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Restorative Art I

Summer 2021 - Welling

Subcutaneous Tissues and

Integument, Fascia, and Glands

The Best Cheat Sheet

· _________________________________ and feel each of the following locations/features on your face and cranium while discussing and studying.

· This will help you better understand what the text is speaking of regarding ___________________________________________ (thickness/thinness).

· Doing this will help you on your exams—because YOU ARE YOUR BEST CHEAT SHEET!!! Commit these to memory as you study using yourself as a guide. YOU are the one thing you can have with you when taking your exams/comps, so let yourself be study material to help absorb this information.

Skin Layers

· __________________: _______________________________________

· __________________: _______________________________________

· ________________________________ (aka, _____________________):

______________________________________________

· If you’ve ever taken your dog to the vet and they have given a “Sub-Q IV” for fluids because of dehydration to allow fluids to enter the system via diffusion and perfusion of the tissues

· Is also used when attempting to give ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Introduction: What makes up Our skin?

Epidermis

Subcutaneous layer

Dermis

Fascia and Glands

· _______________________________________

· _______________________________________

· _______________________________________

Subcutaneous tissues

· So thin over some bones that __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

· Think of pressing on your calf or bicep as opposed to pressing on the skin at your cheek, or elbow

· Helpful during __________________________________

· Some areas contain a large amount of adipose AKA: _______________________

· ____________________________________________ quantities of adipose tissue also affect surface contours

· Obesity versus Emaciation

Things to Remember:

_____________________________:

· Vary in thickness, density, accumulation of fat, amount of collagenous and ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________:

· _________________________________________________

· Often identified as a ___________________________________________

Scalp and Forehead

· Relatively ____________________________________

· Follows the _________________________________ of the bony framework

· ______________________________________________, BUT only a small amount of fat is embedded in the subcutaneous layer

· _______________________________________ secure the skin to the deep layers of superficial fascia

· Is very ____________________________________________

· On forehead, skin is closely attached to the underlying __________________

· _________________________________ is much thinner than on the scalp

Temples

· _________________________________________________________________

· Aponeurotic in appearance

· Covers the __________________________________________________________

· _______________________________________________________________

· Upper portion is _______________________________

· Lower portion near the Zygomatic Arch and divided into two layers

· One continuing behind

· One continuing externally to the Zygomatic Arch

· Small quantity of fat lies between the two layers – superior to the Zygomatic Arch

Zygomatic Arch

· Tissues covering are closely adherent

· External layer of the temporal fascia is strongly adherent to the periosteum

(_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________)

Nose

· Only a slight amount of fat embedded in the subcutaneous tissues

___________________________________________________________________

· Superficial fascia is reduced over the _______________________________________

· Skin is closely bound to the _________________________.

____________________________________________________________________

· __________________________ are composed on fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin

· Integument of both the ______________________________ of the nose is thin and loosely connected with the underlying parts

· Over protruding _____________________ is thicker and more firmly adherent

· The skin is furnished with many _________________________________

Eye

· ________________________ of fascia covering eyelids are ______________________

· Fascia is composed of ___________________________ which is easily distended with tissue fluid in edema or by blood in ecchymosis or hemorrhage

· Eyelids are formed by integument, areolar tissue, fibers of the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle, tarsus and tarsal glands, and conjunctiva

· Integument is _________________________________

· Attached more tightly nearer the free margin where it overlies the firm, fibrous plate called the tarsus

· Tissues overlying the body margins of the _____________________________

· Medial wall repeats the smoothness of the body structure

· Entire surface of __________________ is closely adherent: _______________________

· Eyeball occupies the front half of the ______________________________________

· Embedded in ________________ and _______________________ tissue

Ear

· ___________________________ is greatly reduced over the cartilages of the external ear

· Skin is thin and closely bound to the underlying _____________________

· Covered with __________________ and ________________________ which are

most numerous in the _____________________________________

· The _______________________________________ tough areolar and adipose tissues

· Skin in this area is also closely adherent

Mouth

· Between the external and internal surfaces of the lips

· Considerable amount of fat and _____________________________________

· Each lip also contains fibers of the

-Orbicularis Oris

-Labial vessels

-Nerves

-Areolar tissue

-Numerous small labial glands

· ____________________________________ is connected to the corresponding gum by a fold of mucous membrane called the ____________________________

· The _________________________________ is usually larger than the lower

Cheek (AKA: _____________________________)

· Contains a considerable ______________________________

· Superficial fascia is tougher and more fibrous than at other parts

· Between the ______________________________________________:

· Muscles, fat, areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands are found

· Fascia covering the cheekbone _____________________________

· A greater amount of fat is found on the part of the

_______________________________________________________

· _______________________________

· Contributes to the fullness of the _____________________________________ between the angle of the jaw and the Zygomatic Arch

