião, Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, Andiara Schwingel. 2015. The need to modify physical activity messages to better speak to older African American women: a pilot study. BMC Public Health 15:1. . [Crossref]

258. Miriam A. Knauss, Kristina Günther, Sophie Belardi, Pauline Morley, Ulrike von Lersner. 2015. The impact of perceived ethnic discrimination on mental health depends on transcultural identity: evidence for a moderator effect. BMC Psychology 3:1. . [Crossref]

259. S. Nombuso Dlamini. 2015. Os jovens desafiam a comunidade: entre a esperança e a estigmatizaçãoI. Educação e Pesquisa 41:spe, 1229-1255. [Crossref]

260. Emerson Sebastião, Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, Andiara Schwingel. 2015. An In-Depth Examination of Perceptions of Physical Activity in Regularly Active and Insufficiently Active Older African American Women: A Participatory Approach. PLOS ONE 10:11, e0142703. [Crossref]

261. A. Meyer-Lindenberg. 2015. Praxisrelevante Forschung in der biologischen Psychiatrie. Der Nervenarzt 86:11, 1343-1348. [Crossref]

262. Vesna Jordanova, Mike J. Crawford, Sally McManus, Paul Bebbington, Traolach Brugha. 2015. Religious discrimination and common mental disorders in England: a nationally representative population-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50:11, 1723-1729. [Crossref]

263. Yang Hou, Su Yeong Kim, Yijie Wang, Yishan Shen, Diana Orozco-Lapray. 2015. Longitudinal Reciprocal Relationships Between Discrimination and Ethnic Affect or Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese American Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44:11, 2110-2121. [Crossref]

264. Jessica D. Remedios, Samantha H. Snyder. 2015. How Women of Color Detect and Respond to Multiple Forms of Prejudice. Sex Roles 73:9-10, 371-383. [Crossref]

265. K.Bruce Newbold, Dylan Simone. 2015. Comparing disability amongst immigrants and native-born in Canada. Social Science & Medicine 145, 53-62. [Crossref]

266. Isla Rippon, Paola Zaninotto, Andrew Steptoe. 2015. Greater Perceived Age Discrimination in England than the United States: Results from HRS and ELSA. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70:6, 925-933. [Crossref]

267. Saffron Karlsen, James Y. Nazroo. 2015. Ethnic and Religious Differences in the Attitudes of People towards Being ‘British’. The Sociological Review 63:4, 759-781. [Crossref]

268. Ben Marsh, Carl Milofsky, Edward Kissam, Thomas A. Arcury. 2015. Understanding the Role of Social Factors in Farmworker Housing and Health. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 25:3, 313-333. [Crossref]

269. Margarette L. Kading, Dane S. Hautala, Laura C. Palombi, Benjamin D. Aronson, Reid C. Smith, Melissa L. Walls. 2015. Flourishing. Society and Mental Health 5:3, 203-217. [Crossref]

270. Mark W. Driscoll, Jason R. Reynolds, Lynn C. Todman. 2015. Dimensions of Race-Related Stress and African American Life Satisfaction. Journal of Black Psychology 41:5, 462-486. [Crossref]

271. Rachael D. Goodman. 2015. Trauma Counseling and Interventions: Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 37:4, 283-294. [Crossref]

272. Kathryn M. Nowotny, Jessica Frankeberger, Alice Cepeda. Research on Drugs and Social Characteristics 320-334. [Crossref] 273. Yin Paradies, Jehonathan Ben, Nida Denson, Amanuel Elias, Naomi Priest, Alex Pieterse, Arpana Gupta, Margaret Kelaher,

Gilbert Gee. 2015. Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE 10:9, e0138511. [Crossref]

274. Francesca Di Saint Pierre, Borja Martinovic, Thomas De Vroome. 2015. Return Wishes of Refugees in the Netherlands: The Role of Integration, Host National Identification and Perceived Discrimination. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41:11, 1836-1857. [Crossref]

275. Kareena McAloney. 2015. Perceptions of Segregation and Substance Use Behaviors in Adolescence. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 24:5, 295-301. [Crossref]

276. Cheryl L. Woods-Giscombé, Marci Lobel, Catherine Zimmer, Crystal Wiley Cené, Giselle Corbie-Smith. 2015. Whose Stress is Making Me Sick? Network-stress and Emotional Distress in African-American Women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 36:9, 710-717. [Crossref]

277. Peter F. Cronholm, Christine M. Forke, Roy Wade, Megan H. Bair-Merritt, Martha Davis, Mary Harkins-Schwarz, Lee M. Pachter, Joel A. Fein. 2015. Adverse Childhood Experiences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49:3, 354-361. [Crossref]

278. Rengin B. Firat, Pascal Boyer. 2015. Coalitional affiliation as a missing link between ethnic polarization and well-being: An empirical test from the European Social Survey. Social Science Research 53, 148-161. [Crossref]

279. Arthur R. Andrews, Lisa Jobe-Shields, Cristina M. López, Isha W. Metzger, Michael A. R. de Arellano, Ben Saunders, Dean G. Kilpatrick. 2015. Polyvictimization, income, and ethnic differences in trauma-related mental health during adolescence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50:8, 1223-1234. [Crossref]

280. Tynessa L. Gordon, Amanda R. W. Steiner, Bethany A. Teachman. 2015. Physical Triggers of Anxiety in African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 41:4, 311-339. [Crossref]

281. Kye-Min Yang. 2015. The Factors Influencing the North Korean Defectors' Attitude to Multicultural Groups in South Korea. 한한한한한한한: 한한한한한 29:3, 165-193. [Crossref]

282. Arlesia Mathis, Ronica Rooks, Dan Kruger. 2015. Neighborhood Environment and Self-Rated Health Among Urban Older Adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 1, 233372141560731. [Crossref]

283. Jane D. McLeod, Tim Hallett, Kathryn J. Lively. Beyond Three Faces: Toward an Integrated Social Psychology of Inequality 1-29. [Crossref]

284. . References 239-249. [Crossref] 285. Aprill Z. Dawson, Rebekah J. Walker, Jennifer A. Campbell, Leonard E. Egede. 2015. Effect of perceived racial discrimination

on self-care behaviors, glycemic control, and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 49:2, 422-428. [Crossref]

286. Shervin Assari, Daphne C. Watkins, Cleopatra H. Caldwell. 2015. Race Attribution Modifies the Association Between Daily Discrimination and Major Depressive Disorder Among Blacks: the Role of Gender and Ethnicity. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2:2, 200-210. [Crossref]

287. Ciarán McFadden. 2015. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Careers and Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review 14:2, 125-162. [Crossref]

288. Melissa Johnstone, Jolanda Jetten, Genevieve A. Dingle, Cameron Parsell, Zoe C. Walter. 2015. Discrimination and well-being amongst the homeless: the role of multiple group membership. Frontiers in Psychology 6. . [Crossref]

289. Shandra Forrest-Bank, Jeffrey M. Jenson, Shannon Trecartin. 2015. The Revised 28-Item Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (R28REMS) : Examining the Factorial Structure for Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Asian Young Adults. Journal of Social Service Research 41:3, 326-344. [Crossref]

290. Lenwood W. Hayman, Rusty B. McIntyre, Antonia Abbey. 2015. The bad taste of social ostracism: The effects of exclusion on the eating behaviors of African-American women. Psychology & Health 30:5, 518-533. [Crossref]

291. Tara R. Earl, Lisa Roxanne Fortuna, Shan Gao, David R. Williams, Harold Neighbors, David Takeuchi, Margarita Alegría. 2015. An exploration of how psychotic-like symptoms are experienced, endorsed, and understood from the National Latino and Asian American Study and National Survey of American Life. Ethnicity & Health 20:3, 273-292. [Crossref]

292. Shauna K. Carlisle. 2015. Perceived discrimination and chronic health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the USA. Ethnicity & Health 20:3, 309-326. [Crossref]

293. Kimberly L. D’Anna-Hernandez, Brenda Aleman, Ana-Mercedes Flores. 2015. Acculturative stress negatively impacts maternal depressive symptoms in Mexican-American women during pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders 176, 35-42. [Crossref]

294. Magdalena Bobowik, Nekane Basabe, Darío Páez. 2015. The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well- being in immigrants in Spain. Social Science Research 51, 189-204. [Crossref]

295. Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden, Amanda Durante, Valerie A. Earnshaw, Lisa Rosenthal, Jeannette R. Ickovics. 2015. Association of influenza vaccine uptake with health, access to health care, and medical mistreatment among adults from low-income neighborhoods in New Haven, CT: A classification tree analysis. Preventive Medicine 74, 97-102. [Crossref]

296. Steven M. Kogan, Tianyi Yu, Kimberly A. Allen, Gene H. Brody. 2015. Racial Microstressors, Racial Self-Concept, and Depressive Symptoms Among Male African Americans During the Transition to Adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44:4, 898-909. [Crossref]

297. Umar Z. Ikram, Marieke B. Snijder, Thijs J.L. Fassaert, Aart H. Schene, Anton E. Kunst, Karien Stronks. 2015. The contribution of perceived ethnic discrimination to the prevalence of depression. European Journal of Public Health 25:2, 243-248. [Crossref]

298. Janelle Armstrong-Brown, Eugenia Eng, Wizdom Powell Hammond, Catherine Zimmer, J. Michael Bowling. 2015. Redefining Racial Residential Segregation and Its Association with Physical Activity among African Americans 50 years and Older: A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23:2, 237-246. [Crossref]

299. Mary S. Himmelstein, Danielle M. Young, Diana T. Sanchez, James S. Jackson. 2015. Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychology & Health 30:3, 253-267. [Crossref]

300. Shandra S. Forrest-Bank, Jeffery M. Jenson. 2015. The relationship among childhood risk and protective factors, racial microaggression and ethnic identity, and academic self-efficacy and antisocial behavior in young adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review 50, 64-74. [Crossref]

301. Kristine Ria Hearld, Henna Budhwani, Daniel Chavez-Yenter. 2015. Panic attacks in minority Americans: The effects of alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, and discrimination. Journal of Affective Disorders 174, 106-112. [Crossref]

302. Natalie J. Sabik. 2015. Ageism and Body Esteem: Associations With Psychological Well-Being Among Late Middle-Aged African American and European American Women. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70:2, 189-199. [Crossref]

303. Ewa Johnsson, Krystyna Zolkowska, Thomas F McNeil. 2015. Prediction of adaptation difficulties by country of origin, cumulate psychosocial stressors and attitude toward integrating: A Swedish study of first-generation immigrants from Somalia, Vietnam and China. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 61:2, 174-182. [Crossref]

304. Chong-suk Han, George Ayala, Jay P. Paul, Ross Boylan, Steven E. Gregorich, Kyung-Hee Choi. 2015. Stress and Coping with Racism and Their Role in Sexual Risk for HIV Among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44:2, 411-420. [Crossref]

305. Ignatius A. Samuel. 2015. Utilization of Mental Health Services Among African-American Male Adolescents Released from Juvenile Detention: Examining Reasons for Within-Group Disparities in Help-Seeking Behaviors. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 32:1, 33-43. [Crossref]

306. Ryan K. Masters, Bruce G. Link, Jo C. Phelan. 2015. Trends in education gradients of ‘preventable’ mortality: A test of fundamental cause theory. Social Science & Medicine 127, 19-28. [Crossref]

307. Frank L. Samson. 2015. Racial resentment and smoking. Social Science & Medicine 126, 164-168. [Crossref] 308. Roland L Leak, Omar P Woodham, George W Stone. 2015. Felt discrimination increases offensiveness of stereotyped out-group

depictions. Journal of Consumer Marketing 32:1, 26-33. [Crossref] 309. Maximus Berger, Zoltán Sarnyai. 2015. “More than skin deep”: stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial

discrimination. Stress 18:1, 1-10. [Crossref] 310. Carolyn B. Murray. Culture as a Determinant of Mental Health 570-575. [Crossref] 311. Zinzi D. Bailey, David R. Williams. Stress, Health, and Disparities 765-779. [Crossref] 312. Tessa L. Dover, Brenda Major, Jonathan W. Kunstman, Pamela J. Sawyer. 2015. Does unfairness feel different if it can be linked

to group membership? Cognitive, affective, behavioral and physiological implications of discrimination and unfairness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 56, 96-103. [Crossref]

313. Amy S. DeSantis, Emma K. Adam, Louise C. Hawkley, Brigitte M. Kudielka, John T. Cacioppo. 2015. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Diurnal Cortisol Rhythms. Psychosomatic Medicine 77:1, 6-15. [Crossref]

314. David Matthew Doyle, Lisa Molix. 2014. Perceived discrimination as a stressor for close relationships: identifying psychological and physiological pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 37:6, 1134-1144. [Crossref]

315. Alana M. W. LeBron, Melissa A. Valerio, Edith Kieffer, Brandy Sinco, Ann-Marie Rosland, Jaclynn Hawkins, Nicolaus Espitia, Gloria Palmisano, Michael Spencer. 2014. Everyday Discrimination, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Depressive Symptoms Among African Americans and Latinos with Diabetes. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16:6, 1208-1216. [Crossref]

316. Il-Ho Kim, Samuel Noh. 2014. Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Five Immigrant Groups. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16:6, 1167-1175. [Crossref]

317. Michael A. Robinson, Tyrone C. Cheng. 2014. Exploring Physical Health of African Americans: A Social Determinant Model. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 24:8, 899-909. [Crossref]

318. Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, Magdalena M. Paczkowski, Dana March, Sandro Galea. 2014. Trends in the Mexican infant mortality paradox over the past two decades. Annals of Epidemiology 24:11, 831-836. [Crossref]

319. Seline Szkupinski Quiroga, Dulce M. Medina, Jennifer Glick. 2014. In the Belly of the Beast. American Behavioral Scientist 58:13, 1723-1742. [Crossref]

320. Katrina R. Ellis, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Shervin Assari, E. Hill De Loney. 2014. Nonresident African-American Fathers' Influence on Sons' Exercise Intentions in the Fathers and Sons Program. American Journal of Health Promotion 29:2, 89-98. [Crossref]

321. Darren L. Whitfield, N. Eugene Walls, Lisa Langenderfer-Magruder, Brad Clark. 2014. Queer Is the New Black? Not So Much: Racial Disparities in Anti-LGBTQ Discrimination. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 26:4, 426-440. [Crossref]

322. Telsie A. Davis, Erika R. Carr, Enith Hickman, Amy Rosenberg, Nadine J. Kaslow. 2014. Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and life stress among African-American women. Mental Health and Substance Use 7:4, 286-298. [Crossref]

323. Deidre M. Anglin, Quenesha Lighty, Michelle Greenspoon, Lauren M. Ellman. 2014. Racial discrimination is associated with distressing subthreshold positive psychotic symptoms among US urban ethnic minority young adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49:10, 1545-1555. [Crossref]

324. Erika Y. Niwa, Niobe Way, Diane L. Hughes. 2014. Trajectories of Ethnic-Racial Discrimination Among Ethnically Diverse Early Adolescents: Associations With Psychological and Social Adjustment. Child Development 49, n/a-n/a. [Crossref]

325. Nancy Krieger. 2014. Discrimination and Health Inequities. International Journal of Health Services 44:4, 643-710. [Crossref] 326. Larrell L. Wilkinson, Jelani Kerr, Temple Smith, Muhammad Salaam, Minnjuan W. Flournoy, Jametta Magwood, Edith

Williams, Saundra Glover. 2014. Psychological health and discrimination experience among graduate students: findings from the Stress Coping Obstruction Prevention & Education (SCOPE) Study. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 7:3, 122-136. [Crossref]

327. Erin M. Fekete, Nathan T. Deichert, Stacey L. Williams. 2014. HIV-specific unsupportive social interactions, health, and ethnicity in men living with HIV. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 31:6, 830-846. [Crossref]

328. Angela Chia-Chen Chen, Laura A. Szalacha, Usha Menon. 2014. Perceived Discrimination and Its Associations With Mental Health and Substance Use Among Asian American and Pacific Islander Undergraduate and Graduate Students. Journal of American College Health 62:6, 390-398. [Crossref]

329. Angie Denisse Otiniano Verissimo, Christine E. Grella, Hortensia Amaro, Gilbert C. Gee. 2014. Discrimination and Substance Use Disorders Among Latinos: The Role of Gender, Nativity, and Ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health 104:8, 1421-1428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

330. Julia T. Caldwell, Lois M. Takahashi. 2014. Does Attending Worship Mitigate Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Influencing Health Behaviors? Results From an Analysis of the California Health Interview Survey. Health Education & Behavior 41:4, 406-413. [Crossref]

331. Katrina D. Hopkins, Stephen R. Zubrick, Catherine L. Taylor. 2014. Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal Youth: An Ecological Analysis of Factors Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in High and Low Family Risk Contexts. PLoS ONE 9:7, e102820. [Crossref]

332. Gwendolyn A. Kelso, Mardge H. Cohen, Kathleen M. Weber, Sannisha K. Dale, Ruth C. Cruise, Leslie R. Brody. 2014. Critical Consciousness, Racial and Gender Discrimination, and HIV Disease Markers in African American Women with HIV. AIDS and Behavior 18:7, 1237-1246. [Crossref]

333. Michael Massoglia, Paul-Philippe Pare, Jason Schnittker, Alain Gagnon. 2014. The relationship between incarceration and premature adult mortality: Gender specific evidence. Social Science Research 46, 142-154. [Crossref]

334. Rajan R. Patil. 2014. Caste-, Work-, and Descent-Based Discrimination as a Determinant of Health in Social Epidemiology. Social Work in Public Health 29:4, 342-349. [Crossref]

335. Valerie A. Earnshaw, Lisa Rosenthal, Amy Carroll-Scott, Susan M. Peters, Catherine McCaslin, Jeannette R. Ickovics. 2014. Teacher involvement as a protective factor from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation. Social Psychology of Education 17:2, 197-209. [Crossref]

336. Helena E. Dagadu, C. André Christie-Mizell. 2014. Heart Trouble and Racial Group Identity: Exploring Ethnic Heterogeneity Among Black Americans. Race and Social Problems 6:2, 143-160. [Crossref]

337. Laurin J. Kasehagen, Kathleen Brandert, Brenda Nickol, Maureen Gatere, Piia Hanson, Jane Bambace, Rita Beam, Shin Margaret Chao, Cheryl L. Clark, Carrie Y. Hepburn, Maria A. L. Jocson, Millie Jones, Patricia McManus. 2014. Application of a Mixed Methods Approach to Identify Community-Level Solutions to Decrease Racial Disparities in Infant Mortality. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 1:2, 69-84. [Crossref]

