Order #417829 Topic: A#6 Final exam

QUIZ 5 .

Question 1 1 / 1 pts

When the researcher generates a list of potential subjects and selects every nth subject on the list, she is using what type of sampling approach?

Systematic sampling

K-based sampling

Simple random sampling

Nonprobability sampling

Systematic sampling is the correct answer.

Question 2 1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is true about control and experimental groups (in a true experiment)?

The two groups can be heterogeneous at the beginning of the study

Subjects must be randomly sorted into the two groups

Random assignment is not considered a factor

The experimental group, but not the control group, must be volunteers because of risks of harm to the experimental group

Random assignment is the correct answer.

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is true concerning establishing a causal effect in an experiment?

The independent and dependent variable must change at the same time in the same direction.

The relationship between the independent and dependent variable must be stronger than between the dependent variable and any other variables.

The mechanism that causes the relationship must be known.

The variation in the independent variable must occur before the change in the dependent variable

All of the answers presented are correct

Changes in the IV must precede changes in the DV.

Question 4 1 / 1 pts

Experiments are considered “quasi experimental” when:

Time order for change in the dependent variable cannot be established

Subjects are not randomly assigned to experiment and control groups

The experimental and control groups are randomly matched shortly before the treatment is administered

The context and mechanism for causal effects cannot be established

Absence of random assignment to experimental and control groups defines Quasi-E.

Question 5

1 / 1 pts

A graduate student wishes to explore if court ordered substance abuse treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders has an effect on the odds an offender will commit future DUI offenses. The students identifies his sample from among offenders arrested for DUI and designates those ordered into treatment as his experiment group and those not ordered into treatment into his control group. Which of the following best identifies the type of experiment he used? There is no random assignment and no data collected before the treatment as well as no data collection over an extended period of time.

True experiment

Before-and-after design

Ex post facto design

Nonequivalent [groups] design

Time series design

A quasi-experimental or non-equivalent group design is the best option. None of the other options provided describes the experiment.

Question 6 1 / 1 pts

What is one of the greatest problems with experimental designs? Consider that a true experiment creates conditions that control for confounding variables but result in artificial environments hard to generalize to the population.

Low internal validity

Low measurement validity

Low external validity

Inability to rule out rival hypotheses

It's low external validity. The conditions created in laboratory settings (in order to control factors affecting the internal validity of the experiment) are such, that the results are not generalizable.

Question 7 1 / 1 pts

To maximize generalizability, a researcher should focus primarily on:

Sampling

Measurement

Hypotheses

Theory

Sampling is the important factor to consider when generalizing findings.

Question 8 1 / 1 pts

The most powerful research designs to establish cause and effect between variables are:

Experimental designs

Quasi-experimental designs

Correlational designs

Survey designs

Experimental or randomized experiments are the most powerful group of designs for cause-effect.

Question 9 1 / 1 pts

According to Cook & Campbell (1979), 3 conditions are needed to be met to establish cause and effect. Select the one that DOES NOT belong in this group:

Simultaneity

Covariation

Temporal precedence

No plausible alternative explanations

The cause must precede the effect, these cannot occur simultaneously.

Question 10 1 / 1 pts

Random assignment, also known as random selection, is a strong component in ensuring the external validity of the study.

True

False

Random assignment refers to assigning subjects to treatment conditions and random selection is related to sampling procedures. Random assignment is linked to the internal validity of the study whereas random assignment to the external validity. Even though some authors argue that these 2 processes affect both the internal and external validity of the study, the main point of the statement, the issue that makes it false, is that these are different concepts.

Question 11 1 / 1 pts

An alternative name for quasi-experimental designs is non-equivalent group designs since the groups are not really equivalent because these were not randomly assigned.

True

False

This is correct. Non-equivalent designs are alternative names for quasi-experimental designs.

Question 12 1 / 1 pts

In a factorial design, the word "factor" designates:

The number of independent variables

The number of groups

The number of dependent variables

A constant or mathematical factor

It's the number of IVs or treatments.

Question 13 1 / 1 pts

What type of question is the following research question: "What are the effects of cognitive-behavioral problem-solving skills training and non directive relationship therapy on antisocial child behavior?"

Comparative

Relational

Effectiveness

Descriptive

Comparative is correct, it compares to treatment modalities.

Question 14 1 / 1 pts

In the following research question, "What are the effects of three therapeutic interventions to reduce the number of instances of excessive use of force, "use of force" is considered to be a(n):

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Confounding variable

Temporal variable

Use of force is a DV.

Question 15 1 / 1 pts

A disadvantage of the repeated measures design is that maturation and history may affect the internal validity of the study.

True

False

True, these are the 2 most important threats in repeated measures designs.

Question 16

1 / 1 pts

Factorial designs can use within-subjects or between-subjects approaches and can include pretest and post-test or post-test only measures.

True

False

True, see Edmonds & Kennedy page 76.

IncorrectQuestion 17 0 / 1 pts

Survey approaches in research are also known as descriptive research.

True

False

Since these designs don't establish cause-effect relationships, they are also known as descriptive approaches or descriptive research.

Question 18 1 / 1 pts

In survey research, researchers at times identify a specific subpopulation based on unique characteristics and administer a survey to this particular group (same group). This data collection strategy is known as:

Cohort

Trend

Panel

Subpopulation selected group

Cohort is the correct answer.

Question 19 1 / 1 pts

Since surveys are designed to collect information from large groups in a relatively short period of time and are often administered only once, the reliability of the measure is not a real factor at play.

True

False

To the contrary, the major issue with surveys is that the unreliability of the measure threatens the statistical conclusion validity of the study.

Question 20 1 / 1 pts

When a researcher intends to generalize her findings to a population, a recommended but not always achieved response rate in survey research is:

80%

75%

70%

65%

80% is correct, see Edmonds & Kennedy (2017) page 134.