· Posterior border of the muscle is covered by part of the ________________________ which extends to the ear

· Fullness of the anterior cheek is produced by facial muscles and __________________________________________

· Encapsulated mass of fat lying _________________ to the Masseter Muscle but ________________________ to its front border

Chin

· __________________________ of the chin is covered by tissues which are somewhat dense

· Composed of _______________________ and moderately

________________________________________________

· Only at the __________________________________ of the bone is the tissue close to

the body structure

Submandibular Area

· Superficial fascia of the region, ______________________________, is thinner and less dense than the fascia of the facial area

· May contain very little or develop a moderately large amount of adipose tissue

· Fascia splits to enclose the __________________________________

· Two layers come together again for a short distance near the _________________ and then separate again to ensheath (cover) the Parotid Gland

Integument (aka: _________________)

· Face is covered by skin that is thin, highly vascular, and supplied with many

______________________________________________________________________

· Consists of a layer of dense connective tissue (AKA: ____________or ______________) and an external covering of epithelium (Epidermis)

· _____________________________________________________________

· ___________________________ but also, an agent of water output

· Has absorbing powers; it will absorb oily materials placed in contact with it

· Thickness of skin varies between one-thirty second (1/32) to a little more than one-sixteenth (1/16th) of an inch

· ____________________________________________

· Ability of the skin to be stretched varies with its thickness

· Density of the __________________________________ and the firmness of fixation by the superficial fascia are directly related to its mobility

· ______________________________________________________________

· Texture _____________________________________________ and at various ages

Starts soft and as time passes, many things affect the texture of the skin

Derma (AKA _______________________________)

· The deeper layer of the skin

· ______________________________________________________________________

· Thickness varies in different parts of the body

· Consists of _______________________________________________

· Contains a small amount of fat, rich plexuses of blood vessels and lymphatics, nerve twigs, and numerous sensory nerve endings

· Moving down the _____________________________________________________ are hair follicles, sebaceous glands, the ducts of sweat glands, and bundles of smooth muscle fibers

· Deeper layer of Derma is a mass of ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

· This layer is mostly responsible for the ______________________________

· Sebaceous glands are _____________________ found in most parts of the skin

· Are especially abundant in the ______________________________

Epidermis

· Remember: ______________________________________________

· So, over, or on, the dermis

· _________________________________________________

· Has no __________________________________________

· Composed if four strata (layers) of cells

· Three outer layers are practically dead and constantly shed to be replaced by new ones from the fourth layer

· _______________________________________________

· Protoplasm of cells has become chemically changed into a protein substance which acts as a waterproof covering and provides the protective coating for the living cells of the Derma

Color of the Skin

· Partly dependent upon

1. The presence of the ___________________________________

2. The ___________________________ of the superficial capillaries

ARCHAIC DESCRIPTION FROM THE TEXT BUT YOU SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH THE TERMINOLOGY UNTIL THE TEXT IS CHANGED OR UPDATED:

· ‘Deep brown or blackishness of an African American, and the “tanned” color of some of the white race’

· Color is _________________________________________________________

PIGMENT (AKA: __________________________)

Consists of ______________________________________________ of very small size which are packed closely together within the cells of the Epidermis

· Deposited in the cells of the deepest stratum

· _____________________________________________________

· Exposure to sunlight involves increase of pigmentation as a protection for the deeper structures

· Melanin may be totally lacking in some persons

· _________________________________________

· Partial albinism may also occur

· Some may have patches of skin that are pigment-free

· Moles are localized spots of _____________________________

· _____________________________ are common in many

· Elderly people get small areas of pigmentation spots (think “_________________________”)

SECOND PIGMENT (CAROTENE)

· In the ______________________________ layer and fat of the Derma and superficial fascia

· Pigment varies in quantity from time to time in each individual

· In old age, this yellow pigment contributes greatly to the

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

-END-

Glossary

-epidermis: top layer of skin

-areolar tissue: fibrous connective tissue having the fibers loosely arranged in a net or meshwork

-adipose: satty tissue

-dermis: 2nd layer

-subcutaneous layer (aka, Hypodermis): bottom layer

-fascia: bands or sheets of connective tissue found below the skin; tissues that attach, stabilize,

impart strength, maintain vessel patency, separate muscles, and enclose different organs

-subcutaneous tissue: the deepest layer of your skin

-connective tissue: tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues. "A thin sheet of connective tissue"

-Deep fascia: dense connective tissue that is commonly arranged in sheets that form a stocking around the muscles and tendons beneath the superficial fascia

- tendon: fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.

- Ligament: tough fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together in proper articulation at the joints.