Question

QUESTION 1

1. <True/False Question>

"According to Arrington, indirect information transfer is a method of advertising that always undermines one's autonomy."

 True

 False

3 points   

QUESTION 2

1. [Short Answer Question]

"According to Susser, Roessler, and Nissenbaum, to [          ] a person is to influence a person by constraining that person's options so that only rational option for that person would be to do what you want that person to do."

Q1. What is the right word to fill in the blank?

Q2. Is it always manipulative to influence a person by constraining that person's options so that the only rational option for that person would be to do what you want that person to do? Why or why not? (Explain with one or two sentences.)

7 points   

QUESTION 3

1. [Short Answer Question]

According to Elizabeth Anderson, different kinds of goods are most properly valued and exchanged in different kinds of relationship. In which kind of relationship can political goods be exchanged and properly valued, according to Anderson? (Answer with one sentence.)

5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. [Short Answer Question]

Cathy O'Neil argues that targeted online advertising harms people in a unique way, even when its contents (puffery/indirect information transfer/etc.) are somewhat similar to more traditional forms of advertising. What is the problem of targeted online advertising? (Answer with one sentence.)

5 points   

QUESTION 5

1. [Short Answer Question]

Michael Sandel says that there are two reasons why we should not commodify (almost) all things. What are these two reasons? (Answer with two sentences.)

5 points   

QUESTION 6

1. <Answer all of the following questions. Your response for each question should be in a form of a short essay (120-200 words total).>

"Some advertisements are manipulative because they prevent us from making free, independent choices about what to purchase."

Q1. Explain whether Arrington would agree with the statement above, and why. 

Q2. Explain whether Susser, Roessler, and Nissenbaum would agree with the statement above, and why.

15 points   

QUESTION 7

1. <Answer all the questions; the responses to the questions should be about 120-200 words in total.>

Q1. Explain how Susser, Roessler, and Nissenbaum define online manipulation; then present one example of online manipulation (the example you use should not be something that appeared in lectures.)

Q2. According to Susser, Roessler, and Nissenbaum, can there be "good" online manipulation? Why or why not?

15 points   

QUESTION 8

1. <Answer all of the following questions. Your response for each question should be in a form of a short essay (120-200 words total).>

Elizabeth Anderson argues that commercial surrogacy cannot be ethically justified.

Q1. According to Anderson, what are the things that are being commodified in commercial surrogacy?

Q2. According to Anderson, how are they de-valued by being commodified in commercial surrogacy?