338. Seunghye Hong, Wei Zhang, Emily Walton. 2014. Neighborhoods and mental health: Exploring ethnic density, poverty, and social cohesion among Asian Americans and Latinos. Social Science & Medicine 111, 117-124. [Crossref]

339. Thomas A. LaVeist, Roland J. Thorpe, Geraldine Pierre, GiShawn A. Mance, David R. Williams. 2014. The Relationships among Vigilant Coping Style, Race, and Depression. Journal of Social Issues 70:2, 241-255. [Crossref]

340. Elizabeth Page-Gould, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, Wendy Berry Mendes. 2014. Stress and Coping in Interracial Contexts: The Influence of Race-Based Rejection Sensitivity and Cross-Group Friendship in Daily Experiences of Health. Journal of Social Issues 70:2, 256-278. [Crossref]

341. Brian D. Smedley, Hector F. Myers. 2014. Conceptual and Methodological Challenges for Health Disparities Research and Their Policy Implications. Journal of Social Issues 70:2, 382-391. [Crossref]

342. Michael E. Newcomb, Adrienne J. Heinz, Michelle Birkett, Brian Mustanski. 2014. A Longitudinal Examination of Risk and Protective Factors for Cigarette Smoking Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 54:5, 558-564. [Crossref]

343. Eleanor K. Seaton, Rachel Upton, Adrianne Gilbert, Vanessa Volpe. 2014. A Moderated Mediation Model: Racial Discrimination, Coping Strategies, and Racial Identity Among Black Adolescents. Child Development 85:3, 882-890. [Crossref]

344. Aneeta Rattan, Nalini Ambady. 2014. How “It Gets Better”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40:5, 555-566. [Crossref] 345. Christian S. Chan, Jean E. Rhodes. 2014. Measuring Exposure in Hurricane Katrina: A Meta-Analysis and an Integrative Data

Analysis. PLoS ONE 9:4, e92899. [Crossref] 346. Jessica Forsyth, Antoinette Schoenthaler, William F. Chaplin, Gbenga Ogedegbe, Joseph Ravenell. 2014. Perceived Discrimination

and Medication Adherence in Black Hypertensive Patients. Psychosomatic Medicine 76:3, 229-236. [Crossref] 347. Natalie D. Crawford, Kellee White, Abby E. Rudolph, Kandice C. Jones, Ebele O. Benjamin, Crystal M. Fuller. 2014. The

Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Discrimination, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Depression Among Illicit Drug Users in New York City. Journal of Drug Issues 44:2, 197-211. [Crossref]

348. Alisia G. T. T. Tran. 2014. Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health. American Journal of Community Psychology 53:1-2, 37-46. [Crossref]

349. Cecilia Castro-Diehl, Ana V. Diez Roux, Teresa Seeman, Steven Shea, Sandi Shrager, Sameh Tadros. 2014. Associations of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors with urinary measures of cortisol and catecholamines in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Psychoneuroendocrinology 41, 132-141. [Crossref]

350. Audrey N. Beck, Brian K. Finch, Shih-Fan Lin, Robert A. Hummer, Ryan K. Masters. 2014. Racial disparities in self-rated health: Trends, explanatory factors, and the changing role of socio-demographics. Social Science & Medicine 104, 163-177. [Crossref]

351. Danhong Chen, Tse-Chuan Yang. 2014. The pathways from perceived discrimination to self-rated health: An investigation of the roles of distrust, social capital, and health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine 104, 64-73. [Crossref]

352. Eric Anthony Grollman. 2014. Multiple Disadvantaged Statuses and Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55:1, 3-19. [Crossref]

353. Fang Gong, Jun Xu. Mental Illness and Discrimination 1572-1577. [Crossref] 354. Wendy B. Young, Steven L. Foy, Linda K. George. Stress Outcomes, Measuring 2328-2334. [Crossref] 355. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Anna Bellatorre, Peter Muennig. 2014. Anti-Gay Prejudice and All-Cause Mortality Among

Heterosexuals in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 104:2, 332-337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus] 356. Velma McBride Murry, Lily D. McNair, Sonya S. Myers, Yi-fu Chen, Gene H. Brody. 2014. Intervention Induced Changes

in Perceptions of Parenting and Risk Opportunities Among Rural African American. Journal of Child and Family Studies 23:2, 422-436. [Crossref]

357. Natalie D. Crawford, Sandro Galea, Chandra L. Ford, Carl Latkin, Bruce G. Link, Crystal Fuller. 2014. The Relationship Between Discrimination and High-Risk Social Ties by Race/Ethnicity: Examining Social Pathways of HIV Risk. Journal of Urban Health 91:1, 151-161. [Crossref]

358. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Hee-Jin Jun, Heather L. Corliss, S. Bryn Austin. 2014. Structural Stigma and Cigarette Smoking in a Prospective Cohort Study of Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 47:1, 48-56. [Crossref]

359. Alicia Lukachko, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katherine M. Keyes. 2014. Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States. Social Science & Medicine 103, 42-50. [Crossref]

360. Laura Smart Richman, Micah R. Lattanner. 2014. Self-regulatory processes underlying structural stigma and health. Social Science & Medicine 103, 94-100. [Crossref]

361. Matthew R. Pearson, Valerian J. Derlega, James M. Henson, Karen Y. Holmes, Rebecca A. Ferrer, Scott B. Harrison. 2014. Role of Neuroticism and Coping Strategies in Psychological Reactions to a Racist Incident Among African American University Students. Journal of Black Psychology 40:1, 81-111. [Crossref]

362. Margaret T. Hicken, Hedwig Lee, Jeffrey Morenoff, James S. House, David R. Williams. 2014. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence: Reconsidering the Role of Chronic Stress. American Journal of Public Health 104:1, 117-123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus] [Supplemental Material]

363. Kevin L. Nadal, Katie E. Griffin, Yinglee Wong, Sahran Hamit, Morgan Rasmus. 2014. The Impact of Racial Microaggressions on Mental Health: Counseling Implications for Clients of Color. Journal of Counseling & Development 92:1, 57-66. [Crossref]

364. Tené T. Lewis, David R. Williams, Mahader Tamene, Cheryl R. Clark. 2014. Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Cardiovascular Disease. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 8:1. . [Crossref]

365. Andreas Beelmann, Kim Sarah Heinemann. 2014. Preventing prejudice and improving intergroup attitudes: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent training programs. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 35:1, 10-24. [Crossref]

366. R. David Hayward, Neal Krause. 2014. The effect of belonging to an alcohol-proscribing religious group on the relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and mortality. Social Science & Medicine 101, 1-8. [Crossref]

367. Alejandro Magallares, Pilar Benito de Valle, Jose Antonio Irles, Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera. 2014. Overt and Subtle Discrimination, Subjective Well-Being and Physical Health-Related Quality Of Life in an Obese Sample. Spanish Journal of Psychology 17. . [Crossref]

368. Gabriella A. Engstrom, Ruth M. Tappen, Joseph Ouslander. 2014. Costs Associated With Recruitment and Interviewing of Study Participants in a Diverse Population of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nursing Research 63:1, 63-67. [Crossref]

369. Sundari Balan, Gregory Widner, Hsing-Jung Chen, Darrell Hudson, Sarah Gehlert, Rumi Kato Price. 2014. Motherhood, Psychological Risks, and Resources in Relation to Alcohol Use Disorder: Are There Differences between Black and White Women?. ISRN Addiction 2014, 1-9. [Crossref]

370. Roy K. Chen, Mya Vaughn, Stephen A. Zanskas, Hung-Jen Kuo. 2014. Scholarly Productivity in Rehabilitation Counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 57:2, 116-123. [Crossref]

371. SG Kumar, Rakhi Dandona, G Kumar, SP Ramgopal, Lalit Dandona. 2014. Depression among AIDS-orphaned children higher than among other orphaned children in southern India. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 8:1, 13. [Crossref]

372. João Luiz Bastos, Aluisio J. D. Barros, Roger Keller Celeste, Yin Paradies, Eduardo Faerstein. 2014. Age, class and race discrimination: their interactions and associations with mental health among Brazilian university students. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30:1, 175-186. [Crossref]

373. Natalie D. Crawford, Abby E. Rudolph, Crystal M. Fuller. 2014. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Recent Drug Detoxification Enrollment and the Role of Discrimination and Neighborhood Factors. Substance Use & Misuse 49:1-2, 124-133. [Crossref]

374. Aasim I. Padela, Farr A. Curlin. 2013. Religion and Disparities: Considering the Influences of Islam on the Health of American Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health 52:4, 1333-1345. [Crossref]

375. Fernando Molero, Patricia Recio, Cristina García-Ael, María J. Fuster, Pilar Sanjuán. 2013. Measuring Dimensions of Perceived Discrimination in Five Stigmatized Groups. Social Indicators Research 114:3, 901-914. [Crossref]

376. Haslyn Hunte, Tracy Finlayson. 2013. The Relationship between Perceived Discrimination and Psychotherapeutic and Illicit Drug Misuse in Chicago, IL, USA. Journal of Urban Health 90:6, 1112-1129. [Crossref]

377. Jessica R. Graham, Lindsey M. West, Lizabeth Roemer. 2013. The Experience of Racism and Anxiety Symptoms in an African- American Sample: Moderating Effects of Trait Mindfulness. Mindfulness 4:4, 332-341. [Crossref]

378. Margarita Alegría, Lisa R. Fortuna, Julia Y. Lin, Fran H. Norris, Shan Gao, David T. Takeuchi, James S. Jackson, Patrick E. Shrout, Anne Valentine. 2013. Prevalence, Risk, and Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Across Ethnic and Racial Minority Groups in the United States. Medical Care 51:12, 1114-1123. [Crossref]

379. Brianne Hastie, Suzanne Cosh. 2013. “What’s Wrong With That?” Legitimating and Contesting Gender Inequality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 32:4, 369-389. [Crossref]

380. Haslyn ER Hunte, Katherine King, Margaret Hicken, Hedwig Lee, Tené T Lewis. 2013. Interpersonal discrimination and depressive symptomatology: examination of several personality-related characteristics as potential confounders in a racial/ethnic heterogeneous adult sample. BMC Public Health 13:1. . [Crossref]

381. Yin Paradies, Naomi Priest, Jehonathan Ben, Mandy Truong, Arpana Gupta, Alex Pieterse, Margaret Kelaher, Gilbert Gee. 2013. Racism as a determinant of health: a protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 2:1. . [Crossref]

382. Paul Bowen, Peter Edwards, Helen Lingard. 2013. Workplace stress among construction professionals in South Africa. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 20:6, 620-635. [Crossref]

383. Darrell L. Hudson, Eli Puterman, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Karen A. Matthews, Nancy E. Adler. 2013. Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Social Science & Medicine 97, 7-14. [Crossref]

384. Larissa A. McGarrity, David M. Huebner, Ryan K. McKinnon. 2013. Putting stigma in context: Do perceptions of group stigma interact with personally experienced discrimination to predict mental health?. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 16:6, 684-698. [Crossref]

385. Christine Dunkel Schetter, Peter Schafer, Robin Gaines Lanzi, Elizabeth Clark-Kauffman, Tonse N. K. Raju, Marianne M. Hillemeier. 2013. Shedding Light on the Mechanisms Underlying Health Disparities Through Community Participatory Methods. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8:6, 613-633. [Crossref]

386. Ruth Chu-Lien Chao, Deepta Dasgupta. Discrimination 423-426. [Crossref] 387. Yolanda Anyon, Megan Moore, Elizabeth Horevitz, Kelly Whitaker, Susan Stone, John P. Shields. 2013. Health Risks, Race,

and Adolescents’ Use of School-Based Health Centers: Policy and Service Recommendations. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 40:4, 457-468. [Crossref]

388. Maureen R. Benjamins. 2013. Comparing Measures of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Coping, and Associations with Health- Related Outcomes in a Diverse Sample. Journal of Urban Health 90:5, 832-848. [Crossref]

389. Kristin Turney, Hedwig Lee, Neil Mehta. 2013. The social determinants of child health. Social Science & Medicine 95, 1-5. [Crossref]

390. Ashley Austin, Shelley L. Craig. 2013. Support, Discrimination, and Alcohol Use Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Sexual Minority Youths. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 25:4, 420-442. [Crossref]

391. Christina S. Lee, Suzanne M. Colby, Damaris J. Rohsenow, Steven R. López, Lynn Hernández, Raul Caetano. 2013. Acculturation Stress and Drinking Problems Among Urban Heavy Drinking Latinos in the Northeast. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 12:4, 308-320. [Crossref]

392. Victor Minichiello, Saifur Rahman, Rafat Hussain. 2013. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in global indigenous populations: data availability and gaps. International Journal of STD & AIDS 24:10, 759-768. [Crossref]

393. Javier Alvarez-Galvez, Luis Salvador-Carulla. 2013. Perceived Discrimination and Self-Rated Health in Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey (2010). PLoS ONE 8:9, e74252. [Crossref]

394. Jenny Hsin-Chun Tsai, Elaine Adams Thompson. 2013. Impact of social discrimination, job concerns, and social support on filipino immigrant worker mental health and substance use. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 56:9, 1082-1094. [Crossref]

395. Hyun Kim, Saru Jayaraman, Paul Landsbergis, Steven Markowitz, SeungSup Kim, Jonathan Dropkin. 2013. Perceived discrimination from management and musculoskeletal symptoms among New York City restaurant workers. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 19:3, 196-206. [Crossref]

396. Gloria E. Sarto, Julia Brasileiro, Doris J. Franklin. 2013. Women's Health: Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities. Global Advances in Health and Medicine 2:5, 50-53. [Crossref]

397. Enisha Sarin, Luke J. Samson, Michael D. Sweat. 2013. Impact of Acts of Discrimination on Quality of Life Among Injecting Drug Users in Delhi, India. Social Indicators Research 113:1, 319-334. [Crossref]

398. Jessica F. Harding, Chris G. Sibley. 2013. The Palliative Function of System Justification: Concurrent Benefits Versus Longer- Term Costs to Wellbeing. Social Indicators Research 113:1, 401-418. [Crossref]

399. Amy L. Tobler, Mildred M. Maldonado-Molina, Stephanie A.S. Staras, Ryan J. O'Mara, Melvin D. Livingston, Kelli A. Komro. 2013. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, problem behaviors, and mental health among minority urban youth. Ethnicity & Health 18:4, 337-349. [Crossref]

400. Steven E. Mock, A. Wade Wilson, Bryan Smale, Margo Hilbrecht. 2013. The association of physically active leisure with well- being among diverse racial groups. Leisure/Loisir 37:3, 287-301. [Crossref]

401. Ora Nakash, Itzhak Levav, Gilad Gal. 2013. Common mental disorders in immigrant and second-generation respondents: Results from the Israel-based World Mental Health Survey. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 59:5, 508-515. [Crossref]

402. Rebecca R. Cheezum, Chris M. Coombe, Barbara A. Israel, Robert J. McGranaghan, Akosua N. Burris, Sonya Grant-White, Ashley Weigl, Michael Anderson. 2013. Building Community Capacity to Advocate for Policy Change: An Outcome Evaluation of the Neighborhoods Working in Partnership Project in Detroit. Journal of Community Practice 21:3, 228-247. [Crossref]

403. Vicki Johnson-Lawrence, Derek M. Griffith, Daphne C. Watkins. 2013. The Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Mood/Anxiety Disorders on the Chronic Physical Health Conditions of Men From a National Sample. American Journal of Men's Health 7:4_suppl, 58S-67S. [Crossref]

404. Byron Miller, Sunshine M. Rote, Verna M. Keith. 2013. Coping with Racial Discrimination. Society and Mental Health 3:2, 133-150. [Crossref]

405. Laura M. Bogart, Marc N. Elliott, David E. Kanouse, David J. Klein, Susan L. Davies, Paula M. Cuccaro, Stephen W. Banspach, Melissa F. Peskin, Mark A. Schuster. 2013. Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Problem Behaviors Among Preadolescent Youths. American Journal of Public Health 103:6, 1074-1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

406. Luisa N. Borrell, Catarina I. Kiefe, Ana V. Diez-Roux, David R. Williams, Penny Gordon-Larsen. 2013. Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study. Ethnicity & Health 18:3, 227-243. [Crossref]

407. Tracy MacIntosh, Mayur M. Desai, Tene T. Lewis, Beth A. Jones, Marcella Nunez-Smith. 2013. Socially-Assigned Race, Healthcare Discrimination and Preventive Healthcare Services. PLoS ONE 8:5, e64522. [Crossref]

408. Laura M. Bogart, Hope Landrine, Frank H. Galvan, Glenn J. Wagner, David J. Klein. 2013. Perceived Discrimination and Physical Health Among HIV-Positive Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS and Behavior 17:4, 1431-1441. [Crossref]

409. Stephanie L. Budge, Sabra L. Katz-Wise, Esther N. Tebbe, Kimberly A. S. Howard, Carrie L. Schneider, Adriana Rodriguez. 2013. Transgender Emotional and Coping Processes. The Counseling Psychologist 41:4, 601-647. [Crossref]

410. Hedwig Lee, Kiarri N. Kershaw, Margaret T. Hicken, Cleopatra M. Abdou, Eric S. Williams, Nereida Rivera-O'Reilly, James S. Jackson. 2013. Cardiovascular Disease among Black Americans: Comparisons between the U.S. Virgin Islands and the 50 U.S. States. Public Health Reports 128:3, 170-178. [Crossref]

411. Trina R. Williams Shanks, Christine Robinson. 2013. Assets, economic opportunity and toxic stress: A framework for understanding child and educational outcomes. Economics of Education Review 33, 154-170. [Crossref]

412. Kelly M. Bower, Roland J. Thorpe, Thomas A. LaVeist. 2013. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Mental Health in Low- Income, Urban-Dwelling Whites. International Journal of Health Services 43:2, 267-280. [Crossref]

413. Claudia Chaufan, Jay Joseph. 2013. The ‘Missing Heritability’ of Common Disorders: Should Health Researchers Care?. International Journal of Health Services 43:2, 281-303. [Crossref]

414. Eleanor K. Seaton, Enrique W. Neblett, Daphne J. Cole, Mitchell J. Prinstein. 2013. Perceived Discrimination and Peer Victimization Among African American and Latino Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42:3, 342-350. [Crossref]

