anthropology

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Question 1 (1 point)

According to Cummings, meat is important in foraging economies because:

Question 1 options:

	it serves as an example where there is no sexual division of labor
	foragers require meat to obtain proper nutrition
	a variety of useful products are obtained from animals, and meat is storable
	it always represents majority of calories known foraging groups consume
	our ancestors did not eat meat

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Question 2 (1 point)

Based on the description in the reading, hunting is an activity that:

Question 2 options:

	can be quite wasteful if not done properly
	is too strenuous for women to participate
	none of these
	usually requires a large workforce
	varies in its workload, methods, and risks

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Question 3 (1 point)

Hunting and obtaining meat:

Question 3 options:

	seems to confer status on individuals because of the risks involved
	consumes a large amount of time
	is the most efficient way of obtaining calories in foraging societies
	is viewed as an essential contribution of individuals to group welfare

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Question 4 (1 point)

Egalitarianism can be defined as:

Question 4 options:

	everyone in a group is equal
	all members of a group have equal access to status
	the requirement that individuals share everything
	a system of exchange between equal partners

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Question 5 (1 point)

Animism refers to a set of beliefs where:

Question 5 options:

	a ritual specialist can 'animate' spirits to continuously circulate between all parts of the environment
	people worship inanimate objects as if they were alive
	the entirety of the natural world is imbued with spirits, and so people avoid hunting as much as possible since animals possess them like humans
	the entirety of the natural world is imbued with spirits, and animals are frequently seen as spiritually interchangeable with humans

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Question 6 (1 point)

Gathering provides:

Question 6 options:

	except in certain extreme environments, often provides the bulk of calories for foraging groups
	an unpredictable source of calories, which is why people focus so much on hunting
	a supplement to hunted meat for a balanced diet in foraging groups
	none of these
	is exclusively conducted by women

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Question 7 (1 point)

According to Cummings, the 'status' of gathered foods is likely not related to:

Question 7 options:

	the narrow range of edible plants in many environments
	their reliability and general ease to obtain versus meat (and honey)
	belief systems that categorize plants--and other foods associated with them--as dissimilar from humans
	the relative status of women in foraging communities

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Question 8 (1 point)

One implication of the distinction between 'immediate' and 'delayed' return foraging economies is:

Question 8 options:

	the former only exist in marginal environments
	many spheres of social life are interconnected, and people make choices given their particular circumstances
	individuals in a social group are more dependent on each other in the latter type
	investments in material culture and planning require a chief

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Question 9 (1 point)

In his discussion of reciprocity as an exchange system, Harris suggests that for small-scale societies it functions like a:

Question 9 options:

	bank
	feast
	gift
	hunt

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Question 10 (1 point)

In a society that functions on reciprocity and sharing, "free-loaders" do not usually present a major threat to the system because:

Question 10 options:

	everyone is aware of who contributes, and shun those who engage in those behaviors
	none of these
	it is never worth an individual's time to confront such "theft"
	there are no judges, so conflicts turn violent
	they are able to sneak items in secret so no one observes their behavior