history homework
dannyyang
QinDynastyZhouHanJapan.pptxChina
Pan Gu Nu Kua
Creation Stories
Complementary energies
That balance the world.
Yin and Yang
The Chinese saw themselves as separate from others
They traded with themselves
Called their kingdom the Middle Kingdom or Zhonngguo (Jung Wu)
They believed in The Mandate of Heaven, which gave a ruler the right to rule
Shang Dynasty
Oracle- wise person, could connect with the ancients
Oracle bones or Dragon bones
These are animal bones with markings on them.
The precursor to the Shang writing
Shang
Writing – pictographs
Shang
Last capital of the Shang Dynasty
Found there:
Palaces
Underground tombs
Human sacrifice
Wives and slaves killed to go with their husbands/ masters
Skeletons, severed heads lined up in rows
Lots of dragon bones
Anyang Henan
Mound of Shang was an artificial Hill created to place an observatory
The Shang believed the stars were powers in heaven and the planets will rule judgements.
The last Shang King was Di Xin (1105-1046 BCE)
He became evil and killed many people
The people believed they received a sign from heaven that he must be overthrown.
The sign was a 5 planet cluster – Saturn, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, and Mars
The people attacked and the emperor walked into the fire killing himself.
Shangqui
Zhou
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1029-258 B.C.E.
(Dynasty – sequence of rulers from the same family)
Zhou Ancestors-
Nomadic
Settle near the Huang He River at a time when iron use was spreading
They become skilled farmers and fighters- plows and weapons
Zhou Dynasty
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Claims the mandate of heaven- the right to rule given by the gods
Creates a social structure – Feudalism, which was based on loyalty and responsibility
It also created agricultural alliances
Wheat growers in the North with Rice growers in the south
The Zhou King- Wu
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Feudalism
King/Emperor
Gives land to the nobles
Land owning nobles- Educated Bureaucrats
Perform military service for the king
Identifying clothing -silk
Peasants, urban artisans ,laboring masses
Farm land, perform work on civil service projects
Mean People
Have no meaningful skills
Must wear green scarves
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Will become model rulers
They are Daoist's just as the Shang were.
Daoism is about harmony in nature.
There are two kingdoms,
Heaven and Earth,
which both have the
same spirit and emperor
Zhou
Taoism
.
Develop a common currency
Promote linguistic unity – leads to 1 spoken language- Mandarin Chinese
700 B.C.E. nomadic invaders cause in-fighting among nobles instead of unification, this lack of loyalty leads to the:
Warring States Period
Zhou promoted Cultural Unity
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During this turmoil, people turn to a philosopher
(A philosopher is a person who seeks answers to the questions of life)
Kung Fu Zi or Confucius
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Called for moderation in behavior
Leaders must set an example for their people
A good society is like a family, all members know their place. One needs obedience and respect.
Emphasized personal virtue, which could overcome political disorder.
(Was ignored by the noble class but respected by the people)
Confucius
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Is a set of Ethics
A way to live one’s life
It consisted of 5 virtues
Charity
Kindness
Hard work
Good faith
Courtesy
True Happiness rested in doing good for all not in individual gain
Confucianism
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Forget injuries, never forget kindnesses .
It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.
Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in getting up every time we do .
Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.
Study the past if you would define the future.
Respect yourself and others will respect you.
Confucius Quotes
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Qin Dynasty
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Infighting among the nobles due to external invasions
Qin Shi Huangdhi will claim the Mandate of Heaven
He is 13 yrs old
Cruel
brutal
Qin
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People obey rulers out of fear not respect
Shi Huangdi saw Confucianism as a challenge to his power, he orders writings to be destroyed
Legalism
Attacks city-states
Seizes weapons
Crushed authority of nobles (threat to him)
Expects discipline and obedience
Broke ties of loyalty between nobles and peasants
Orders nobles to city
Chooses officials from non- noble families
Had a national conscription (draft)
All males ages 17-60 must serve1 year in army
Qin Shi Huangdi
Standardize writing, coins, weights, length of a wheel axle
Census
Shi Huangdi orders the burning of books - attack on culture.
He has 400 Confucian scholars killed.
The population at this time was around 30 million
It is the first time the outside world comes to know China.