415. Aerika S. Brittian, Megan O’Donnell, George P. Knight, Gustavo Carlo, Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor, Mark W. Roosa. 2013. Associations Between Adolescents’ Perceived Discrimination and Prosocial Tendencies: The Mediating Role of Mexican American Values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42:3, 328-341. [Crossref]

416. Lenny R. Vartanian, Joshua M. Smyth. 2013. Primum Non Nocere: Obesity Stigma and Public Health. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 10:1, 49-57. [Crossref]

417. Amy E. Harley, Amy L. Sapp, Yi Li, Miguel Marino, Lisa M. Quintiliani, Glorian Sorensen. 2013. Sociodemographic and social contextual predictors of multiple health behavior change: data from the Healthy Directions–Small Business study. Translational Behavioral Medicine 3:1, 131-139. [Crossref]

418. Janaina Brugnera Goto, Paulo Francisco Mastella Couto, João Luiz Bastos. 2013. Revisão sistemática dos estudos epidemiológicos sobre discriminação interpessoal e saúde mental. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29:3, 445-459. [Crossref]

419. Sara Edge, Bruce Newbold. 2013. Discrimination and the Health of Immigrants and Refugees: Exploring Canada’s Evidence Base and Directions for Future Research in Newcomer Receiving Countries. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 15:1, 141-148. [Crossref]

420. Valerie A. Earnshaw, Lisa Rosenthal, Jessica B. Lewis, Emily C. Stasko, Jonathan N. Tobin, Tené T. Lewis, Allecia E. Reid, Jeannette R. Ickovics. 2013. Maternal Experiences with Everyday Discrimination and Infant Birth Weight: A Test of Mediators and Moderators Among Young, Urban Women of Color. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 45:1, 13-23. [Crossref]

421. Katrina Kubicek, William H. Beyer, Miles McNeeley, George Weiss, Legendary Father Taz Ultra Omni, Michele D. Kipke. 2013. Community-Engaged Research to Identify House Parent Perspectives on Support and Risk Within the House and Ball Scene. Journal of Sex Research 50:2, 178-189. [Crossref]

422. Carmen Logie, LLana James, Wangari Tharao, Mona Loutfy. 2013. Associations Between HIV-Related Stigma, Racial Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, and Depression Among HIV-Positive African, Caribbean, and Black Women in Ontario, Canada. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 27:2, 114-122. [Crossref]

423. Ora Nakash, Yariv Gerber, Uri Goldbourt, Yael Benyamini, Yaacov Drory. 2013. Ethnicity and Long-term Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction. Medical Care 51:2, 137-143. [Crossref]

424. Kimberly D. Martin, Debra L. Roter, Mary C. Beach, Kathryn A. Carson, Lisa A. Cooper. 2013. Physician Communication Behaviors and Trust Among Black and White Patients With Hypertension. Medical Care 51:2, 151-157. [Crossref]

425. Kelly F. Jackson, Thera Wolven, Kimberly Aguilera. 2013. Mixed Resilience: A Study of Multiethnic Mexican American Stress and Coping in Arizona. Family Relations 62:1, 212-225. [Crossref]

426. Jeremy P. Jamieson, Katrina Koslov, Matthew K. Nock, Wendy Berry Mendes. 2013. Experiencing Discrimination Increases Risk Taking. Psychological Science 24:2, 131-139. [Crossref]

427. Natalie D. Crawford, Chandra Ford, Sandro Galea, Carl Latkin, Kandice C. Jones, Crystal M. Fuller. 2013. The Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and High-Risk Social Ties Among Illicit Drug Users in New York City, 2006–2009. AIDS and Behavior 17:1, 419-426. [Crossref]

428. Kristina Hood, Joshua Brevard, Anh Bao Nguyen, Faye Belgrave. 2013. Stress Among African American Emerging Adults: The Role of Family and Cultural Factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies 22:1, 76-84. [Crossref]

429. Jan Warren-Findlow, James N. Laditka, Michael E. Thompson, Sarah B. Laditka. 2013. Effects of Social Ties on Self-rated Physical Health Among African American Adults. Journal of the National Medical Association 105:1, 23-32. [Crossref]

430. Alisha D. Howarter, Kymberley K. Bennett. 2013. Perceived Discrimination and Health-Related Quality of Life: Testing the Reserve Capacity Model in Hispanic Americans. The Journal of Social Psychology 153:1, 62-79. [Crossref]

431. Nicole M. Overstreet, Diane M. Quinn. 2013. The Intimate Partner Violence Stigmatization Model and Barriers to Help Seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 35:1, 109-122. [Crossref]

432. Jamieson L. Duvall, Carrie B. Oser, Jenny Mooney, Michele Staton-Tindall, Jennifer R. Havens, Carl G. Leukefeld. 2013. Feeling Good in Your Own Skin: The Influence of Complimentary Sexual Stereotypes on Risky Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors in a Community Sample of African American Women. Women & Health 53:1, 1-19. [Crossref]

433. Gauri Bhattacharya. 2013. Contextualizing Disparity Reduction in Rural Health Care: A Call to Action. Journal of Family Social Work 16:1, 86-100. [Crossref]

434. Aerika S. Brittian, Russell B. Toomey, Nancy A. Gonzales, Larry E. Dumka. 2013. Perceived Discrimination, Coping Strategies, and Mexican Origin Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender and Cultural Orientation. Applied Developmental Science 17:1, 4-19. [Crossref]

435. Oscar Barbarin, Esther Jean‐Baptiste. 2013. The relation of dialogic, control, and racial socialization practices to early academic and social competence: Effects of gender, ethnicity, and family socioeconomic status. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 83:2-3, 207-217. [Crossref]

436. Katrina D. Hopkins, Catherine L. Taylor, Stephen R. Zubrick. 2013. The differential influence of contextual risks on psychosocial functioning and participation of Australian aboriginal youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 83:4, 459-471. [Crossref]

437. Krim K. Lacey, Melnee Dilworth McPherson, Preethy S. Samuel, Karen Powell Sears, Doreen Head. 2013. The Impact of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence on the Mental and Physical Health of Women in Different Ethnic Groups. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28:2, 359-385. [Crossref]

438. Heather H. McClure, J. Josh Snodgrass, Charles R. Martinez. Jr., J. Mark Eddy, Thomas W. McDade, Melanie J. Hyers, Anne Johnstone-Díaz. 2013. Integrating Biomarkers into Research with Latino Immigrants in the United States. Advances in Anthropology 03:02, 112-120. [Crossref]

439. Ali A. Weinstein, Angela Termini, Joshua B. Kazman, Stacey A. Zeno, Preetha Abraham, Patricia A. Deuster. 2013. Racial Provocation Induces Cortisol Responses in African-Americans*. Open Journal of Medical Psychology 02:04, 151-157. [Crossref]

440. Priyo Ghosh, Nasir Warfa, Angela McGilloway, Imran Ali, Edgar Jones, Kamaldeep Bhui. 2013. Violent Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism: Perspectives of Wellbeing and Social Cohesion of Citizens of Muslim Heritage. Sociology Mind 03:04, 290-297. [Crossref]

441. Isok Kim. 2013. The Relationship Between Critical Ethnic Awareness and Racial Discrimination: Multiple Indirect Effects of Coping Strategies Among Asian Americans. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 4:3, 261-277. [Crossref]

442. Haslyn E. R. Hunte, Adam E. Barry. 2012. Perceived Discrimination and DSM-IV–Based Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use Disorders. American Journal of Public Health 102:12, e111-e117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

443. Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell, Courtney D. Cogburn, Amanda B. Brodish, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Jacquelynne S. Eccles. 2012. Racial discrimination and substance use: longitudinal associations and identity moderators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 35:6, 581-590. [Crossref]

444. Edna A. Viruell-Fuentes, Patricia Y. Miranda, Sawsan Abdulrahim. 2012. More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health. Social Science & Medicine 75:12, 2099-2106. [Crossref]

445. Sawsan Abdulrahim, Sherman A. James, Rouham Yamout, Wayne Baker. 2012. Discrimination and psychological distress: Does Whiteness matter for Arab Americans?. Social Science & Medicine 75:12, 2116-2123. [Crossref]

446. Nicole M. Capezza, Caron Zlotnick, Robert Kohn, Benjamin Vicente, Sandra Saldivia. 2012. Perceived Discrimination Is a Potential Contributing Factor to Substance Use and Mental Health Problems Among Primary Care Patients in Chile. Journal of Addiction Medicine 6:4, 297-303. [Crossref]

447. Sue Crengle, Elizabeth Robinson, Shanthi Ameratunga, Terryann Clark, Deborah Raphael. 2012. Ethnic discrimination prevalence and associations with health outcomes: data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of secondary school students in New Zealand. BMC Public Health 12:1. . [Crossref]

448. Elisha Riggs, Elise Davis, Lisa Gibbs, Karen Block, Jo Szwarc, Sue Casey, Philippa Duell-Piening, Elizabeth Waters. 2012. Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: Reflections from refugee families and service providers. BMC Health Services Research 12:1. . [Crossref]

449. L. Haddad, A. Meyer-Lindenberg. 2012. Soziale Umweltrisikofaktoren und psychische Erkrankungen. Der Nervenarzt 83:11, 1403-1409. [Crossref]

450. Kerry M. Green, Katarzyna A. Zebrak, Kate E. Fothergill, Judith A. Robertson, Margaret E. Ensminger. 2012. Childhood and adolescent risk factors for comorbid depression and substance use disorders in adulthood. Addictive Behaviors 37:11, 1240-1247. [Crossref]

451. Reuben N. Robbins, Erica D’Aquila, Susan Morgello, Desiree Byrd, Robert H. Remien, Monica Rivera Mindt. 2012. Cultural Influences on Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among HIV-Infected Puerto Ricans. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 23:6, 531-538. [Crossref]

452. Angela Gomez, Livingston Krumah Nelson. 2012. Drum Culture: Capturing, Connecting and Transmitting an African Legacy in Grenada. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 7:3, 321-346. [Crossref]

453. Irma Corral, Hope Landrine. 2012. Racial discrimination and health-promoting vs damaging behaviors among African-American adults. Journal of Health Psychology 17:8, 1176-1182. [Crossref]

454. 2012. Black–White Blood Pressure Disparities: Depressive Symptoms and Differential Vulnerability to Blood Lead. Environmental Health Perspectives 121:2, 205-209. [Crossref]

455. Mieko Yoshihama, Deborah Bybee, Juliane Blazevski. 2012. Day-to-day discrimination and health among Asian Indians: A population-based study of Gujarati men and women in Metropolitan Detroit. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 35:5, 471-483. [Crossref]

456. Qutaiba Agbaria, Tammie Ronen, Liat Hamama. 2012. The link between developmental components (age and gender), need to belong and resources of self-control and feelings of happiness, and frequency of symptoms among Arab adolescents in Israel. Children and Youth Services Review 34:10, 2018-2027. [Crossref]

457. Michael A. Grandner, Lauren Hale, Nicholas Jackson, Nirav P. Patel, Nalaka S. Gooneratne, Wendy M. Troxel. 2012. Perceived Racial Discrimination as an Independent Predictor of Sleep Disturbance and Daytime Fatigue. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 10:4, 235-249. [Crossref]

458. Maureen R. Benjamins. 2012. Race/Ethnic Discrimination and Preventive Service Utilization in a Sample of Whites, Blacks, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. Medical Care 50:10, 870-876. [Crossref]

459. Victoria Frye, Sebastian Bonner, Kim Williams, Kirk Henny, Keosha Bond, Debbie Lucy, Malik Cupid, Stephen Smith, Beryl A. Koblin. 2012. Straight Talk: HIV Prevention for African-American Heterosexual Men: Theoretical Bases and Intervention Design. AIDS Education and Prevention 24:5, 389-407. [Crossref]

460. L.L. Barnes, T.T. Lewis, C.T. Begeny, L. Yu, D.A. Bennett, R.S. Wilson. 2012. Perceived Discrimination and Cognition in Older African Americans. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18:05, 856-865. [Crossref]

461. Anthony L. Burrow, Patrick L. Hill. 2012. Flying the Unfriendly Skies?: The Role of Forgiveness and Race in the Experience of Racial Microaggressions. The Journal of Social Psychology 152:5, 639-653. [Crossref]

462. 2012. REFERENCES. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 77:3, 110-132. [Crossref] 463. Angela D. Thrasher, Olivio J. Clay, Chandra L. Ford, Anita L. Stewart. 2012. Theory-Guided Selection of Discrimination

Measures for Racial/ Ethnic Health Disparities Research Among Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Health 24:6, 1018-1043. [Crossref]

464. William T. L. Cox, Lyn Y. Abramson, Patricia G. Devine, Steven D. Hollon. 2012. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7:5, 427-449. [Crossref]

465. Amy L. Ai, Hoa B. Appel, Bu Huang, Kathy Lee. 2012. Overall Health and Healthcare Utilization Among Latino American Women in the United States. Journal of Women's Health 21:8, 878-885. [Crossref]

466. M. Lamkaddem, M.-L. Essink-Bot, W. Deville, M. Foets, K. Stronks. 2012. Perceived discrimination outside health care settings and health care utilization of Turkish and Moroccan GP patients in the Netherlands. The European Journal of Public Health 22:4, 473-478. [Crossref]

467. Neal Krause, R. David Hayward. 2012. Awareness of the Historical Role of the Church and Change in Self-Esteem among Older African Americans. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 4:2, 240-260. [Crossref]

468. Ijeoma Achara-Abrahams, Arthur C. Evans, Jose Ortiz, Diana Lopez Villegas, Joseph O'Dell, OmiSade Ali, Dietra Hawkins. 2012. Recovery Management and African Americans: A Report from the Field. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 30:3, 263-292. [Crossref]

469. David H. Chae, Sunmin Lee, Karen D. Lincoln, Emily S. Ihara. 2012. Discrimination, Family Relationships, and Major Depression Among Asian Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 14:3, 361-370. [Crossref]

470. Darrell L. Hudson, Kai M. Bullard, Harold W. Neighbors, Arline T. Geronimus, Juan Yang, James S. Jackson. 2012. Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men?. Journal of Men's Health 9:2, 127-136. [Crossref]

471. Jennifer Freeman, Laura Boomer, Dzmitry Fursevich, Alexander Feliz. 2012. Ethnicity and Insurance Status Affect Health Disparities in Patients with Gallstone Disease. Journal of Surgical Research 175:1, 1-5. [Crossref]

472. Eric Anthony Grollman. 2012. Multiple Forms of Perceived Discrimination and Health among Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53:2, 199-214. [Crossref]

473. Wizdom Powell Hammond. 2012. Taking It Like a Man: Masculine Role Norms as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination– Depressive Symptoms Association Among African American Men. American Journal of Public Health 102:S2, S232-S241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

474. Nancy Krieger. 2012. Methods for the Scientific Study of Discrimination and Health: An Ecosocial Approach. American Journal of Public Health 102:5, 936-944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

475. Thu Quach, Amani Nuru-Jeter, Pagan Morris, Laura Allen, Sarah J. Shema, June K. Winters, Gem M. Le, Scarlett Lin Gomez. 2012. Experiences and Perceptions of Medical Discrimination Among a Multiethnic Sample of Breast Cancer Patients in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California. American Journal of Public Health 102:5, 1027-1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

476. Pamela J. Sawyer, Brenda Major, Bettina J. Casad, Sarah S. M. Townsend, Wendy Berry Mendes. 2012. Discrimination and the Stress Response: Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Anticipating Prejudice in Interethnic Interactions. American Journal of Public Health 102:5, 1020-1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

477. Brian D. Smedley. 2012. The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences. American Journal of Public Health 102:5, 933-935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

478. Jason Q. Purnell, Luke J. Peppone, Kassandra Alcaraz, Amy McQueen, Joseph J. Guido, Jennifer K. Carroll, Enbal Shacham, Gary R. Morrow. 2012. Perceived Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Current Smoking Status: Results From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Reactions to Race Module, 2004–2008. American Journal of Public Health 102:5, 844-851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus] [Supplemental Material]

479. Calonie M.K. Gray, Marilyn J. Montgomery. 2012. Links between alcohol and other drug problems and maltreatment among adolescent girls: Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic orientation as moderators. Child Abuse & Neglect 36:5, 449-460. [Crossref]

480. Cyndy R. Snyder. 2012. Racial Socialization in Cross-Racial Families. Journal of Black Psychology 38:2, 228-253. [Crossref] 481. Claudia M Campbell, Robert R Edwards. 2012. Ethnic differences in pain and pain management. Pain Management 2:3, 219-230.

