early modern Europe

1.     Could Europe in 1525 be called a “new world”? Why or why not?

· Yes Answer:

· The Renaissance: Pick prominent artist or culture stream

· Started in Italy with the rediscovering of the Classics

1. Neo-platonists had the council of Florence in 1438

1. Good: God unknowable. Bad: interest in other religions.

1. First printing press in 1467

1. The Prince (Machiavelli) in 1513- must balance institutions

1. Moved on from there

2. Da Vinci to France, 1516-9

2. Cellini to France, 1540-5

2. England

3. Utopia (1516)

1. Search for perfect reforms

1. Hope for Humanists

· Discovery: pick one of these to show

. Columbus in 1492

. Conquest of the Aztecs in 1521

. Juan Ponce De Leon

3. Arrives 1493 Fought in Granada 1504 Massacre of Tainos 1508 conquers Puerto Rico 1509 fights with Diego Columbus 1513 Florida!

. Fall of the Aztecs in 1521

. Slavery

5. First slave ship in 1526 from Africa

· Reformation (1517)

. Within

1. 1512 5th Lateran council to solve problems

1. Want a perfect Church

. Jan Hus

2. Created the Hussites. John Wycliffe was their main influence, they believed that Mass should be in the vernacular. He gets burned at the stake in 1415

. Martin Luther (READINGS)

3. Oct 1518 meet with Cardinal Cajetan

3. 1520 Papal Bull declares heretic

3. Ideas

3. Pope and church not center

3. Power in self and bible

3. “priesthood of all believers”

3. Attacks mass and sacraments

3. Faith not acts

3. Attacks pillars of church

. Post Luther

4. Social upheaval: Peasants War (1524-1525)

4.

· No Answer:

· Conservative views on familial/gender roles

· Church maintains many of their old views

· Confronts “heretics” like Martin Luther

· Cultural flourishing before

· Liked ancients before

· Individual thought before

· Renaissance figures deeply religious

2.     Create a character for yourself who is on their deathbed in 1525 and looking back on their life. What structured their life and what changes did they witness? Be sure to think about where they were living and what class they belonged to.

             Intro: Spanish Conquistador with Cortes

Conditions in Spain :

Large Inflation

Ottoman War (drained money)

Compete with Portuguese

Need new resources

Soldier from Aragon?

Wants to rise in social status

Lot of artisans, lot of soldiers

Europeans knew that they were dying of diseases that Europeans were affected by, but didn't know how it was happening

(if you are not an elite person, this was a way to grow status)

Body Paragraph 1: Cortes, the leader. The initial goal of the voyage.

· Cortes is a restless lawyer and notary for the Encomienda

· Has doubts about Cortes b/c his first expedition to the mainland was a failure

· Dona Marina (La Malinche) Cortes’ mistress and translator

· Usefulness

· Inseparable (Malintzin - known together as one entity)

· Son: Martin (first mestizo)

Body Paragraph 2: First Impressions - Similarities between Tenochtitlan and Spain

· Both great military powers (used to conquest)

· Both pushed by religious impulses (Christianity vs. Aztec Gods)

· Expansive (Aztecs over land and Spanish over sea)

Body Paragraph 3: Conquest of Aztecs/Reflection  

· Tlaxcalan Allies, increased Cortes’ force to 75k

· Cholula Massacre 1519

· Captured Moctezuma in Nov 1519

· Jun 1520: Moctezuma killed → Noche Triste (spanish kicked out)

3. What changed early modern Europe more: art and ideas, war, or disease and environmental change?

· Renaissance was age of new ideas and art and helped Europe build from a simple lifestyle to a place with cultural and historical value

· Aristotle introduced a new way of thinking and a love of learning: writing poetry and painting

· Culture of patrons supporting artists, inventors, etc.

· Rich and powerful people could use art as a status symbol to further inflate their social statuses (e.g. Borgias, Medici)

· Pope could use Michelangelo (recognized famous artist) to paint Sistine Chapel and inflate status of the church

· Ideals of “renaissance men” like da Vinci

· Introduced anatomy - education of body

· Michelangelo (reading)

· Humanist

·

· Important Buildings

· Brunelleschi did the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Dome of topless cathedral) - Renaissance and Medici power

· Ghilberti - Competition with Brunelleschi

· Michelangelo- important artwork -David

3. Can draw in on the readings

. Preservation and revival of classical Greek/Roman ideas, styles

· Erasmus

. Desiderius Erasmus, Humanist

. “Patron Saint of Networkers”

2. Examination of church from the inside was tolerated; led to Martin Luther’s 95 theses and eventually Protestantism

. Published religious work, rewrote the new testament and Praise of Folly → important for spread of ideas

· Ideas led to further exploration of the world and growth of imported goods market:

. Idea of joint business ventures; pooling money for trade voyages

. Plus Ultra

· DISEASE, NOT IDEAS: Disease and famine brought ended population growth and brought about increased demand for laborers, which led to growth of the middle class

4. How did the Renaissance, European territorial expansion, and early religious reform demonstrate an urge to “purify” European society or return it to a golden age? Did this urge produce change rather than simple reform?

All of these events demonstrated an urge to “purify” or return Europe to a golden age.

Renaissance

· “Renaissance” means “rebirth”

· The Black Death in the early 14th century set the stage for the Renaissance. Upheaval in Florence caused by the plague brought opportunity for the Medici family to take power in the city.

· Wealthy families, like the Medici, were patrons of the arts

· Focus on Romans, and the human form; looking back to the golden age of Rome

· Humanism

· Purifying Europe of ideas/corruption of the Middle Ages

· Focus on intellectualism and more accurate biblical translation & philosophical text

· 1516 Utopia, Thomas More. Search for perfect forms, called for council and reform

· Erasmus translated the new testament and wanted to purify the church

· All of these examples show dissatisfaction with society, and a desire to purify their culture

European Territorial Expansion

· Europeans did not have what they needed and decided to explore to find new items

· An urge to purify the Native Americans by bringing them Christianity.

· Columbus’s Journal, “Would take to Christianity”

·

Early Religious Reform

· Martin Luther found problems with the Church → wanted to purify Church to give it appropriate power