200 words research paper proposal
lishabaiyi
RaceandEthnicityto19002.pptxQuestion of Naming
Indian (Columbus was lost) – settler /dominant language; often refers to ideas about indigenous peoples generated by non-indigenous peoples; reimagined and reclaimed (AIM)
Aboriginal – state language. Taiaiake Alfred (Wasase: Indigenous Pathways of Action and Freedom) – aboriginalism is the ideology & identity of assimilation; legal and social construction of the state; “aboriginal self-termination movement”
First Nation – historic language. Outcome of “two founding nations” nation building discourse in the post WWII era; First Peoples
Native – being born or from a place
Indigenous – “the original people” favoured term at the moment
Names of bands, peoples, clans (insider knowledge)
Canadian History as Settler History
Canada
Nothing inevitable or predetermined
Historical actors
Transformation over hundreds of years
The topic of study of our class this term
Incremental
It could have turned out so differently, it will
History of the present
“since time immemorial”
indigenous to the land
“I have been here since the world began” (Mi'kmaq)
Anthropologists Bering Strait theory
Indigenous people migrated from Asia over a) land bridge (Beringia)
Challenged by indigenous peoples & other scholars
Knowledge is highly political
The ongoing project of indigenous dispossession
Diversity of peoples, languages & cultures
Contact with Europeans
Happens at different times in different places
Pay attention to region
Context
Time period
Relations
Trade
Missionary activity
resettlement
Jacques Cartier
Three voyages
1534 first voyage
Encounters Iroquoian village of Stadacona at the site of present day Quebec
Exchange of presents and barter
According to Cartier’s journal
Cartier commits two faux pas
Transgressions in diplomacy
Cartier claims the land for France erecting a cross
“Long Live the King of France”
Donnacona denounces the act; the region belongs to him, the cross erected without his permission
Navigational aid, Cartier lies
Francois I
Terra Nullius
Indigenous people did not exercise recognizable title to the land
Non-Christians
Not agricultural enough
Not politically organized (Europeans did not recognize political organization of indigenous peoples)
*reading for this week, discuss this topic in detail later
Cartier’s second offense
Cartier’s kidnaps two of Donnacona’s sons, Tayagnoagny & Domagaya
Proof of “discovery”
To use as guides & interpreters on his return
Native diplomatic tradition necessitated Cartier offering two of his own men. By not doing so, Cartier’s action considered hostile
Cartier’s second voyage 1535
More mistakes
Sets up winter camp without permission
Travels through Stadaconans territory to visit Hochelagas
Scurvy outbreak in his camp
Cured by Stadaconans
More kidnapping, Donnacona, his two sons, and taking 7 others
9 would die, the fate of one is unknown
Cartier gets financing for a third voyage
Third voyage 1541
Stadaconans openly hostile
Tiny settlement besieged
35 colonists killed
Survivors withdrew in 1543
French possessions on Turtle Island
Growing fur trade
Desire for settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley
1603
Pierre Dugua de Mon, merchant organizes the expedition
Samuel du Champlain (royal cartographer)
Mathieu de Costa (linguist & interpreter)
Samuel de Champlain 1608
Establishes Quebec
Kebec Algonquian word for narrow strait
Fortified habitation
Champlain relations with locals
Montagnais of Quebec and Algonquians of the Ottawa Valley
At war with the Iroquois
Champlain promises to provide them with muskets
To demonstrate good will, Champlain agrees to 1609 raid against the Iroquois
French enter local military trade alliances
Five Nations Iroquois
Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca & Tuscarora join in 1720s, becoming Six Nations)
Alliance with the Dutch at New Amsterdam (New York)
Raids and counter-raids, ongoing with Algonquians
French participation, invaluable to French interests; gain knowledge of the local transport systems, river networks, use of toboggans, canoes, snow shoes, how to survive
Huron Confederacy
Lake Superior to James Bay
1615 Champlain’s last journey into Huron country
Treaties of friendship
French to support Huron against the Iroquois as long as the Huron traded only with the French
Arrival of the Europeans
Intensification of the fur trade
Epidemics, disease
Cultural upheaval
Political rifts
Black Robes
Recollets & Jesuits 1630s
Conversion efforts