Qin
Not opened, rivers of mercury
Guarded by the Terra Cotta Soldiers
As seen in Engineering an Empire China
Thousands of soldiers and horses made
Tomb of Shi Huangdi
Defense
Keep Chinese in
Taxes to pay for it
7 years of construction – 3,000 miles (today 6,000)
500,000 workers dead
The Wall of Tears or The Long Graveyard
Meng Jiang Nyu – poem about the wall
The Great Wall
Han
After death of Shi Huangdi
China in a civil war
New leader – Liu Bang, claims mandate
becomes Great Founder of the Han
Liu Bang (256-195 BCE)
Wins noble support, allows them to rule as they wish
Peasant support by lowering taxes
Han Dynasty
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Liu Bang combines Legalism and Confucianism
Legalism – need for strong government and powerful ruler, but no harsh punishments
Legalism – ruler wants people afraid of them, not concerned with respect
Confucianism – a ruler should set an example for their people
Han
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It was during the Han Dynasty when Confucianism became the dominant political ideology.
The teachings of Confucius have come down to our days through his Analects, a collection of short quotes, statements, ideas, and anecdotes, probably but not certainly compiled by Confucius' students.
A version compiled near the end of the Han dynasty was carved on stone tablets and this is generally as the most reliable source of Confucius’ view.
Confucianism & the State
It endorsed patriarchy
It created a social hierarchy
Scholar
Peasant farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Women are at the bottom in all aspects of society
Confucianism
Book of rights – codes of conduct for behavior in and out the house.
It discusses women’s obedience and that when going out in public women should be veiled.
Harmony of the social world is tied to harmony of the heaven
If all people keep their place and rules are followed there will be harmony, but if not drought, famine. . .
Confucianism
Invaders kill Liu Bang
New ruler – WuDi
Goal – prevent invaders
Plan to kill invaders
Extend the Great Wall
WuDi uses ambassadors to bring about a Chinese Peace
Han
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WuDi set up civil service exams and schools to train men of talent to take the tests
Also developed was a bureaucracy that kept a slight check on the emperor and curbed control of the noble class
During the Han the northern part of the Korean peninsula will come under Chinese rule.
Han
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Time for arts and literature
Pottery
Jade
Ivory
Silk screens
Calligraphy
The first Chinese dictionary
Golden Age of Peace
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Han – 1st to begin exportation of goods
Caravans- camels
Goods exported –silk, apricots, bronze and iron
Goods imported – gold, wool, linen
Main trade route – Silk Road(5,000 miles)
China connects with Greece and Rome
These trade routes will make the Han a wealthy empire
New goods and ideas including Buddhism come to China
Trade- Caravans
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Public works – irrigation, canals
Annual labor from all men
Han and Labor
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Courts
Strict laws
Torture and execution were used to compel obedience
People arrested were presumed guilty and subject to torture
Han and the Law
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Read the Art of War
Sun Tzu - The Art of War
Sun Tzu / Sun Zi – Birthname Sun Wu Chinese military general, strategist and philosopher and the author of the Art of War. The Art of War
is an extremely influential ancient Chinese
book on military strategy, and it’s still regarded as one of the most
important books on the subject today. Lived: c.500–320. B.C
War and Technology
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If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. – Sun Tzu
All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. – Sun Tzu, the Art of War
If your enemy is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is temperamental, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. If sovereign and subject are in accord, put division between them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. – Sun Tzu Quotes, from the Art of War
Sun Tzu
Chinese Inventions
Many people of current day China refer to themselves as Han Chinese.
Empress – Wu Cheh Tien (690-705)
Empress Wu
Had been a peasant
Became concubine for one emperor and then wife to next emperor
She will depose her two sons and rule as empress and later emperor for 15 years creating her own dynasty
She is the only woman to rule China
She found 2 old prophecies that talked of the rise of a female ruler and these helped secure her power.
Tang Dynasty
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Empress Wu embraced Buddhism
Buddhism offered a spiritual path based on personal virtue and compassion.
Buddhism will challenge the ideas of Confucianism because it will have a universalist message of salvation for everyone.
Gender is not an issue in Buddhism.
Empress Wu used her power to build Longman Caves – in Luoyand.
Tang
Longman Caves
The face on the central figure resembles Empress Wu
Changed the tax code
Created a very formal civil service system in which both men and women could be promoted based on merit.
Increased trade and diplomacy.
Empress Wu
Imperial center of the Tang
Xi’an
Christianity comes to China in the 630’s CE
Nestorian Stele
It stated that:
Over history heaven ordained that true
religion would be established in different
countries and different climates so that all
humanity can be saved.
Tang
Tang dynasty is when practice of binding feet came about.
While at first for women in the upper class it became a custom for all women.
Small feet were desirable.
Women were ornaments and feet binding could be a way to social advancement.
Women were scorned or laughed at for big feet.
It officially became banned in 1902 but many people still practiced it.
Tang
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Feet Binding
Feet were cracked in half, toes are forced under the foot, and the foot is bound. It is done as early as age 5.