[Crossref] 482. Yuko Mizuno, Craig Borkowf, Gregorio A. Millett, Trista Bingham, George Ayala, Ann Stueve. 2012. Homophobia and Racism

Experienced by Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: Correlates of Exposure and Associations with HIV Risk Behaviors. AIDS and Behavior 16:3, 724-735. [Crossref]

483. Simon Corneau, Vicky Stergiopoulos. 2012. More than being against it: Anti-racism and anti-oppression in mental health services. Transcultural Psychiatry 49:2, 261-282. [Crossref]

484. Darrell L. Hudson, H. W. Neighbors, A. T. Geronimus, J. S. Jackson. 2012. The relationship between socioeconomic position and depression among a US nationally representative sample of African Americans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47:3, 373-381. [Crossref]

485. Michèle Lamont, Jessica S. Welburn, Crystal M. Fleming. 2012. INTRODUCTION. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9:01, 43-49. [Crossref]

486. Tim Huijts, Gerbert Kraaykamp. 2012. Immigrants’ Health in Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Approach to Examine Origin Country, Destination Country, and Community Effects. International Migration Review 46:1, 101-137. [Crossref]

487. Hedwig Lee, Kristin Turney. 2012. Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Discrimination, Social Status, and Mental Health. Society and Mental Health 2:1, 1-20. [Crossref]

488. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Conall O'Cleirigh, Chris Grasso, Kenneth Mayer, Steven Safren, Judith Bradford. 2012. Effect of Same- Sex Marriage Laws on Health Care Use and Expenditures in Sexual Minority Men: A Quasi-Natural Experiment. American Journal of Public Health 102:2, 285-291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

489. Dawn M. Richardson, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter. 2012. Neighborhood Contexts Experienced by Young Mexican-American Women: Enhancing Our Understanding of Risk for Early Childbearing. Journal of Urban Health 89:1, 59-73. [Crossref]

490. Nazleen Bharmal, David Kennedy, Loretta Jones, Charles Lee-Johnson, D’Ann Morris, Ben Caldwell, Anthony Brown, Tina Houston, Charlene Meeks, Roberto Vargas, Idalid Franco, A. Rab Razzak, Arleen F. Brown. 2012. Through Our Eyes: Exploring African-American Men’s Perspective on Factors Affecting Transition to Manhood. Journal of General Internal Medicine 27:2, 153-159. [Crossref]

491. DeMarc A. Hickson, Tené T. Lewis, Jiankang Liu, David L. Mount, Sinead N. Younge, William C. Jenkins, Daniel F. Sarpong, David R. Williams. 2012. The Associations of Multiple Dimensions of Discrimination and Abdominal Fat in African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 43:1, 4-14. [Crossref]

492. David H. Chae, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Karen D. Lincoln, Kimberly R. Jacob Arriola. 2012. Racial Discrimination, Mood Disorders, and Cardiovascular Disease Among Black Americans. Annals of Epidemiology 22:2, 104-111. [Crossref]

493. Carmen R. Green, Tamera Hart-Johnson. 2012. The Association Between Race and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Younger Black and White Adults With Chronic Pain. The Journal of Pain 13:2, 176-186. [Crossref]

494. Carla J. Berg, Matthias Kirch, Monica Webb Hooper, Donna McAlpine, Lawrence C. An, Michel Boudreaux, Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. 2012. Ethnic group differences in the relationship between depressive symptoms and smoking. Ethnicity & Health 17:1-2, 55-69. [Crossref]

495. Ketil Lenert Hansen, Tore Sørlie. 2012. Ethnic discrimination and psychological distress: A study of Sami and non-Sami populations in Norway. Transcultural Psychiatry 49:1, 26-50. [Crossref]

496. Sarah Missinne, Piet Bracke. 2012. Depressive symptoms among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a population based study in 23 European countries. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47:1, 97-109. [Crossref]

497. David W. Johnston, Grace Lordan. 2012. Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination–health relationship. Journal of Health Economics 31:1, 99-111. [Crossref]

498. Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell, Stacey N. Doan, Jacquelynne S. Eccles. 2012. Differential effects of perceived discrimination on the diurnal cortisol rhythm of African Americans and Whites. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:1, 107-118. [Crossref]

499. Aya Kimura Ida, C. André Christie-Mizell. 2012. Racial Group Identity, Psychosocial Resources, and Depressive Symptoms: Exploring Ethnic Heterogeneity among Black Americans. Sociological Focus 45:1, 41-62. [Crossref]

500. Joan K. Davitt. 2012. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Home Health Care: Charting a Course for Future Research. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 31:1, 1-40. [Crossref]

501. Judith A. Stein, Jazmin I. Zane, Christine E. Grella. 2012. Impact of Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Treatment Services on Physical Health-Related Behaviors and Problems Among Dually Diagnosed Patients. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 8:1, 64-73. [Crossref]

502. Vetta Sanders Thompson, Anjanette Wells, Jacquelyn Coats. Dare to be Sick: Poverty and Health Among Vulnerable Populations 23-47. [Crossref]

503. Olga Acosta Price, B. Heidi Ellis, Pia V. Escudero, Kristen Huffman-Gottschling, Mark A. Sander, Dina Birman. Implementing Trauma Interventions in Schools: Addressing the Immigrant and Refugee Experience 95-119. [Crossref]

504. Judith A. MacDonnell, Mahdieh Dastjerdi, Nimo Bokore, Nazilla Khanlou. 2012. Becoming Resilient: Promoting the Mental Health and Well-Being of Immigrant Women in a Canadian Context. Nursing Research and Practice 2012, 1-10. [Crossref]

505. Jenny A. DePierre, Rebecca M. Puhl. 2012. Experiences of Weight Stigmatization: A Review of Self-Report Assessment Measures. Obesity Facts 5:6, 897-918. [Crossref]

506. João Luiz Bastos, Eduardo Faerstein. 2012. Conceptual and methodological aspects of relations between discrimination and health in epidemiological studies. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28:1, 177-183. [Crossref]

507. Heidi Carlerby, Eija Viitasara, Anders Knutsson, Katja Gillander Gadin. 2012. How discrimination and participation are associated with psychosomatic problems among boys and girls in northern Sweden. Health 04:10, 866-872. [Crossref]

508. Courtney R. Lyles, Andrew J. Karter, Bessie A. Young, Clarence Spigner, David Grembowski, Dean Schillinger, Nancy Adler. 2011. Provider factors and patient-reported healthcare discrimination in the Diabetes Study of California (DISTANCE). Patient Education and Counseling 85:3, e216-e224. [Crossref]

509. Joleen C. Schoulte, Jessica M. Schultz, Elizabeth M. Altmaier. 2011. Forgiveness in response to cultural microaggressions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 24:4, 291-300. [Crossref]

510. J. R. Blosnich, K. Horn. 2011. Associations of Discrimination and Violence With Smoking Among Emerging Adults: Differences by Gender and Sexual Orientation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 13:12, 1284-1295. [Crossref]

511. Jennifer Wang, Janxin Leu, Yuichi Shoda. 2011. When the Seemingly Innocuous “Stings”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37:12, 1666-1678. [Crossref]

512. Katherine M. Keyes, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Deborah S. Hasin. 2011. Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: the epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology 218:1, 1-17. [Crossref]

513. Eleanor K. Seaton, Enrique W. Neblett, Rachel D. Upton, Wizdom Powell Hammond, Robert M. Sellers. 2011. The Moderating Capacity of Racial Identity Between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being Over Time Among African American Youth. Child Development 82:6, 1850-1867. [Crossref]

514. Jan Warren-Findlow, James N. Laditka, Sarah B. Laditka, Michael E. Thompson. 2011. Associations Between Social Relationships and Emotional Well-Being in Middle-Aged and Older African Americans. Research on Aging 33:6, 713-734. [Crossref]

515. Necole Brown, Nicole A. Vaughn, Alison J. Lin, Ruth Browne, Marilyn White, Paul Smith. 2011. Healthy Families Brooklyn: Working with Health Advocates to Develop a Health Promotion Program for Residents Living in New York City Housing Authority Developments. Journal of Community Health 36:5, 864-873. [Crossref]

516. Amanda Toler Woodward. 2011. Discrimination and Help-Seeking: Use of Professional Services and Informal Support Among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites with a Mental Disorder. Race and Social Problems 3:3, 146-159. [Crossref]

517. Amanda B. Brodish, Courtney D. Cogburn, Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell, Stephen Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Jacquelynne S. Eccles. 2011. Perceived Racial Discrimination as a Predictor of Health Behaviors: the Moderating Role of Gender. Race and Social Problems 3:3, 160-169. [Crossref]

518. Ronica N. Rooks, Yanmei Xu, Brooke Dorsey Holliman, David R. Williams. 2011. Discrimination and Mental Health among Black and White Adults in the YES Health study. Race and Social Problems 3:3, 182-196. [Crossref]

519. Katrina M. Walsemann, Bethany A. Bell, Bridget J. Goosby. 2011. Effect of School Racial Composition on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Adolescence Through Early Adulthood. Race and Social Problems 3:3, 131-145. [Crossref]

520. Anna M. Ziersch, Gilbert Gallaher, Fran Baum, Michael Bentley. 2011. Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people. Social Science & Medicine 73:7, 1045-1053. [Crossref]

521. Chavella T. Pittman. 2011. Getting Mad But Ending Up Sad. Journal of Black Studies 42:7, 1106-1124. [Crossref] 522. Liane Penney, Helen Moewaka Barnes, Tim Mccreanor. 2011. The Blame Game. AlterNative: An International Journal of

Indigenous Peoples 7:2, 73-86. [Crossref] 523. Karen Kadela Collins, Ryan C. Fields, Dadrie Baptiste, Ying Liu, Jeffrey Moley, Donna B. Jeffe. 2011. Racial Differences in

Survival after Surgical Treatment for Melanoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology 18:10, 2925-2936. [Crossref] 524. Kyung-Hee Choi, Lisa Bowleg, Torsten B. Neilands. 2011. The Effects of Sexism, Psychological Distress, and Difficult Sexual

Situations on U.S. Women's Sexual Risk Behaviors. AIDS Education and Prevention 23:5, 397-411. [Crossref] 525. David J. Brennan, Rory Crath, Trevor A. Hart, Tahany Gadalla, Loralee Gillis. 2011. Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating

Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Canada. International Journal of Men's Health 10:3, 253-268. [Crossref] 526. Monica J. Martin, Bill McCarthy, Rand D. Conger, Frederick X. Gibbons, Ronald L. Simons, Carolyn E. Cutrona, Gene H.

Brody. 2011. The Enduring Significance of Racism: Discrimination and Delinquency Among Black American Youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21:3, 662-676. [Crossref]

527. Jenifer L. Bratter, Bridget K. Gorman. 2011. Is Discrimination an Equal Opportunity Risk? Racial Experiences, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Status among Black and White Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52:3, 365-382. [Crossref]

528. Amy Bombay, Kimberly Matheson, Hymie Anisman. 2011. The impact of stressors on second generation Indian residential school survivors. Transcultural Psychiatry 48:4, 367-391. [Crossref]

529. Magdalena Szaflarski, Lisa A. Cubbins, Jun Ying. 2011. Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse Among US Immigrant Populations. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13:4, 647-658. [Crossref]

530. Romana Pasca, Shannon L. Wagner. 2011. Occupational Stress in the Multicultural Workplace. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13:4, 697-705. [Crossref]

531. T. K. van Dijk, C. Agyemang, M. de Wit, K. Hosper. 2011. The relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among young Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch. The European Journal of Public Health 21:4, 477-483. [Crossref]

532. O. J. Clay, D. L. Roth, M. M. Safford, P. L. Sawyer, R. M. Allman. 2011. Predictors of Overnight Hospital Admission in Older African American and Caucasian Medicare Beneficiaries. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 66A:8, 910-916. [Crossref]

533. Rhiannon A. Kroeger, Kristi Williams. 2011. Consequences of Black Exceptionalism? Interracial Unions with Blacks, Depressive Symptoms, and Relationship Satisfaction. The Sociological Quarterly 52:3, 400-420. [Crossref]

534. Amy Lewin, Stephanie J. Mitchell, Andrew Rasmussen, Kathy Sanders-Phillips, Jill G. Joseph. 2011. Do Human and Social Capital Protect Young African American Mothers From Depression Associated With Ethnic Discrimination and Violence Exposure?. Journal of Black Psychology 37:3, 286-310. [Crossref]

535. Claudie J. Thomas. 2011. The Confluence of Human Genomics, Environment, and Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life among African American Hemodialysis Patients. Social Work in Public Health 26:4, 417-430. [Crossref]

536. Martin Loosemore, Florence T.T. Phua, Kevin Dunn, Umut Ozguc. 2011. The politics of sameness in the Australian construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 18:4, 363-380. [Crossref]

537. Jay A. Pearson, Arline T. Geronimus. 2011. Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Characteristics, Coethnic Social Ties, and Health: Evidence From the National Jewish Population Survey. American Journal of Public Health 101:7, 1314-1321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

538. Thulitha Wickrama, Alexander T. Vazsonyi. 2011. School contextual experiences and longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Community Psychology 39:5, 566-575. [Crossref]

539. Denee T. Mwendwa, Georica Gholson, Regina C. Sims, Shellie-Anne Levy, Mana Ali, C. Jules Harrell, Clive O. Callender, Alfonso L. Campbell. 2011. Coping With Perceived Racism: A Significant Factor in the Development of Obesity in African American Women?. Journal of the National Medical Association 103:7, 602-608. [Crossref]

540. Irena Stepanikova, Jennifer Triplett, Brent Simpson. 2011. Implicit racial bias and prosocial behavior. Social Science Research 40:4, 1186-1195. [Crossref]

541. Kristine M. Molina, Michele Kiely. 2011. Understanding Depressive Symptoms among High-Risk, Pregnant, African-American Women. Women's Health Issues 21:4, 293-303. [Crossref]

542. Liat Ayalon, Amber M. Gum. 2011. The relationships between major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and mental health in three racial and ethnic groups of older adults. Aging & Mental Health 15:5, 587-594. [Crossref]

543. Elizabeth A. Pascoe, Laura Smart Richman. 2011. Effect of discrimination on food decisions. Self and Identity 10:3, 396-406. [Crossref]

544. Monica E. Peek, Julie Wagner, Hui Tang, Dustyn C. Baker, Marshall H. Chin. 2011. Self-reported Racial Discrimination in Health Care and Diabetes Outcomes. Medical Care 49:7, 618-625. [Crossref]

545. Melissa L. Walls, Les B. Whitbeck. 2011. Distress among Indigenous North Americans. Society and Mental Health 1:2, 124-136. [Crossref]

546. Kelli A. Komro, Brian R. Flay, Anthony Biglan. 2011. Creating Nurturing Environments: A Science-Based Framework for Promoting Child Health and Development Within High-Poverty Neighborhoods. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 14:2, 111-134. [Crossref]

547. Mark Edberg, Sean Cleary, Amita Vyas. 2011. A Trajectory Model for Understanding and Assessing Health Disparities in Immigrant/Refugee Communities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13:3, 576-584. [Crossref]

548. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, William R. Corbin, Kim Fromme. 2011. Discrimination and alcohol-related problems among college students: A prospective examination of mediating effects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 115:3, 213-220. [Crossref]

549. P. A. Lichtenberg. 2011. The Generalizability of a Participant Registry for Minority Health Research. The Gerontologist 51:Supplement 1, S116-S124. [Crossref]

550. Anna Ziersch, Gilbert Gallaher, Fran Baum, Michael Bentley. 2011. Racism, social resources and mental health for Aboriginal people living in Adelaide. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 35:3, 231-237. [Crossref]

551. Nina B. Wallerstein, Irene H. Yen, S. Leonard Syme. 2011. Integration of Social Epidemiology and Community-Engaged Interventions to Improve Health Equity. American Journal of Public Health 101:5, 822-830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

552. Cécile Rousseau, Ghayda Hassan, Nicolas Moreau, Brett D. Thombs. 2011. Perceived Discrimination and Its Association With Psychological Distress Among Newly Arrived Immigrants Before and After September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health 101:5, 909-915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus] [Supplemental Material]

553. Dawn E. Dailey, Janice C. Humphreys. 2011. Social Stressors Associated With Antepartum Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income African American Women. Public Health Nursing 28:3, 203-212. [Crossref]

554. Daphne C. Watkins, Darrell L. Hudson, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Kristine Siefert, James S. Jackson. 2011. Discrimination, Mastery, and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men. Research on Social Work Practice 21:3, 269-277. [Crossref]

555. Henrika McCoy. 2011. A Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Racial Differences on the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 50:3, 119-141. [Crossref]

556. Chris G. Sibley. 2011. The BIAS–Treatment Scale (BIAS–TS): A Measure of the Subjective Experience of Active and Passive Harm and Facilitation. Journal of Personality Assessment 93:3, 300-315. [Crossref]

557. Richard C. Cervantes, David Cordova. 2011. Life experiences of hispanic adolescents: developmental and language considerations in acculturation stress. Journal of Community Psychology 39:3, 336-352. [Crossref]

558. Jennifer J. Salinas, Kristin M. Sheffield. 2011. English Language Use, Health and Mortality in Older Mexican Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13:2, 232-238. [Crossref]

559. Akilah Dulin-Keita, Lonnie Hannon Iii, Jose R. Fernandez, William C. Cockerham. 2011. The defining moment: children's conceptualization of race and experiences with racial discrimination. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34:4, 662-682. [Crossref]

560. Kristin M. Mattocks, Cara Nikolajski, Sally Haskell, Cynthia Brandt, Jennifer McCall-Hosenfeld, Elizabeth Yano, Tan Pham, Sonya Borrero. 2011. Women Veterans’ Reproductive Health Preferences and Experiences: A Focus Group Analysis. Women's Health Issues 21:2, 124-129. [Crossref]

561. Cynthia G. Colen. 2011. ADDRESSING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH USING LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8:01, 79-94. [Crossref]

562. David H. Chae, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Karen D. Lincoln, Darlene D. Francis. 2011. CONCEPTUALIZING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8:01, 63-77. [Crossref]

563. Markus H. Schafer, Kenneth F. Ferraro. 2011. The Stigma of Obesity. Social Psychology Quarterly 74:1, 76-97. [Crossref]

564. Young-A Choi. 2011. The Effect of Perceived discrimination on Psychological distressamong North Korean refugees. Korea Journal of Counseling 12:1, 1-19. [Crossref]

565. Danelle Stevens-Watkins, Lynda Brown-Wright, Kenneth Tyler. 2011. Brief report: The number of sexual partners and race- related stress in African American adolescents: Preliminary findings. Journal of Adolescence 34:1, 191-194. [Crossref]

566. Debora R. Baldwin, David Jackson, Ife Okoh, Rex L. Cannon. 2011. Resiliency and Optimism: An African American Senior Citizen’s Perspective. Journal of Black Psychology 37:1, 24-41. [Crossref]

567. Tyan Parker Dominguez. 2011. Adverse Birth Outcomes in African American Women: The Social Context of Persistent Reproductive Disadvantage. Social Work in Public Health 26:1, 3-16. [Crossref]

568. Subadra Panchanadeswaran, Beverly Araujo Dawson. 2011. How Discrimination and Stress Affects Self-Esteem Among Dominican Immigrant Women: An Exploratory Study. Social Work in Public Health 26:1, 60-77. [Crossref]

569. Lisa M. Vaughn, Farrah Jacquez, Juanjuan Zhao, Maria Lang. 2011. Partnering With Students to Explore the Health Needs of an Ethnically Diverse, Low-Resource School. Family & Community Health 34:1, 72-84. [Crossref]

570. Nashira Baril, Meghan Patterson, Courtney Boen, Rebekah Gowler, Nancy Norman. 2011. Building a Regional Health Equity Movement. Family & Community Health 34, S23-S43. [Crossref]

571. Sherrill L. Sellers, Harold W. Neighbors, Vence L. Bonham. 2011. Goal‐striving stress and the mental health of college‐educated Black American Men: The protective effects of system‐blame. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81:4, 507-518. [Crossref]