Missions in villages
French policy to sell guns only to converts
Converts treated with more respect by the French
Conversion caused rifts within families & communities
Fall of Huronia
Traditional historiography
Iroquois March 1649 attack Huron village and then use it as a base to destroy Huronia
Dissolution of Huronia
Debates between historians
George Sioui ( Wendat historian)
Iroquois engaged in a war of liberation against the French
“mourning wars”
Absorb new members
European diseases not native warfare responsible for sharp decline
Decimation caused by European diseases intensified warfare
The real story of indigenous land
Iroquois defence against European invasion
Dispersal of Huronia helps New France, coureurs de bois replace Huron as middlemen, traveling inland to live with Algonquians of the Upper Great Lakes
Iroquois resistance to New France
1609-1701 Iroquois resistance
Wars fought intermittently
Guerrilla tactics
skirmishes
New France fights back
1663 Royal Rule
Troops sent to New France
1666 French made two attacks on Iroquois villages
Second raid, French burned 4 Mohawk villages, including their winter food supply
1667 20 year peace
Resume fighting 1687
1689 Iroquois attack Lachine
1690s fortunes turn
1701 Peace
Edward Cavanaugh
“possession and dispossession in Corporate New France, 1600-1663”
Cavanagh
Legal historian
Settler colonialism in New France without recognition of indigenous property rights
Newly installed regime granted land to settlers without purchase, cession, or conquest
New France treated as terra nullius; Not a coherent doctrine but as a practice
Idea of empty lands; no need for treaty
Rights of indigenous peoples disregarded; no consent
Cavanagh on the centrality of corporations
Corporate not monarchic
Companies central to settlement
Come by “magic” to enjoy rights to land alienation
Companies sought royal permission to seek maximum profits; charters did not extinguish title
Claiming the land required actual possession
John Locke (p.115 mixing labour with land makes ownership)
Recognition by other Europeans vital for possession
Sillery
First reserve?
The Compagnie gave the land to the “savages” (p.120)
Company pre-emption
Montreal
1640
Societe de Notre Dame de Montreal pour la conversion des Sauvages
Grant from the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France to the seigneury of St. Sulpice and the entire island of Montreal
No consent, no purchase, no cession
Hurons, Algonquians, Montagnais, Iroquois were not seen as landlords and were not made rich by the development of Montreal, Trois Rivieres,& Quebec. They never ceded their lands.
Cavanagh on historians
Historians emptying the land (p.104-105)
Historians as frontier real estate agents (p.106)
Historians arguments discriminate against indigenous peoples who *might* be entitled to usufruct rights, settlers to outright title
“The Historiography of New France and the Legacy of Iroquois Internationalism”
Scott Manning Stevens
Stevens
French portrayal of the Haudenosaunee
Historiographic tradition established by Jesuit writers in the 19th c.
Histories written by non-native peoples, using written rather than oral history
To point out the one-sided history
Haudenosaunee reframed the narrative as resistance to missionaries & colonists
Stevens
Historians using Jesuit Relations as historical source of fact, ethnographic information
Relations published annually for mass circulation among the French reading public as literature of the new world, helped to popularize the image of the so-called savages
Vernacular for general audience, did not set out to write history, but to promote their work and chronicle their struggles
Published from 1610-1791 (73 volumes) Jesuits invented Iroquoia
As foil for “Canada”
“Cruel Iroquois”
Call to arms, Iroquois as obstacle to overcome
Stevens
Father Francois de Cruex 1664 10 volume History of Canada or New France
Created image of vicious Iroquois, as villain in New France’s colonial drama, inhuman spectre
Call for military conquest to remove the obstacle
Link between Cruex’s book & 1666 Marquis de Tracy march on the Iroquois, burning several villages & crops?
Haudenosaunee Diplomacy
League protecting their own interests
Claims to sovereignty
Diplomatic missions to England
“we declare ourselves hostile to settler colonialism & willing to intervene on behalf of indigenous civilizations.”
Kanehsatake: 270 years of resistance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yP3srFvhKs
History: 27:07-35:47