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Attacks from nomads
Empress Wu’s daughter, niece, and prime minister will all be murdered.
Tang dynasty falls in 906
Later dynasty blamed Empress Wu
On her burial stele the sides were left blank. No words of honor or respect, so it is interpreted as disrespectful.
Tang
The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. The rebellion began on 16 December 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on 17 February 763.
35 million people died
80 years of despair followed
The last Tang emperor abdicated in 907
Great Rebellion
Philosopher-Zhu Xi
Used Buddhism and Confucianism
Stressed family rule, under the father, and the state as a family system
Urged meditation- Zen Buddhism
Goal is spiritual growth
Chinese Buddhists stressed value of hard work and a love of nature
Song Dynasty
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Took over after Kublai Khan
They restored civil service exams and Confucianism
Cities grew, agriculture flourished
Revival of the arts – Ming vases
Exports products to the West
Send Zheng He and a fleet of ships exploring -1405-1433
Ming Dynasty
Hand out
China’s Forbidden City
The Forbidden City, situated in the very heart of Beijing, was home to 24 emperors of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties. The construction of the grand palace started in the fourth year of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty (1406), and ended in 1420.
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Handout on Animals for the New Year
Cycle of 12 animals that continually repeats
The Year of the Snake, etc..
Happens between 1/30 and 2/20
Origins- next slide
Chinese New Year
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Nian could swallow people
An old man came to village and tricked Nian into swallowing other beasts of prey instead of people
After beasts are destroyed or in hiding, the old man tells the villagers to put red decorations made of paper on their windows and doors each year to keep Nian away and he rides off on Nian
Nian – beast who preyed on people
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Sweeping house
Opening windows to let old year leave
Painting doors or windows red
Decorate with red, use flowers, oranges, and candy
Feast with family
fireworks at midnight
EXCHANGE of Red Envelopes
Traditions of New Year
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Days set aside for visiting, for prayer, for fasting, and for staying home
Final day, day 15, ends on the full moon, with the Festival of Lanterns
Parade
Children display lanterns
Traditions continued
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Festival of Lanterns
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China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a sovereign state in East Asia.
It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion.
The PRC is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing.
It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions; while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan.
China today
Restrictions of information, access to internet
Pollution
China
Vietnam will be conquered by the Han dynasty
They will be a colony of China for 900 years
Before China took over women in Vietnam had equal power to men, so when China tried to take over there was a rebellion lead by the Trung sisters in 41 AD.
Ultimately the sisters were defeated but they are celebrated in yearly festivals in Vietnam.
Under Chinese rule women became second class citizens.
New conquests and influence on Vietnam, Taiwan and Japan.
Japan
Long ago all the elements were mixed together with one germ of life. This germ began to mix things around and around until the heavier part sank and the lighter part rose.
A muddy sea that covered the entire earth was created. From this ocean grew a green shoot. It grew and grew until it reached the clouds and there it was transformed into a god.
Soon this god grew lonely and it began to create other gods. The last two gods it made, Izanagi and Izanami, were the most remarkable. One day as they were walking along they looked down on the ocean and wondered what was beneath it. Izanagi thrust his staff into the waters and as he pulled it back up some clumps of mud fell back into the sea. They began to harden and grow until they became the islands of Japan.
The two descended to these islands and began to explore, each going in different directions. They created all kinds of plants. When they met again they decided to marry and have children to inhabit the land.
The first child Izanami bore was a girl of radiant beauty. The gods decided she was too beautiful to live in Japan, so they put her up in the sky and she became the sun. Their second daughter, Tsuki-yami, became the moon and their third and unruly son, Sosano-wo, was sentenced to the sea, where he creates storms.
Later, their first child, Amaterasu, bore a son who became the emperor of Japan and all the emperors since then have claimed descent from him.
Japanese Creation Myth
Archipelago – 4 Islands
4/5’s of the land too mountainous to farm
Korea and Japan willingly embrace Chinese culture.
Japan embraces the Chinese imperial model of a centralized empire with a court and imperial family led by an emperor.
Japan will adopt Chinese art, fashion, technology, as well as Confucianism and Buddhism.
Japan
Earliest known inhabitants of Japan– 8,000 BCE
Hunters and gatherers
Agriculture appeared in Japan around 1,000 BCE
Around 400 BCE rice production began, which was probably introduced from immigrants that most likely came from Korea.
The mixture of the Jomon and these new arrivals created the Yayoi culture who are the ancestors of the majority of present day Japanese.
Jomon people
Set up a tribal society based on a number of clans.