572. Lucas Torres, Selma D. Yznaga, Kelly M. Moore. 2011. Discrimination and Latino psychological distress: The moderating role of ethnic identity exploration and commitment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81:4, 526-534. [Crossref]

573. David H. Chae, Karen D. Lincoln, James S. Jackson. 2011. Discrimination, attribution, and racial group identification: Implications for psychological distress among Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (2001–2003). American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81:4, 498-506. [Crossref]

574. José Luis González-Castro, Silvia Ubillos. 2011. Determinants of Psychological Distress Among Migrants From Ecuador and Romania in a Spanish City. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57:1, 30-44. [Crossref]

575. Wim Veling, Ezra Susser. 2011. Migration and psychotic disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11:1, 65-76. [Crossref] 576. Kaori Fujishiro, Jun Xu, Fang Gong. 2010. What does “occupation” represent as an indicator of socioeconomic status?: Exploring

occupational prestige and health. Social Science & Medicine 71:12, 2100-2107. [Crossref] 577. Kathryn J. Lively, Lala Carr Steelman, Brian Powell. 2010. Equity, Emotion, and Household Division of Labor Response. Social

Psychology Quarterly 73:4, 358-379. [Crossref] 578. Orna Baron Epel, Giora Kaplan, Mika Moran. 2010. Perceived discrimination and health-related quality of life among Arabs and

Jews in Israel: A population-based survey. BMC Public Health 10:1. . [Crossref] 579. Roberto Cardarelli, Kathryn M Cardarelli, Kimberly G Fulda, Anna Espinoza, Clifton Cage, Jamboor Vishwanatha, Richard

Young, Darryl N Steele, Joan Carroll. 2010. Self-reported racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and coronary calcification in asymptomatic adults - the North Texas Healthy Heart study. BMC Public Health 10:1. . [Crossref]

580. Lucas Torres, Mark W. Driscoll, Anthony L. Burrow. 2010. Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning Among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 29:10, 1074-1099. [Crossref]

581. Barbara A. Israel, Chris M. Coombe, Rebecca R. Cheezum, Amy J. Schulz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Richard Lichtenstein, Angela G. Reyes, Jaye Clement, Akosua Burris. 2010. Community-Based Participatory Research: A Capacity-Building Approach for Policy Advocacy Aimed at Eliminating Health Disparities. American Journal of Public Health 100:11, 2094-2102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

582. Wade T. Roberts, Lisa M. Martinez, Sophie Kauffman. 2010. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Self-rated Health: The Mediating Role of Social Trust. Sociological Focus 43:4, 349-368. [Crossref]

583. Kyaien O. Conner, Valire Carr Copeland, Nancy K. Grote, Daniel Rosen, Steve Albert, Michelle L. McMurray, Charles F. Reynolds, Charlotte Brown, Gary Koeske. 2010. Barriers to treatment and culturally endorsed coping strategies among depressed African- American older adults. Aging & Mental Health 14:8, 971-983. [Crossref]

584. Dawn Misra, Donna Strobino, Britton Trabert. 2010. Effects of social and psychosocial factors on risk of preterm birth in black women. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 24:6, 546-554. [Crossref]

585. Laura Boomer, Jennifer Freeman, Earl Landrito, Alexander Feliz. 2010. Perforation in Adults with Acute Appendicitis Linked to Insurance Status, Not Ethnicity. Journal of Surgical Research 163:2, 221-224. [Crossref]

586. Anthony L. Burrow, Anthony D. Ong. 2010. Racial Identity as a Moderator of Daily Exposure and Reactivity to Racial Discrimination. Self and Identity 9:4, 383-402. [Crossref]

587. Gene H. Brody, Yi-fu Chen, Steven M. Kogan, Karen Smith, Anita C. Brown. 2010. Buffering Effects of a Family-Based Intervention for African American Emerging Adults. Journal of Marriage and Family 72:5, 1426-1435. [Crossref]

588. Cheryl L. Woods-Giscombé, Angela R. Black. 2010. Mind-Body Interventions to Reduce Risk for Health Disparities Related to Stress and Strength Among African American Women: The Potential of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Loving-Kindness, and the NTU Therapeutic Framework. Complementary health practice review 15:3, 115-131. [Crossref]

589. Charles E. Moore, Frederick Durden. 2010. Head and Neck Cancer Screening in Homeless Communities: HEAL (Health Education, Assessment, and Leadership]. Journal of the National Medical Association 102:9, 811-816. [Crossref]

590. Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, Lisa M. Bates, Theresa L. Osypuk, Nancy McArdle. 2010. The effect of immigrant generation and duration on self-rated health among US adults 2003–2007. Social Science & Medicine 71:6, 1161-1172. [Crossref]

591. David H. Chae, Karen D. Lincoln, Nancy E. Adler, S. Leonard Syme. 2010. Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American men? The moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes. Social Science & Medicine 71:6, 1182-1188. [Crossref]

592. Hyeouk Chris Hahm, Al Ozonoff, Jillian Gaumond, Stanley Sue. 2010. Perceived Discrimination and Health Outcomes. Women's Health Issues 20:5, 350-358. [Crossref]

593. Luisa N. Borrell, Ana V. Diez Roux, David R. Jacobs, Steven Shea, Sharon A. Jackson, Sandi Shrager, Roger S. Blumenthal. 2010. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Preventive Medicine 51:3-4, 307-312. [Crossref]

594. Steven G. Prus, Rania Tfaily, Zhiqiu Lin. 2010. Comparing Racial and Immigrant Health Status and Health Care Access in Later Life in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 29:03, 383-395. [Crossref]

595. Irina L.G. Todorova, Luis M. Falcón, Alisa K. Lincoln, Lori Lyn Price. 2010. Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health. Sociology of Health & Illness 32:6, 843-861. [Crossref]

596. Noelle M. Hurd, Marc A. Zimmerman. 2010. Natural Mentoring Relationships Among Adolescent Mothers: A Study of Resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence 20:3, 789-809. [Crossref]

597. Julia F. Hastings, Jaclynn Hawkins. 2010. Health Insurance and Diabetes Among Multiracial Men: The Mediation Effects of Usual Source of Care. American Journal of Men's Health 4:3, 207-217. [Crossref]

598. Nancy Krieger, Dana Carney, Katie Lancaster, Pamela D. Waterman, Anna Kosheleva, Mahzarin Banaji. 2010. Combining Explicit and Implicit Measures of Racial Discrimination in Health Research. American Journal of Public Health 100:8, 1485-1492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

599. Katie A. McLaughlin, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katherine M. Keyes. 2010. Responses to Discrimination and Psychiatric Disorders Among Black, Hispanic, Female, and Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. American Journal of Public Health 100:8, 1477-1484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

600. Jean L. Raphael, Anne C. Beal. 2010. A Review of the Evidence for Disparities in Child vs Adult Health Care: A Disparity in Disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association 102:8, 684-691. [Crossref]

601. Kathleen Mullan Harris, Hedwig Lee, Felicia Yang DeLeone. 2010. Marriage and Health in the Transition to Adulthood: Evidence for African Americans in the Add Health Study. Journal of Family Issues 31:8, 1106-1143. [Crossref]

602. Lena M. Hansson, Erik Näslund, Finn Rasmussen. 2010. Perceived discrimination among men and women with normal weight and obesity. A population-based study from Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 38:6, 587-596. [Crossref]

603. L. Jerome Brandon, Larry Proctor. 2010. Comparison of Health Perceptions and Health Status in African Americans and Caucasians. Journal of the National Medical Association 102:7, 590-597. [Crossref]

604. Pamela J. Surkan, Joia S. Mukherjee, David R. Williams, Eddy Eustache, Ermaze Louis, Thierry Jean-Paul, Wesler Lambert, Fiona C. Scanlan, Catherine M. Oswald, Mary C. Smith Fawzi. 2010. Perceived discrimination and stigma toward children affected by HIV/AIDS and their HIV-positive caregivers in central Haiti. AIDS Care 22:7, 803-815. [Crossref]

605. C. André Christie-Mizell, Aya Kimura Ida, Verna M. Keith. 2010. African Americans and Physical Health. Journal of Black Studies 40:6, 1189-1211. [Crossref]

606. Eleanor K. Seaton. 2010. The Influence of Cognitive Development and Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Psychological Well-being of African American Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39:6, 694-703. [Crossref]

607. Angie Del Prado Lippman. 2010. The current status and impact of US National Policy on the help-seeking behavior of adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review 32:6, 822-828. [Crossref]

608. Ian M. Bennett, Jennifer F. Culhane, David A. Webb, James C. Coyne, Vijaya Hogan, Leny Mathew, Irma T. Elo. 2010. Perceived Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms, Smoking, and Recent Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Birth 37:2, 90-97. [Crossref]

609. Dara H. Sorkin, Quyen Ngo-Metzger, Israel De Alba. 2010. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination in Health Care: Impact on Perceived Quality of Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25:5, 390-396. [Crossref]

610. Alex L. Pieterse, Robert T. Carter. 2010. The Role of Racial Identity in Perceived Racism and Psychological Stress Among Black American Adults: Exploring Traditional and Alternative Approaches. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40:5, 1028-1053. [Crossref]

611. David Córdova, Richard C. Cervantes. 2010. Intergroup and Within-Group Perceived Discrimination Among U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Latino Youth. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 32:2, 259-274. [Crossref]

612. Beverly Araújo Dawson, Subadra Panchanadeswaran. 2010. Discrimination and Acculturative Stress Among First-Generation Dominicans. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 32:2, 216-231. [Crossref]

613. Ketil Lenert Hansen, Marita Melhus, Eiliv Lund. 2010. Ethnicity, self-reported health, discrimination and socio-economic status: a study of Sami and non-Sami Norwegian populations. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 69:2, 111-128. [Crossref]

614. Denise Duran, Hussain R. Usman, John Beltrami, Maria E. Alvarez, Linda Valleroy, Cynthia M. Lyles. 2010. HIV Counseling and Testing Among Hispanics at CDC-Funded Sites in the United States, 2007. American Journal of Public Health 100:S1, S152- S158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

615. Sharon Schwartz, Ilan H. Meyer. 2010. Mental health disparities research: The impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses. Social Science & Medicine 70:8, 1111-1118. [Crossref]

616. Joao Luiz Bastos, Roger Keller Celeste, Eduardo Faerstein, Aluisio J.D. Barros. 2010. Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine 70:7, 1091-1099. [Crossref]

617. Dana R. Carney, Mahzarin R. Banaji, Nancy Krieger. 2010. Implicit Measures Reveal Evidence of Personal Discrimination. Self and Identity 9:2, 162-176. [Crossref]

618. Carme Borrell, Lucia Artazcoz, Diana Gil-González, Glòria Pérez, Izabella Rohlfs, Katherine Pérez. 2010. Perceived Sexism as a Health Determinant in Spain. Journal of Women's Health 19:4, 741-750. [Crossref]

619. Erica C. Odom, Lynne Vernon-Feagans. 2010. Buffers of Racial Discrimination: Links With Depression Among Rural African American Mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family 72:2, 346-359. [Crossref]

620. Michael Crowe, Andrea Sartori, Olivio J. Clay, Virginia G. Wadley, Ross Andel, Hui-Xin Wang, Patricia Sawyer, Richard M. Allman. 2010. Diabetes and Cognitive Decline: Investigating the Potential Influence of Factors Related to Health Disparities. Journal of Aging and Health 22:3, 292-306. [Crossref]

621. Robert L. Hawkins. 2010. Outsider in: Race, Attraction, and Research in New Orleans. Qualitative Inquiry 16:4, 249-261. [Crossref]

622. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katie A. McLaughlin, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah S. Hasin. 2010. The Impact of Institutional Discrimination on Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: A Prospective Study. American Journal of Public Health 100:3, 452-459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

623. Sarah E. Wiehe, Matthew C. Aalsma, Gilbert C. Liu, J. Dennis Fortenberry. 2010. Gender Differences in the Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Adolescent Smoking. American Journal of Public Health 100:3, 510-516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

624. Lynne D. Richardson, Marlaina Norris. 2010. Access to Health and Health Care: How Race and Ethnicity Matter. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 77:2, 166-177. [Crossref]

625. Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Jane Rafferty, Thomas M. Reischl, E. Hill De Loney, Cassandra L. Brooks. 2010. Enhancing Parenting Skills Among Nonresident African American Fathers as a Strategy for Preventing Youth Risky Behaviors. American Journal of Community Psychology 45:1-2, 17-35. [Crossref]

626. Wizdom Powell Hammond, Marion Gillen, Irene H. Yen. 2010. Workplace Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms: A Study of Multi-Ethnic Hospital Employees. Race and Social Problems 2:1, 19-30. [Crossref]

627. Jesus Ramirez-Valles, Lisa M. Kuhns, Richard T. Campbell, Rafael M. Diaz. 2010. Social Integration and Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:1, 30-47. [Crossref]

628. Peggy A. Thoits. 2010. Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:1_suppl, S41-S53. [Crossref]

629. Salma Shariff-Marco, Ann C. Klassen, Janice V. Bowie. 2010. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors. American Journal of Public Health 100:2, 364-374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

630. Aasim I. Padela, Michele Heisler. 2010. The Association of Perceived Abuse and Discrimination After September 11, 2001, With Psychological Distress, Level of Happiness, and Health Status Among Arab Americans. American Journal of Public Health 100:2, 284-291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

631. Nancy Krieger. 2010. Workers are people too: Societal aspects of occupational health disparities-an ecosocial perspective. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53:2, 104-115. [Crossref]

632. Stephanie J. Mitchell, Amy Lewin, Ivor B. Horn, Dawn Valentine, Kathy Sanders-Phillips, Jill G. Joseph. 2010. How does violence exposure affect the psychological health and parenting of young African-American mothers?. Social Science & Medicine 70:4, 526-533. [Crossref]

633. David R. Williams, Selina A. Mohammed, Jacinta Leavell, Chiquita Collins. 2010. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1186:1, 69-101. [Crossref]

634. Tiffany M. Griffin, James S. Jackson. Racial Differences . [Crossref] 635. Verna M. Keith, Karen D. Lincoln, Robert Joseph Taylor, James S. Jackson. 2010. Discriminatory Experiences and Depressive

Symptoms among African American Women: Do Skin Tone and Mastery Matter?. Sex Roles 62:1-2, 48-59. [Crossref] 636. Sandra L. Fielden, Marilyn J. Davidson, Helen Woolnough, Carianne Hunt. 2010. A Model of Racialized Sexual Harassment of

Women in the UK Workplace. Sex Roles 62:1-2, 20-34. [Crossref] 637. Eleanor K. Seaton. 2010. What the Achievement Gap Conversation is Missing. The Review of Black Political Economy 37:3-4,

275-277. [Crossref] 638. Carme Borrell, Carles Muntaner, Diana Gil-González, Lucia Artazcoz, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Izabella Rohlfs, Katherine Pérez,

Mar García-Calvente, Rodrigo Villegas, Carlos Álvarez-Dardet. 2010. Perceived discrimination and health by gender, social class, and country of birth in a Southern European country. Preventive Medicine 50:1-2, 86-92. [Crossref]

639. Laura Hoyt DʼAnna, Gregory D. Stevens, C. Kevin Malotte, Kai-Ya Tsai. 2010. Does Health Care Setting Matter in Reports of Discrimination?. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 33:4, 314-327. [Crossref]

640. Deborah Carr, Yoko Ibuka, Louise B. Russell. How much time do Americans spend seeking health care? Racial and ethnic differences in patient experiences 71-98. [Crossref]

641. Richard Lee Rogers. Habilitative therapy among preschool children: Regional disparities in the early intervention population 177-195. [Crossref]

642. Rachel C. Shelton, Elaine Puleo, Gary G. Bennett, Lorna H. McNeill, Roberta E. Goldman, Karen M. Emmons. 2009. Racial Discrimination and Physical Activity Among Low-Income–Housing Residents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37:6, 541-545. [Crossref]

643. Carola Suárez-Orozco, Jean Rhodes, Michael Milburn. 2009. Unraveling the Immigrant Paradox. Youth & Society 41:2, 151-185. [Crossref]

644. Morton Beiser. 2009. Resettling Refugees and Safeguarding their Mental Health: Lessons Learned from the Canadian Refugee Resettlement Project. Transcultural Psychiatry 46:4, 539-583. [Crossref]

645. Javier Boyas, Marcia A. Shobe, Holly M. Hannam. 2009. Examining the Association Between Race, Ethnicity, and Health Status: Do Assets Matter?. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 6:4, 401-420. [Crossref]

646. Leslie R. M. Hausmann, Kwonho Jeong, James E. Bost, Nancy R. Kressin, Said A. Ibrahim. 2009. Perceived Racial Discrimination in Health Care: A Comparison of Veterans Affairs and Other Patients. American Journal of Public Health 99:S3, S718-S724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

647. Debra Perez, William M. Sribney, Michael A. Rodríguez. 2009. Perceived Discrimination and Self-Reported Quality of Care Among Latinos in the United States. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24:S3, 548-554. [Crossref]

648. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, John F. Dovidio, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Curtis E. Phills. 2009. An implicit measure of anti-gay attitudes: Prospective associations with emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45:6, 1316-1320. [Crossref]

649. Sabrina Luke, Hamisu M. Salihu, Amina P. Alio, Alfred K. Mbah, Dee Jeffers, Estrellita Lo Berry, Vanessa R. Mishkit. 2009. Risk Factors for Major Antenatal Depression among Low-Income African American Women. Journal of Women's Health 18:11, 1841-1846. [Crossref]

650. G. C. Gee, A. Ro, S. Shariff-Marco, D. Chae. 2009. Racial Discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans: Evidence, Assessment, and Directions for Future Research. Epidemiologic Reviews 31:1, 130-151. [Crossref]

651. Diana J. Burgess, Joseph Grill, Siamak Noorbaloochi, Joan M. Griffin, Jennifer Ricards, Michelle Van Ryn, Melissa R. Partin. 2009. The Effect of Perceived Racial Discrimination on Bodily Pain among Older African American Men. Pain Medicine 10:8, 1341-1352. [Crossref]

652. L. Becares, M. Stafford, J. Nazroo. 2009. Fear of racism, employment and expected organizational racism: their association with health. The European Journal of Public Health 19:5, 504-510. [Crossref]

653. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, John Dovidio. 2009. How Does Stigma “Get Under the Skin”?. Psychological Science 20:10, 1282-1289. [Crossref]

654. Akihiko Masuda, Page L. Anderson, Shawn T. Sheehan. 2009. Mindfulness and Mental Health Among African American College Students. Complementary health practice review 14:3, 115-127. [Crossref]

655. Robert L. Hawkins. 2009. Same as it Ever Was, Only Worse: Negative Life Events and Poverty among New Orleans Katrina Survivors. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 90:4, 375-381. [Crossref]

656. Patricia B. Strasser, Jenny Hsin-Chun Tsai, Mary K. Salazar. 2009. A Theoretical Model for Understanding Mental Health, Substance Use, and Work Performance Among Asian Immigrants. AAOHN Journal 57:10, 425-433. [Crossref]

657. Cécile Rousseau, Ghayda Hassan, Toby Measham, Nicolas Moreau, Myrna Lashley, Thelma Castro, Caminee Blake, Georges McKenzie. 2009. From the family universe to the outside world: Family relations, school attitude, and perception of racism in Caribbean and Filipino adolescents. Health & Place 15:3, 751-760. [Crossref]

658. James D. Unnever, Francis T. Cullen, Scott A. Mathers, Timothy E. McClure, Marisa C. Allison. 2009. Racial Discrimination and Hirschi's Criminological Classic: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge. Justice Quarterly 26:3, 377-409. [Crossref]

659. Tawanda M. Greer, Adrian Laseter, David Asiamah. 2009. GENDER AS A MODERATOR OF THE RELATION BETWEEN RACE-RELATED STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS. Psychology of Women Quarterly 33:3, 295-307. [Crossref]

660. Stefanie Mollborn, Elizabeth Morningstar. 2009. Investigating the Relationship between Teenage Childbearing and Psychological Distress Using Longitudinal Evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50:3, 310-326. [Crossref]

661. Cora C. Munoz, Cheryl Conrad DoBroka, Saleem Mohammad. 2009. Development of a Multidisciplinary Course in Cultural Competence for Nursing and Human Service Professions. Journal of Nursing Education 48:9, 495-503. [Crossref]

662. NiCole T. Buchanan, Mindy E. Bergman, Tamara A. Bruce, Krystle C. Woods, Lauren L. Lichty. 2009. Unique and Joint Effects of Sexual and Racial Harassment on College Students' Well-Being. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 31:3, 267-285. [Crossref]

663. Laura J. Landry, Andrea E. Mercurio. 2009. Discrimination and Women’s Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Control. Sex Roles 61:3-4, 192-203. [Crossref]

664. Diana J. Burgess, Steven S. Fu, Michelle van Ryn. 2009. Potential Unintended Consequences of Tobacco-Control Policies on Mothers Who Smoke. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37:2, S151-S158. [Crossref]

665. Esme Fuller-Thomson, A. Nuru-Jeter, Meredith Minkler, Jack M. Guralnik. 2009. Black—White Disparities in Disability Among Older Americans. Journal of Aging and Health 21:5, 677-698. [Crossref]

666. Haslyn E. R. Hunte, David R. Williams. 2009. The Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Obesity in a Population- Based Multiracial and Multiethnic Adult Sample. American Journal of Public Health 99:7, 1285-1292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

667. Elliot M. Friedman, David R. Williams, Burton H. Singer, Carol D. Ryff. 2009. Chronic discrimination predicts higher circulating levels of E-selectin in a national sample: The MIDUS study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23:5, 684-692. [Crossref]

668. D. C. Cooper, P. J. Mills, W. A. Bardwell, M. G. Ziegler, J. E. Dimsdale. 2009. The Effects of Ethnic Discrimination and Socioeconomic Status on Endothelin-1 Among Blacks and Whites. American Journal of Hypertension 22:7, 698-704. [Crossref]

669. Kathy Sanders-Phillips. 2009. Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 12:2, 174-195. [Crossref]

670. Lee M. Pachter, Cynthia García Coll. 2009. Racism and Child Health: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 30:3, 255-263. [Crossref]

671. Susan Roxburgh. 2009. Untangling Inequalities: Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Differences in Depression. Sociological Forum 24:2, 357-381. [Crossref]

672. Erin Ruel, Stephanie A. Robert. 2009. A MODEL OF RACIAL RESIDENTIAL HISTORY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SELF-RATED HEALTH AND MORTALITY AMONG BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES. Sociological Spectrum 29:4, 443-466. [Crossref]

673. Leland K. Ackerson, K. Viswanath. 2009. The Social Context of Interpersonal Communication and Health. Journal of Health Communication 14:sup1, 5-17. [Crossref]

674. Tumaini R. Coker, Marc N. Elliott, David E. Kanouse, Jo Anne Grunbaum, David C. Schwebel, M. Janice Gilliland, Susan R. Tortolero, Melissa F. Peskin, Mark A. Schuster. 2009. Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Among Fifth-Grade Students and Its Association With Mental Health. American Journal of Public Health 99:5, 878-884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

675. Clarence C. Gravlee. 2009. How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139:1, 47-57. [Crossref]

676. Gilbert Gee, Katrina Walsemann. 2009. Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Social Science & Medicine 68:9, 1676-1684. [Crossref]

677. Louis A. Penner, John F. Dovidio, Donald Edmondson, Rhonda K. Dailey, Tsveti Markova, Terrance L. Albrecht, Samuel L. Gaertner. 2009. The Experience of Discrimination and Black-White Health Disparities in Medical Care. Journal of Black Psychology 35:2, 180-203. [Crossref]

678. M. Robin DiMatteo, Carolyn B. Murray, Summer L. Williams. 2009. Gender Disparities in Physician-Patient Communication Among African American Patients in Primary Care. Journal of Black Psychology 35:2, 204-227. [Crossref]

679. David H. Chae, Karina L. Walters. 2009. Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity Attitudes in Relation to Self-Rated Health and Physical Pain and Impairment Among Two-Spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives. American Journal of Public Health 99:S1, S144-S151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

680. Michelle L. Redmond, Sandro Galea, Jorge Delva. 2009. Examining Racial/Ethnic Minority Treatment Experiences with Specialty Behavioral Health Service Providers. Community Mental Health Journal 45:2, 85-96. [Crossref]

681. Nancy Krieger. 2009. Putting health inequities on the map: social epidemiology meets medical/health geography––an ecosocial perspective. GeoJournal 74:2, 87-97. [Crossref]

682. Noni K. Gaylord-Harden, Jamila A. Cunningham. 2009. The Impact of Racial Discrimination and Coping Strategies on Internalizing Symptoms in African American Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38:4, 532-543. [Crossref]

683. Sharon F. Lambert, Keith C. Herman, Mia Smith Bynum, Nicholas S. Ialongo. 2009. Perceptions of Racism and Depressive Symptoms in African American Adolescents: The Role of Perceived Academic and Social Control. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38:4, 519-531. [Crossref]

684. Guilherme Borges, Maria-Elena Medina-Mora, Ricardo Orozco, Clara Fleiz, Cheryl Cherpitel, Joshua Breslau. 2009. The Mexican migration to the United States and substance use in northern Mexico. Addiction 104:4, 603-611. [Crossref]

685. Nina Mulia, Yu Ye, Thomas K. Greenfield, Sarah E. Zemore. 2009. Disparities in Alcohol-Related Problems Among White, Black, and Hispanic Americans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 33:4, 654-662. [Crossref]

686. India J. Ornelas, Jim Amell, Anh N. Tran, Michael Royster, Janelle Armstrong-Brown, Eugenia Eng. 2009. Understanding African American Men's Perceptions of Racism, Male Gender Socialization, and Social Capital Through Photovoice. Qualitative Health Research 19:4, 552-565. [Crossref]

687. Christopher G. Ellison, Brian K. Finch, Daniell Nicole Ryan, Jennifer J. Salinas. 2009. Religious involvement and depressive symptoms among Mexican-origin adults in California. Journal of Community Psychology 37:2, 171-193. [Crossref]

688. Brian Vries, Anne M. Mason, Jean Quam, Kimberly Acquaviva. 2009. State recognition of same-sex relationships and preparations for end of life among lesbian and gay boomers. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 6:1, 90-101. [Crossref]

689. Kaori Fujishiro. 2009. Is perceived racial privilege associated with health? Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Social Science & Medicine 68:5, 840-844. [Crossref]

690. Catherine Lee. 2009. “Race” and “ethnicity” in biomedical research: How do scientists construct and explain differences in health?. Social Science & Medicine 68:6, 1183-1190. [Crossref]

691. Eleanor K. Seaton, Tiffany Yip, Robert M. Sellers. 2009. A Longitudinal Examination of Racial Identity and Racial Discrimination Among African American Adolescents. Child Development 80:2, 406-417. [Crossref]

692. Kathy Sanders-Phillips, Liezille Pretorius, Priscilla Reddy. 2009. Building International Research Partnerships to Develop HIV Programs for Women of Color in the Context of Social Inequalities and Human Rights. Social Work in Public Health 24:1-2, 60-75. [Crossref]

693. Luisa N. Borrell. 2009. Race, Ethnicity, and Self-Reported Hypertension: Analysis of Data From the National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005. American Journal of Public Health 99:2, 313-319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

694. Hector F. Myers. 2009. Ethnicity- and socio-economic status-related stresses in context: an integrative review and conceptual model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32:1, 9-19. [Crossref]

695. David R. Williams, Selina A. Mohammed. 2009. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32:1, 20-47. [Crossref]

696. Elizabeth Brondolo, Nisha Brady ver Halen, Melissa Pencille, Danielle Beatty, Richard J. Contrada. 2009. Coping with racism: a selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32:1, 64-88. [Crossref]

697. Eleanor K. Seaton, Tiffany Yip. 2009. School and Neighborhood Contexts, Perceptions of Racial Discrimination, and Psychological Well-being Among African American Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38:2, 153-163. [Crossref]

698. Hyung Chol Yoo, Gilbert C. Gee, David Takeuchi. 2009. Discrimination and health among Asian American immigrants: Disentangling racial from language discrimination. Social Science & Medicine 68:4, 726-732. [Crossref]

699. Claudia Chaufan, Rose Weitz. 2009. The Elephant in the Room: The Invisibility of Poverty in Research on Type 2 Diabetes. Humanity & Society 33:1-2, 74-98. [Crossref]

700. Beverly Araújo Dawson. 2009. Discrimination, Stress, and Acculturation Among Dominican Immigrant Women. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 31:1, 96-111. [Crossref]

701. John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Tamar Saguy. 2009. Commonality and the Complexity of “We”: Social Attitudes and Social Change. Personality and Social Psychology Review 13:1, 3-20. [Crossref]

702. Sherrill L. Sellers, Vence Bonham, Harold W. Neighbors, James W. Amell. 2009. Effects of Racial Discrimination and Health Behaviors on Mental and Physical Health of Middle-Class African American Men. Health Education & Behavior 36:1, 31-44. [Crossref]

703. Rafael F. Narváez, Ilan H. Meyer, Robert M. Kertzner, Suzanne C. Ouellette, Allegra R. Gordon. 2009. A Qualitative Approach to the Intersection of Sexual, Ethnic, and Gender Identities. Identity 9:1, 63-86. [Crossref]

704. Larisa Buhin, Elizabeth M. Vera. 2009. Preventing Racism and Promoting Social Justice: Person-Centered and Environment- Centered Interventions. The Journal of Primary Prevention 30:1, 43-59. [Crossref]

705. Amani Nuru-Jeter, Tyan Parker Dominguez, Wizdom Powell Hammond, Janxin Leu, Marilyn Skaff, Susan Egerter, Camara P. Jones, Paula Braveman. 2009. “It’s The Skin You’re In”: African-American Women Talk About Their Experiences of Racism. An Exploratory Study to Develop Measures of Racism for Birth Outcome Studies. Maternal and Child Health Journal 13:1, 29-39. [Crossref]

706. Lena Denise Saleh, Don Operario. 2009. Moving beyond “the Down Low”: A critical analysis of terminology guiding HIV prevention efforts for African American men who have secretive sex with men. Social Science & Medicine 68:2, 390-395. [Crossref]

707. Laura Smith, Debbie-Ann Chambers, Lucinda Bratini. 2009. When oppression is the pathogen: The participatory development of socially just mental health practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 79:2, 159-168. [Crossref]

708. Debra J. Barksdale, Eugene R. Farrug, Kimberly Harkness. 2009. Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: Perceptions, Emotions, and Behaviors of Black American Adults. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 30:2, 104-111. [Crossref]

709. Brandon A. Kohrt, Rebecca A. Speckman, Richard D. Kunz, Jennifer L. Baldwin, Nawaraj Upadhaya, Nanda Raj Acharya, Vidya Dev Sharma, Mahendra K. Nepal, Carol M. Worthman. 2009. Culture in psychiatric epidemiology: Using ethnography and multiple mediator models to assess the relationship of caste with depression and anxiety in Nepal. Annals of Human Biology 36:3, 261-280. [Crossref]

710. Khadidiatou Ndiaye, Michael L. Hecht, David A. Wagstaff, Elvira Elek. 2009. Mexican-Heritage Preadolescents' Ethnic Identification and Perceptions of Substance Use. Substance Use & Misuse 44:8, 1160-1182. [Crossref]

711. Allison Bahm, Cheryl Forchuk. 2009. Interlocking oppressions: the effect of a comorbid physical disability on perceived stigma and discrimination among mental health consumers in Canada. Health & Social Care in the Community 17:1, 63-70. [Crossref]

712. Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Karmela Liebkind, Erling Solheim. 2009. To Identify or Not To Identify? National Disidentification as an Alternative Reaction to Perceived Ethnic Discrimination. Applied Psychology 58:1, 105-128. [Crossref]

713. Namkee G. Choi, Kristie Kimbell. 2008. Depression Care Need Among Low-Income Older Adults: Views from Aging Service Providers and Family Caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist 32:1, 60-76. [Crossref]

714. Wim Veling, Hans W. Hoek, Johan P. Mackenbach. 2008. Perceived discrimination and the risk of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43:12, 953-959. [Crossref]

715. Michelle A. Albert, Joseph Ravenell, Robert J. Glynn, Amit Khera, Nitsan Halevy, James A. de Lemos. 2008. Cardiovascular risk indicators and perceived race/ethnic discrimination in the Dallas Heart Study. American Heart Journal 156:6, 1103-1109. [Crossref]

716. Brendesha M. Tynes, Michael T. Giang, David R. Williams, Geneene N. Thompson. 2008. Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment Among Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 43:6, 565-569. [Crossref]

717. Saffron Karlsen. 2008. A Race Equality Foundation Briefing Paper Better Health Briefing 3 Ethnic inequalities in health: the impact of racism. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 1:2, 58-66. [Crossref]

718. Bruce G. Link. 2008. Epidemiological Sociology and the Social Shaping of Population Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 49:4, 367-384. [Crossref]

719. Matt Egan, Carol Tannahill, Mark Petticrew, Sian Thomas. 2008. Psychosocial risk factors in home and community settings and their associations with population health and health inequalities: A systematic meta-review. BMC Public Health 8:1. . [Crossref]

720. Ann Carroll Klassen, Katherine C Smith, Salma Shariff-Marco, Hee-Soon Juon. 2008. A healthy mistrust: how worldview relates to attitudes about breast cancer screening in a cross-sectional survey of low-income women. International Journal for Equity in Health 7:1. . [Crossref]

721. Yin C Paradies, Joan Cunningham. 2008. Development and validation of the Measure of Indigenous Racism Experiences (MIRE). International Journal for Equity in Health 7:1. . [Crossref]

722. Evelyn Cruz, Patricia Guhleman, Patrice Mocny Onheiber. 2008. Wisconsin Healthy Birth Outcomes. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 14:Supplement, S58-S64. [Crossref]

723. Jay D. Teachman, Lucky Tedrow. 2008. Divorce, Race, and Military Service: More Than Equal Pay and Equal Opportunity. Journal of Marriage and Family 70:4, 1030-1044. [Crossref]

724. Elena Flores, Jeanne M. Tschann, Juanita M. Dimas, Elizabeth A. Bachen, Lauri A. Pasch, Cynthia L. de Groat. 2008. Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Mental and Physical Health Among Mexican-Origin Adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 30:4, 401-424. [Crossref]

725. Robert R. Edwards. 2008. The association of perceived discrimination with low back pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31:5, 379-389. [Crossref]

726. D. Phuong Do, Brian Karl Finch, Ricardo Basurto-Davila, Chloe Bird, Jose Escarce, Nicole Lurie. 2008. Does place explain racial health disparities? Quantifying the contribution of residential context to the Black/white health gap in the United States. Social Science & Medicine 67:8, 1258-1268. [Crossref]

727. Frank Lindblad, Sonja Signell. 2008. Degrading Attitudes Related to Foreign Appearance: Interviews with Swedish Female Adoptees from Asia. Adoption & Fostering 32:3, 46-59. [Crossref]

728. David R. Williams. 2008. The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities. American Journal of Public Health 98:Supplement_1, S150-S157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

729. Jennifer J. Manly. 2008. Critical Issues in Cultural Neuropsychology: Profit from Diversity. Neuropsychology Review 18:3, 179-183. [Crossref]

730. J. M. McIlvane, T. A. Baker, C. A. Mingo. 2008. Racial Differences in Arthritis-Related Stress, Chronic Life Stress, and Depressive Symptoms Among Women With Arthritis: A Contextual Perspective. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 63:5, S320-S327. [Crossref]

731. Leslie R. M. Hausmann, Kwonho Jeong, James E. Bost, Said A. Ibrahim. 2008. Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Health Status in a Racially Diverse Sample. Medical Care 46:9, 905-914. [Crossref]

732. Mindy A. Herman-Stahl, Olivia Silber Ashley, Michael A. Penne, Karl E. Bauman, Jason Williams, Rebecca P. Sanchez, Kellie M. Loomis, Megan S. Williams, Joseph C. Gfroerer. 2008. Moderation and Mediation in the Relationship Between Mothers' or Fathers' Serious Psychological Distress and Adolescent Substance Use: Findings from a National Sample. Journal of Adolescent Health 43:2, 141-150. [Crossref]

733. John F. Dovidio, Louis A. Penner, Terrance L. Albrecht, Wynne E. Norton, Samuel L. Gaertner, J. Nicole Shelton. 2008. Disparities and distrust: The implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care. Social Science & Medicine 67:3, 478-486. [Crossref]

734. David R. Williams, Hector M. Gonzalez, Stacey Williams, Selina A. Mohammed, Hashim Moomal, Dan J. Stein. 2008. Perceived discrimination, race and health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine 67:3, 441-452. [Crossref]

735. Lisa B. Spanierman, Euna Oh, V. Paul Poteat, Anita R. Hund, Vetisha L. McClair, Amanda M. Beer, Alexis M. Clarke. 2008. White University Students' Responses to Societal Racism. The Counseling Psychologist 36:6, 839-870. [Crossref]

736. Sheryl Pimlott Kubiak, Kristine Siefert. 2008. Depression in African American and White Women Convicted of a Felony Drug Offense. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 8:3, 322-342. [Crossref]

737. Lisa L. Barnes, Carlos F. Mendes de Leon, Tené T. Lewis, Julia L. Bienias, Robert S. Wilson, Denis A. Evans. 2008. Perceived Discrimination and Mortality in a Population-Based Study of Older Adults. American Journal of Public Health 98:7, 1241-1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

738. Renée B. Canady, Bertha L. Bullen, Claudia Holzman, Clifford Broman, Yan Tian. 2008. Discrimination and Symptoms of Depression in Pregnancy Among African American and White Women. Women's Health Issues 18:4, 292-300. [Crossref]

739. Gina K. Alexander, Ann Gill Taylor, Karen E. Innes, Pamela Kulbok, Terry K. Selfe. 2008. Contextualizing the Effects of Yoga Therapy on Diabetes Management. Family & Community Health 31:3, 228-239. [Crossref]

740. Salimah H. Meghani, Rollin M. Gallagher. 2008. Disparity vs Inequity: Toward Reconceptualization of Pain Treatment Disparities. Pain Medicine 9:5, 613-623. [Crossref]

741. Stephanie Farquhar, Julie Samples, Santiago Ventura, Shelley Davis, Michelle Abernathy, Linda McCauley, Nancy Cuilwik, Nargess Shadbeh. 2008. Promoting the Occupational Health of Indigenous Farmworkers. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 10:3, 269-280. [Crossref]

742. Tamara A. Baker, Nicole T. Buchanan, Nicole Corson. 2008. Factors Influencing Chronic Pain Intensity in Older Black Women: Examining Depression, Locus of Control, and Physical Health. Journal of Women's Health 17:5, 869-878. [Crossref]

743. CHRISTOPHER G. ELLISON, MARC A. MUSICK, ANDREA K. HENDERSON. 2008. Balm in Gilead: Racism, Religious Involvement, and Psychological Distress Among African-American Adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47:2, 291-309. [Crossref]

744. Irena Stepanikova, Karen S. Cook. 2008. Effects of Poverty and Lack of Insurance on Perceptions of Racial and Ethnic Bias in Health Care. Health Services Research 43:3, 915-930. [Crossref]

745. Debra Joy Pérez, Lisa Fortuna, Margarita Alegría. 2008. Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos. Journal of Community Psychology 36:4, 421-433. [Crossref]

746. Ann Stueve, Lydia O’Donnell. 2008. Urban Young Women’s Experiences of Discrimination and Community Violence and Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Urban Health 85:3, 386-401. [Crossref]

747. Gene H. Brody, Yi-Fu Chen, Steven M. Kogan, Velma McBride Murry, Patricia Logan, Zupei Luo. 2008. Linking Perceived Discrimination to Longitudinal Changes in African American Mothers’ Parenting Practices. Journal of Marriage and Family 70:2, 319-331. [Crossref]

748. JAMES D. UNNEVER. 2008. TWO WORLDS FAR APART: BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS ABOUT WHY AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPRISONED. Criminology 46:2, 511-538. [Crossref]

749. Takashi Asakura, Gilbert C. Gee, Kazuhiro Nakayama, Sayuri Niwa. 2008. Returning to the “Homeland”: Work-Related Ethnic Discrimination and the Health of Japanese Brazilians In Japan. American Journal of Public Health 98:4, 743-750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

750. Anahid Kulwicki, Rose Khalifa, Gary Moore. 2008. The Effects of September 11 on Arab American Nurses in Metropolitan Detroit. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 19:2, 134-139. [Crossref]

751. Rob Whitley, Steve Green. 2008. Psychosocial Stressors and Buffers Affecting Black Women in Montreal. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 27:1, 37-48. [Crossref]

752. James Y Nazroo. Ethnic Inequalities in Health . [Crossref] 753. David H. Chae, David T. Takeuchi, Elizabeth M. Barbeau, Gary G. Bennett, Jane Lindsey, Nancy Krieger. 2008. Unfair Treatment,

Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Smoking Among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public Health 98:3, 485-492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

754. Arnold B. de Castro, Gilbert C. Gee, David T. Takeuchi. 2008. Workplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 98:3, 520-526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

755. Gilbert C. Gee, Annie Ro, Amelia Gavin, David T. Takeuchi. 2008. Disentangling the Effects of Racial and Weight Discrimination on Body Mass Index and Obesity Among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health 98:3, 493-500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

756. Maury Nation. 2008. Concentrated disadvantage in urban neighborhoods: psychopolitical validity as a framework for developing psychology-related solutions. Journal of Community Psychology 36:2, 187-198. [Crossref]

757. Amy B. Dailey, Stanislav V. Kasl, Beth A. Jones. 2008. Does Gender Discrimination Impact Regular Mammography Screening? Findings from the Race Differences in Screening Mammography Study. Journal of Women's Health 17:2, 195-206. [Crossref]

758. Kurt D Christensen, J Scott Roberts, Charmaine D M Royal, Grace-Ann Fasaye, Thomas Obisesan, L Adrienne Cupples, Peter J Whitehouse, Melissa Barber Butson, Erin Linnenbringer, Norman R Relkin, Lindsay Farrer, Robert Cook-Deegan, Robert C Green. 2008. Incorporating ethnicity into genetic risk assessment for Alzheimer disease: the REVEAL study experience. Genetics in Medicine 10:3, 207-214. [Crossref]

759. Ketil Lenert Hansen, Maria Melhus, Asle Høgmo, Eiliv Lund. 2008. Ethnic discrimination and bullying in the Sami and non- Sami populations in Norway: the SAMINOR study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 67:1, 99-115. [Crossref]

760. Perry Silverschanz, Lilia M. Cortina, Julie Konik, Vicki J. Magley. 2008. Slurs, Snubs, and Queer Jokes: Incidence and Impact of Heterosexist Harassment in Academia. Sex Roles 58:3-4, 179-191. [Crossref]

761. Laura Smart Richman, Charles Jonassaint. 2008. The Effects of Race-related Stress on Cortisol Reactivity in the Laboratory: Implications of the Duke Lacrosse Scandal. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 35:1, 105-110. [Crossref]

762. Natalie D. Crawford, Camara P. Jones, Lisa C. Richardson. 2008. Understanding the Role of Reactions to Race-Based Treatment in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening. Journal of the National Medical Association 100:2, 188-199. [Crossref]

763. Anthony D. Ong, Lisa M. Edwards. 2008. Positive Affect and Adjustment to Perceived Racism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27:2, 105-126. [Crossref]

764. David Richard Brown, Agueda Hernández, Gilbert Saint-Jean, Siân Evans, Ida Tafari, Luther G. Brewster, Michel J. Celestin, Carlos Gómez-Estefan, Fernando Regalado, Siri Akal, Barry Nierenberg, Elaine D. Kauschinger, Robert Schwartz, J. Bryan Page. 2008. A Participatory Action Research Pilot Study of Urban Health Disparities Using Rapid Assessment Response and Evaluation. American Journal of Public Health 98:1, 28-38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus] [Supplemental Material]

765. Kenneth T. Jones, Wayne D. Johnson, Darrell P. Wheeler, Phyllis Gray, Evelyn Foust, Juarlyn Gaiter. 2008. Nonsupportive Peer Norms and Incarceration as HIV Risk Correlates for Young Black Men who have Sex with Men. AIDS and Behavior 12:1, 41-50. [Crossref]

766. Y.C. Paradies, D.R. Williams. Racism and Health 474-483. [Crossref] 767. Robert Winn. Global Disparities in Men's Health 23-30. [Crossref] 768. Daniel E. Adkins, Victor Wang, Glen H. Elder. 2008. Stress processes and trajectories of depressive symptoms in early life:

Gendered development. Advances in Life Course Research 13, 107-136. [Crossref] 769. Martin Lindström. 2008. Social capital, anticipated ethnic discrimination and self-reported psychological health: A population-

based study. Social Science & Medicine 66:1, 1-13. [Crossref] 770. Douglas Bruce, Jesus Ramirez-Valles, Richard T. Campbell. 2008. Stigmatization, Substance Use, and Sexual Risk Behavior

among Latino Gay and Bisexual Men and Transgender Persons. Journal of Drug Issues 38:1, 235-260. [Crossref] 771. Suzanne L. Dibble, Michele J. Eliason, Mats A.D. Christiansen. 2007. Chronic Illness Care for Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual

Individuals. Nursing Clinics of North America 42:4, 655-674. [Crossref] 772. Louis A. Penner, Terrance L. Albrecht, Donyell K. Coleman, Wynne E. Norton. 2007. Interpersonal Perspectives on Black-White

Health Disparities: Social Policy Implications. Social Issues and Policy Review 1:1, 63-98. [Crossref] 773. William A. Smith, Walter R. Allen, Lynette L. Danley. 2007. “Assume the Position . . . You Fit the Description”. American

Behavioral Scientist 51:4, 551-578. [Crossref] 774. Andrea J. Romero, Daniel Martinez, Scott C. Carvajal. 2007. Bicultural Stress and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in a Community

Sample of Latinos and Non-Latino European Americans. Ethnicity & Health 12:5, 443-463. [Crossref] 775. Jorge Delva, Lloyd D. Johnston, Patrick M. O’Malley. 2007. The Epidemiology of Overweight and Related Lifestyle Behaviors.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33:4, S178-S186. [Crossref] 776. Edna A. Viruell-Fuentes. 2007. Beyond acculturation: Immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the

United States. Social Science & Medicine 65:7, 1524-1535. [Crossref] 777. Laura Smart Richman, Laura P. Kohn-Wood, David R. Williams. 2007. The Role of Discrimination and Racial Identity for

Mental Health Service Utilization. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 26:8, 960-981. [Crossref] 778. Diana Burgess, Richard Lee, Alisia Tran, Michelle van Ryn. 2007. Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health and

Mental Health Services Utilization Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Persons. Journal of LGBT Health Research 3:4, 1-14. [Crossref]

779. Vilma Santana, Naomar Almeida-Filho, Robert Roberts, Sharon P. Cooper. 2007. Skin Colour, Perception of Racism and Depression among Adolescents in Urban Brazil. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 12:3, 125-131. [Crossref]

780. Matthew O. Hunt, Lauren A. Wise, Marie-Claude Jipguep, Yvette C. Cozier, Lynn Rosenberg. 2007. Neighborhood Racial Composition and Perceptions of Racial Discrimination: Evidence From the Black Women's Health Study. Social Psychology Quarterly 70:3, 272-289. [Crossref]

781. Barbara J. Guthrie. 2007. Mental Health Inequities: Conceptual and Methodological Implications. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 21:4, 234-235. [Crossref]

782. W. Veling, J.-P. Selten, E. Susser, W. Laan, J. P Mackenbach, H. W Hoek. 2007. Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands. International Journal of Epidemiology 36:4, 761-768. [Crossref]

783. Samuel Noh, Violet Kaspar, K.A.S. Wickrama. 2007. Overt and Subtle Racial Discrimination and Mental Health: Preliminary Findings for Korean Immigrants. American Journal of Public Health 97:7, 1269-1274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

784. Gilbert C. Gee, Michael S. Spencer, Juan Chen, David Takeuchi. 2007. A Nationwide Study of Discrimination and Chronic Health Conditions Among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health 97:7, 1275-1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

785. Debra K. Moser, Laura P. Kimble, Mark J. Alberts, Angelo Alonzo, Janet B. Croft, Kathleen Dracup, Kelly R. Evenson, Alan S. Go, Mary M. Hand, Rashmi U. Kothari, George A. Mensah, Dexter L. Morris, Arthur M. Pancioli, Barbara Riegel, Julie Johnson Zerwic. 2007. Reducing Delay in Seeking Treatment by Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Stroke. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 22:4, 326-343. [Crossref]

786. Renee M. Cunningham-Williams, Emily L. Ostmann, Edward L. Spitznagel, Samantha J. Books. 2007. Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Reliability of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195:7, 551-559. [Crossref]

787. Leonard I. Pearlin, Kim B. Nguyen, Scott Schieman, Melissa A. Milkie. 2007. The Life-Course Origins of Mastery among Older People. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48:2, 164-179. [Crossref]

788. Gilbert C. Gee, Jorge Delva, David T. Takeuchi. 2007. Relationships Between Self-Reported Unfair Treatment and Prescription Medication Use, Illicit Drug Use, and Alcohol Dependence Among Filipino Americans. American Journal of Public Health 97:5, 933-940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

789. Danielle C. Ompad, Sandro Galea, Waleska T. Caiaffa, David Vlahov. 2007. Social Determinants of the Health of Urban Populations: Methodologic Considerations. Journal of Urban Health 84:S1, 42-53. [Crossref]

790. Carol E. Kaufman, Jennifer Desserich, Cecelia K. Big Crow, Bonnie Holy Rock, Ellen Keane, Christina M. Mitchell. 2007. Culture, context, and sexual risk among Northern Plains American Indian Youth. Social Science & Medicine 64:10, 2152-2164. [Crossref]

791. Gilbert C. Gee, Michael Spencer, Juan Chen, Tiffany Yip, David T. Takeuchi. 2007. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Social Science & Medicine 64:10, 1984-1996. [Crossref]

792. Noreen C. Facione, Peter A. Facione. 2007. Perceived Prejudice in Healthcare and Women's Health Protective Behavior. Nursing Research 56:3, 175-184. [Crossref]

793. Darren E. Sherkat, Barbara S. Kilbourne, Van A. Cain, Pamela C. Hull, Robert S. Levine, Baqar A. Husaini. 2007. The Impact of Health Service Use on Racial Differences in Mortality among the Elderly. Research on Aging 29:3, 207-224. [Crossref]

794. Frederick X. Gibbons, Hsiu-Chen Yeh, Meg Gerrard, Michael J. Cleveland, Carolyn Cutrona, Ronald L. Simons, Gene H. Brody. 2007. Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 88, S27-S37. [Crossref]

795. Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Karmela Liebkind, Riku Perhoniemi. 2007. Perceived ethnic discrimination at work and well-being of immigrants in Finland: The moderating role of employment status and work-specific group-level control beliefs. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31:2, 223-242. [Crossref]

796. John Sankofa, Wendy L. Johnson-Taylor. 2007. News Coverage of Diet-related Health Disparities Experienced by Black Americans: A Steady Diet of Misinformation. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39:2, S41-S44. [Crossref]

797. Henrie M. Treadwell, Mary E. Northridge, Traci N. Bethea. 2007. Confronting Racism and Sexism to Improve Men’s Health. American Journal of Men's Health 1:1, 81-86. [Crossref]

798. Alyssa N. Zucker, Laura J. Landry. 2007. Embodied Discrimination: The Relation of Sexism and Distress to Women’s Drinking and Smoking Behaviors. Sex Roles 56:3-4, 193-203. [Crossref]

799. Tom Calma. 2007. Creating Futures: Influencing the Social Determinants of Mental Health and Wellbeing in Rural, Indigenous and Island Peoples. Australasian Psychiatry 15:1_suppl, S5-S9. [Crossref]

800. Ken R. Tilashalski, Gregg H. Gilbert, Michael J. Boykin, Mark S. Litaker. 2007. Racial differences in treatment preferences: oral health as an example. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 13:1, 102-108. [Crossref]

801. Deidre Franklin-Jackson, Robert T. Carter. 2007. The Relationships Between Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity, and Mental Health for Black Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 33:1, 5-26. [Crossref]

802. Shawn O. Utsey, Mark A. Bolden, Yzette Lanier, Otis Williams. 2007. Examining the Role of Culture-Specific Coping as a Predictor of Resilient Outcomes in African Americans From High-Risk Urban Communities. Journal of Black Psychology 33:1, 75-93. [Crossref]

803. Andrew Steptoe, Mark Hamer. Psychosocial Determinants of the Stress Response 211-225. [Crossref] 804. A. Steptoe. Hypertension* 376-381. [Crossref] 805. D.R. Williams, S.A. Mohammed. Racial Harassment/Discrimination 321-326. [Crossref]

806. Carolyn M. Sampselle. 2007. Nickel-and-Dimed in America. Family & Community Health 30, S4-S14. [Crossref] 807. Vickie M. Mays, Susan D. Cochran, Namdi W. Barnes. 2007. Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among

African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology 58:1, 201-225. [Crossref] 808. Robert T. Carter. 2007. Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury. The Counseling Psychologist 35:1, 13-105. [Crossref] 809. Sarah Wamala, Gunnel Boström, Karin Nyqvist. 2007. Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in Sweden. British

Journal of Psychiatry 190:01, 75-76. [Crossref] 810. Jeanelle Sheeder, Dennis Lezottte, Catherine Stevens-Simon. 2006. Maternal Age and the Size of White, Black, Hispanic, and

Mixed Infants. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 19:6, 385-389. [Crossref] 811. ALEX BIERMAN. 2006. Does Religion Buffer the Effects of Discrimination on Mental Health? Differing Effects by Race.

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45:4, 551-565. [Crossref] 812. Anna S. Lau, David T. Takeuchi, Margarita Alegría. 2006. Parent-to-Child Aggression Among Asian American Parents: Culture,

Context, and Vulnerability. Journal of Marriage and Family 68:5, 1261-1275. [Crossref] 813. Floor VA van Oort, Jan van der Ende, Alfons AM Crijnen, Frank C Verhulst, Johan P Mackenbach, Inez MA Joung. 2006.

Determinants of daily smoking in Turkish young adults in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health 6:1. . [Crossref] 814. Emily Newfield, Stacey Hart, Suzanne Dibble, Lori Kohler. 2006. Female-to-male transgender quality of life. Quality of Life

Research 15:9, 1447-1457. [Crossref] 815. Kwame McKenzie. 2006. Racial discrimination and mental health. Psychiatry 5:11, 383-387. [Crossref] 816. Jennifer J. Manly. 2006. Deconstructing Race and Ethnicity. Medical Care 44:Suppl 3, S10-S16. [Crossref] 817. Gilbert C. Gee, Andrew Ryan, David J. Laflamme, Jeanie Holt. 2006. Self-Reported Discrimination and Mental Health Status

Among African Descendants, Mexican Americans, and Other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: The Added Dimension of Immigration. American Journal of Public Health 96:10, 1821-1828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

818. Jorge Delva, Patrick M. O’Malley, Lloyd D. Johnston. 2006. Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Overweight and Health-Related Behaviors among American Students: National Trends 1986–2003. Journal of Adolescent Health 39:4, 536-545. [Crossref]

819. Luisa N. Borrell, Catarina I. Kiefe, David R. Williams, Ana V. Diez-Roux, Penny Gordon-Larsen. 2006. Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study. Social Science & Medicine 63:6, 1415-1427. [Crossref]

820. Ricci Harris, Martin Tobias, Mona Jeffreys, Kiri Waldegrave, Saffron Karlsen, James Nazroo. 2006. Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine 63:6, 1428-1441. [Crossref]

821. Yarrow Dunham, Andrew Scott Baron, Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2006. From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Implicit Race Attitudes. Child Development 77:5, 1268-1281. [Crossref]

822. Shaun L. Gabbidon, Steven A. Peterson. 2006. Living While Black. Journal of Black Studies 37:1, 83-102. [Crossref] 823. Joy C. Yang, David Huang, Yih-Ing Hser. 2006. Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality among a Sample of Cocaine-Dependent

Black and White Veterans. Journal of Urban Health 83:5, 926-940. [Crossref] 824. Lorna Haughton McNeill, Matthew W. Kreuter, S.V. Subramanian. 2006. Social Environment and Physical activity: A review of

concepts and evidence. Social Science & Medicine 63:4, 1011-1022. [Crossref] 825. Yin Paradies. 2006. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of

Epidemiology 35:4, 888-901. [Crossref] 826. Gopal K Singh, Mohammad Siahpush. 2006. Widening socioeconomic inequalities in US life expectancy, 1980–2000. International

Journal of Epidemiology 35:4, 969-979. [Crossref] 827. Derek M. Griffith, Ernest Moy, Thomas M. Reischl, Elizabeth Dayton. 2006. National Data for Monitoring and Evaluating

Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities: Where Do We Go From Here?. Health Education & Behavior 33:4, 470-487. [Crossref] 828. Brian D. Smedley. 2006. Commentary to Special Issue on Health Discrepancies: Expanding the Frame of Understanding Health

Disparities: From a Focus on Health Systems to Social and Economic Systems. Health Education & Behavior 33:4, 538-541. [Crossref]

829. Rodney Clark, Philip Gochett. 2006. Interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses predict a school-based assessment of blood pressure in black youth. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 32:1, 1-9. [Crossref]

830. Amy J. Schulz, Clarence C. Gravlee, David R. Williams, Barbara A. Israel, Graciela Mentz, Zachary Rowe. 2006. Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 96:7, 1265-1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

831. Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti,, Karmela Liebkind, Riku Perhoniemi. 2006. Perceived discrimination and well-being: a victim study of different immigrant groups. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 16:4, 267-284. [Crossref]

832. Lundy Braun. 2006. Reifying Human Difference: The Debate on Genetics, Race, and Health. International Journal of Health Services 36:3, 557-573. [Crossref]

833. Ricci Harris, Martin Tobias, Mona Jeffreys, Kiri Waldegrave, Saffron Karlsen, James Nazroo. 2006. Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. The Lancet 367:9527, 2005-2009. [Crossref]

834. Suezanne T. Orr, Dan G. Blazer, Sherman A. James. 2006. Racial Disparities in Elevated Prenatal Depressive Symptoms Among Black and White Women in Eastern North Carolina. Annals of Epidemiology 16:6, 463-468. [Crossref]

835. Eleanor K. Seaton. 2006. Examination of a Measure of Racial Discrimination Among African American Adolescents1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36:6, 1414-1429. [Crossref]

836. Tené T. Lewis, Susan A. Everson-Rose, Lynda H. Powell, Karen A. Matthews, Charlotte Brown, Kelly Karavolos, Kim Sutton- Tyrrell, Elizabeth Jacobs, Deidre Wesley. 2006. Chronic Exposure to Everyday Discrimination and Coronary Artery Calcification in African-American Women: The SWAN Heart Study. Psychosomatic Medicine 68:3, 362-368. [Crossref]

837. Beverly Y. Araújo, Luisa N. Borrell. 2006. Understanding the Link Between Discrimination, Mental Health Outcomes, and Life Chances Among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 28:2, 245-266. [Crossref]

838. Gilbert C. Gee, Juan Chen, Michael S. Spencer, Sarita See, Oliva A. Kuester, Diem Tran, David Takeuchi. 2006. Social Support as a Buffer for Perceived Unfair Treatment Among Filipino Americans: Differences Between San Francisco and Honolulu. American Journal of Public Health 96:4, 677-684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

839. Lis Ellison-Loschmann, Neil Pearce. 2006. Improving Access to Health Care Among New Zealand’s Maori Population. American Journal of Public Health 96:4, 612-617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

840. Marcia C. Inhorn, Michael Hassan Fakih. 2006. Arab Americans, African Americans, and infertility: barriers to reproduction and medical care. Fertility and Sterility 85:4, 844-852. [Crossref]

841. David G. Allen. 2006. Whiteness and difference in nursing. Nursing Philosophy 7:2, 65-78. [Crossref] 842. Raymond Nairn, Frank Pega, Tim McCreanor, Jenny Rankine, Angela Barnes. 2006. Media, Racism and Public Health

Psychology. Journal of Health Psychology 11:2, 183-196. [Crossref] 843. Michelle S. Marion, Leslie R. Schover. 2006. Behavioral Science and the Task of Resolving Health Disparities in Cancer. Journal

of Cancer Education 21:1, suppl, S80-S86. [Crossref] 844. Hope Landrine, Elizabeth A. Klonoff, Irma Corral, Senaida Fernandez, Scott Roesch. 2006. Conceptualizing and Measuring

Ethnic Discrimination in Health Research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29:1, 79-94. [Crossref] 845. Jacqueline Wiltshire, Kate Cronin, Gloria E. Sarto, Roger Brown. 2006. Self-Advocacy During the Medical Encounter. Medical

Care 44:2, 100-109. [Crossref] 846. John D. Piette, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Dean Schillinger. 2006. Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes

patients’ health status. Patient Education and Counseling 60:1, 41-48. [Crossref] 847. Amy J. Schulz, Barbara A. Israel, Shannon N. Zenk, Edith A. Parker, Richard Lichtenstein, Sheryl Shellman-Weir, Laura Klem

A.B.. 2006. Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit's eastside. Social Science & Medicine 62:2, 510-522. [Crossref]

848. Rodney Clark. 2006. Perceived racism and vascular reactivity in black college women: Moderating effects of seeking social support. Health Psychology 25:1, 20-25. [Crossref]

849. Shawn O. Utsey, Yzette Lanier, Otis Williams, Mark Bolden, Angela Lee. 2006. Moderator effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life in a community sample of black Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 12:2, 334-346. [Crossref]

850. Annya Hernandez, Natalie Sachs-Ericsson. 2006. Ethnic Differences in Pain Reports and the Moderating Role of Depression in a Community Sample of Hispanic and Caucasian Participants With Serious Health Problems. Psychosomatic Medicine 68:1, 121-128. [Crossref]

851. Mary Webb, Jason Beckstead, Janet Meininger, Sabrina Robinson. 2006. Stress Management for African American Women With Elevated Blood Pressure: A Pilot Study. Biological Research For Nursing 7:3, 187-196. [Crossref]

852. Nancy Krieger, Pamela D. Waterman, Cathy Hartman, Lisa M. Bates, Anne M. Stoddard, Margaret M. Quinn, Glorian Sorensen, Elizabeth M. Barbeau. 2006. Social Hazards on the Job: Workplace Abuse, Sexual Harassment, and Racial Discrimination—A Study of Black, Latino, and White Low-Income Women and Men Workers in the United States. International Journal of Health Services 36:1, 51-85. [Crossref]

853. Karen E. Lutfey, Jonathan D. Ketcham. 2005. Patient and Provider Assessments of Adherence and the Sources of Disparities: Evidence from Diabetes Care. Health Services Research 40:6p1, 1803-1817. [Crossref]

854. Colleen M. Heflin, Kristine Siefert, David R. Williams. 2005. Food insufficiency and women's mental health: Findings from a 3- year panel of welfare recipients. Social Science & Medicine 61:9, 1971-1982. [Crossref]

855. Karen Bullock, Sarah A. McGraw, Karen Blank, Elizabeth H. Bradley. 2005. What Matters to Older African Americans Facing End-of-Life Decisions? A Focus Group Study. Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care 1:3, 3-19. [Crossref]

856. Nancy Krieger, Kevin Smith, Deepa Naishadham, Cathy Hartman, Elizabeth M. Barbeau. 2005. Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Social Science & Medicine 61:7, 1576-1596. [Crossref]

857. David R. Williams. 2005. The Health of U.S. Racial and Ethnic Populations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 60:Special_Issue_2, S53-S62. [Crossref]

858. Marc N. Elliott, Donna Farley, Katrin Hambarsoomians, Ron D. Hays. 2005. Do Medicaid and Commercial CAHPS Scores Correlate Within Plans?. Medical Care 43:10, 1027-1033. [Crossref]

859. Marvella E. Ford, P. Adam Kelly. 2005. Conceptualizing and Categorizing Race and Ethnicity in Health Services Research. Health Services Research 40:5p2, 1658-1675. [Crossref]

860. William W. Dressler, Kathryn S. Oths, Clarence C. Gravlee. 2005. RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:1, 231-252. [Crossref]

861. Deborah J. Schildkraut. 2005. The Rise and Fall of Political Engagement among Latinos: The Role of Identity and Perceptions of Discrimination. Political Behavior 27:3, 285-312. [Crossref]

862. Luisa Franzini, Margaret Caughy, William Spears, Maria Eugenia Fernandez Esquer. 2005. Neighborhood economic conditions, social processes, and self-rated health in low-income neighborhoods in Texas: A multilevel latent variables model. Social Science & Medicine 61:6, 1135-1150. [Crossref]

863. Mark A. Schuster, Rebecca Collins, William E. Cunningham, Sally C. Morton, Sally Zierler, Myra Wong, Wenli Tu, David E. Kanouse. 2005. Perceived discrimination in clinical care in a nationally representative sample of HIV-infected adults receiving health care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 20:9, 807-813. [Crossref]

864. Chul-Young Roh, M. Jae Moon. 2005. Nearby, but Not Wanted? The Bypassing of Rural Hospitals and Policy Implications for Rural Health Care Systems. Policy Studies Journal 33:3, 377-394. [Crossref]

865. Jason Schnittker, Jane D. McLeod. 2005. The Social Psychology of Health Disparities. Annual Review of Sociology 31:1, 75-103. [Crossref]

866. Lionel D. Scott, Laura E. House. 2005. Relationship of Distress and Perceived Control to Coping With Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Black Youth. Journal of Black Psychology 31:3, 254-272. [Crossref]

867. David M. Huebner, Carol J. Nemeroff, Mary C. Davis. 2005. Do Hostility and Neuroticism Confound Associations Between Perceived Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24:5, 723-740. [Crossref]

868. Marcos Chor Maio, Simone Monteiro. 2005. Tempos de racialização: o caso da 'saúde da população negra' no Brasil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 12:2, 419-446. [Crossref]

869. Thema Bryant-Davis, Carlota Ocampo. 2005. Racist Incident–Based Trauma. The Counseling Psychologist 33:4, 479-500. [Crossref]

870. Lori Arviso Alvord, Dorothy Rhoades, William G. Henderson, Jack H. Goldberg, Kwan Hur, Shukri F. Khuri, Dedra Buchwald. 2005. Surgical Morbidity and Mortality among American Indian and Alaska Native Veterans: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200:6, 837-844. [Crossref]

871. Namkee G. Choi, John M. Gonzalez. 2005. Barriers and Contributors to Minority Older Adults' Access to Mental Health Treatment. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 44:3-4, 115-135. [Crossref]

872. K.A.S. Wickrama, Samuel Noh, Chalandra M. Bryant. 2005. Racial differences in adolescent distress: Differential effects of the family and community for blacks and whites. Journal of Community Psychology 33:3, 261-282. [Crossref]

873. Carol J. Rowland Hogue, J. Douglas Bremner. 2005. Stress model for research into preterm delivery among black women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192:5, S47-S55. [Crossref]

874. Zheng Wu, Christoph M. Schimmele. 2005. Racial/Ethnic Variation in Functional and Self-Reported Health. American Journal of Public Health 95:4, 710-716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

875. Martha K. McClintock, Suzanne D. Conzen, Sarah Gehlert, Christopher Masi, Funmi Olopade. 2005. Mammary Cancer and Social Interactions: Identifying Multiple Environments That Regulate Gene Expression Throughout the Life Span. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 60:Special_Issue_1, 32-41. [Crossref]

876. Gary G. Bennett, Kathleen Yaus Wolin, Elwood L. Robinson, Sherrye Fowler, Christopher L. Edwards. 2005. Perceived Racial/ Ethnic Harassment and Tobacco Use Among African American Young Adults. American Journal of Public Health 95:2, 238-240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

877. Alexandra E. Shields, Michael Fortun, Evelynn M. Hammonds, Patricia A. King, Caryn Lerman, Rayna Rapp, Patrick F. Sullivan. 2005. The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: A transdisciplinary perspective. American Psychologist 60:1, 77-103. [Crossref]

878. Richard M. Lee. 2005. Resilience Against Discrimination: Ethnic Identity and Other-Group Orientation as Protective Factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52:1, 36-44. [Crossref]

879. Margaret O'Brien Caughy, Patricia J. O'Campo, Carles Muntaner. 2004. Experiences of Racism Among African American Parents and the Mental Health of Their Preschool-Aged Children. American Journal of Public Health 94:12, 2118-2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

880. Sarah Mustillo, Nancy Krieger, Erica P. Gunderson, Stephen Sidney, Heather McCreath, Catarina I. Kiefe. 2004. Self-Reported Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Black–White Differences in Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries: The CARDIA Study. American Journal of Public Health 94:12, 2125-2131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

881. Christie Zunker, Candace Rutt, Julie Cummins. 2004. Older Women on the U.S.-México Border: Exploring the Health of Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites. Journal of Women & Aging 16:3-4, 105-117. [Crossref]

882. James S. Jackson, Myriam Torres, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Harold W. Neighbors, Randolph M. Nesse, Robert Joseph Taylor, Steven J. Trierweiler, David R. Williams. 2004. The National Survey of American Life: a study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13:4, 196-207. [Crossref]

883. Rodney Clark. 2004. Interethnic Group and Intraethnic Group Racism: Perceptions and Coping in Black University Students. Journal of Black Psychology 30:4, 506-526. [Crossref]

884. Vence L. Bonham, Sherrill L. Sellers, Harold W. Neighbors. 2004. BONHAM ET AL. RESPONDS. American Journal of Public Health 94:10, 1659-1659. [Citation] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

885. Luisa Franzini, Maria Eugenia Fernandez-Esquer. 2004. Socioeconomic, cultural, and personal influences on health outcomes in low income Mexican-origin individuals in Texas. Social Science & Medicine 59:8, 1629-1646. [Crossref]

886. Anita A. Scarborough, Donna Spiker, Sangeeta Mallik, Kathleen M. Hebbeler, Donald B. Bailey, Rune J. Simeonsson. 2004. A National Look at Children and Families Entering Early Intervention. Exceptional Children 70:4, 469-483. [Crossref]

887. Reiner Rugulies, Jeffrey Braff, John W. Frank, Birgit Aust, Marion Gillen, Irene H. Yen, Rajiv Bhatia, Genevieve Ames, Deborah R. Gordon, Ira Janowitz, Doug Oman, Bradly P. Jacobs, Paul Blanc. 2004. The psychosocial work environment and musculoskeletal disorders: Design of a comprehensive interviewer-administered questionnaire. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 45:5, 428-439. [Crossref]

888. F. D. Wolinsky, D. K. Miller, E. M. Andresen, T. K. Malmstrom, J. P. Miller. 2004. Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle- Aged African Americans. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 59:2, S118-S123. [Crossref]

889. Helen A. Neville, P. Paul Heppner, Peter Ji, Russell Thye. 2004. The Relations among General and Race-Related Stressors and Psychoeducational Adjustment in Black Students Attending Predominantly White Institutions. Journal of Black Studies 34:4, 599-618. [Crossref]

890. Rachel L. Johnson, Somnath Saha, Jose J. Arbelaez, Mary Catherine Beach, Lisa A. Cooper. 2004. Racial and ethnic differences in patient perceptions of bias and cultural competence in health care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 19:2, 101-110. [Crossref]

891. Frederick X. Gibbons, Meg Gerrard, Michael J. Cleveland, Thomas A. Wills, Gene Brody. 2004. Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use in African American Parents and Their Children: A Panel Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86:4, 517-529. [Crossref]

892. Rafael M. Díaz, George Ayala, Edward Bein. 2004. Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: Data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 10:3, 255-267. [Crossref]

893. Cindy Christiansen, Mark Glickman. 2004. Here's to Your Health. CHANCE 17:1, 39-43. [Crossref] 894. Dolores Acevedo‐Garcia, Theresa L. Osypuk, Rebecca E. Werbel, Ellen R. Meara, David M. Cutler, Lisa F. Berkman. 2004. Does

Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health?. Housing Policy Debate 15:1, 49-98. [Crossref]

895. Lenore s. Azaroff, Charles Levenstein, David H. Wegman. 2004. The Occupational Health of Southeast Asians in Lowell: A Descriptive Study. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 10:1, 47-54. [Crossref]

896. Anita L. Stewart, Anna M. Nápoles-Springer. 2003. Advancing Health Disparities Research. Medical Care 41:11, 1207-1220. [Crossref]

897. David R. Williams. 2003. The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities. American Journal of Public Health 93:5, 724-731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

898. James S. Jackson, Toni C. Antonucci, Edna Brown. A cultural lens on biopsychosocial models of aging 221-241. [Crossref] 899. Ben Tran. The Impact of the Model Minority Culture in Higher Education Institutions 285-326. [Crossref] 900. Ben Tran. The Impact of the Model Minority Culture in Higher Education Institutions 404-445. [Crossref]