Each clan had a hereditary chieftain who provided protection to the local population in return for a part of the annual harvest.
Eventually the chieftain of the dominant clan, from the Yamato region, claimed descent from the sun-goddess Amaterasu and the chieftain achieved a level above other chieftains.
This Yamato ruler will then claim divine status. He began to use the title “son of Heaven.”
The mandate to rule will be based on heredity rather than selection by Heaven because they were the best to rule.
Yayoi
794-1185
Capital – Heian (hay ahn) – present day Kyoto
At this time the emperor became a mostly symbolic figure, loyal to the clans and lacking any power.
The most powerful clan was the Fujiwara clan
The clan originated when the founder, Nakatomi no Kamatari (614–669), was rewarded by Emperor Tenji with the honorific "Fujiwara".
Fujiwara married their daughters to the heirs to the throne
Heian Period
Japan developed a feudal system.
The shogun ruled the country.
Daimyo were the heads of the samurai.
Only Samurai were able to hold government jobs or serve in the military.
Peasants farmed the land in exchange for protection by the samurai, who operated under a code of conduct known as bushido.
Warriors establish feudalism
Bushido is the way of the warrior – it emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one’s lord.
Samurai practiced seppuku, which is ritual suicide if they felt dishonored.
Society was organized under a rigid class system with no social mobility.
Chief officers to the emperor
In reality were the real leaders
Commanded loyalty of local aristocracy
Faithful generals were rewarded with estates
Shoguns
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Polygamy was common
Nobles having 4 or 5 wives
Commoners 2 or 3
In the 8th century the laws guaranteed inheritance rights for women and wives abandoned by their husbands were allowed to divorce and remarry.
A husband could divorce his wife if she produced no male heir, committed adultery, disobeyed her parents–in–law, talked too much, engaged in theft, was jealous or had a serious illness.
Aristocratic women though would be seen prominently at court.
Women
When Buddhism first came to Japan widows could enter a Buddhist monastery, but were not allowed to visit Buddhist holy places.
In the late 13th century there were some who thought women unable to reach enlightenment, but others who saw enlightenment and the ways of the Buddha as having nothing to do with gender.
Women and Buddhism
Shinto religion – worshipped spirits of nature
Japan
Shinto stresses the importance of nature so the shrines are usually located in places of beauty and are often dedicated to a nearby physical feature.
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The origin of the word "Shinto" means "way of the kami." Therefore, Shinto beliefs focus on the existence and power of the kami, or gods, that exist in the world, in nature, and especially in and throughout Japan.
In general, however, this religion is a uniquely Japanese way of seeing the world and its beauty that contains many nuances: - aesthetic sensitivity - a sense of beauty and of the beautiful - sensitivity toward the sadness or pathos of life as well as joy, happiness and bliss - seeing with the heart into the natural beauty and goodness of all things
Shinto
focus on nature, harmony, balance - in practical and decorative arts such as flower arranging, architecture, landscape design, the tea ceremony and elsewhere.
This religion is sometimes criticized by those who don't understand it for having no official list of rules or codes of ethics, such as the Ten Commandments. Instead, Shinto emphasizes makoto - sincerity in the heart.
Shinto
Emphasized self reliance, meditation and devotion to duty.
It stressed compassion for all.
People could reach enlightenment through meditation and precise performance of everyday tasks.
Reverence for nature influenced the development of landscape gardening.
By the 8th century Buddhism will become the state religion.
Zen Buddhism
Represents the fusion of Zen and aesthetics
a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art
Practiced in a simple room with little adornments participants could focus on the pouring and drinking of tea. It was seen as the ultimate symbol of spiritual deliverance.
Tea Ceremony
Feudal Japan - 1300
Noh plays – wooden stage, no scenery, men wore elegant masks, chorus chanted to music, movements were slow.
The emphasis was to renounce selfish desires, to recount fairy tales, or struggles between feudal lords.
Theatre
Kabuki -1600
Drama and comedy
Bunraku – puppet plays
Theatre
a Japanese form of heavyweight wrestling, in which a wrestler wins a bout by forcing his opponent outside a marked circle or by making him touch the ground with any part of his body except the soles of his feet.
Sumo was originally performed to entertain the gods during festivals. Sumo as part of Shinto ritual dates as far back as the Tumulus period (250-552), but it wasn't until the 17th century that it began adopting the intense purification rituals that we see in sumo today.
Sumo
Cherry Blossom Festival
The festival celebrates the arrival of spring. Japanese people see the festival as an opportunity to wind down, socialize and drink.
Hana Matsuri Floral Festival (April 8th). It’s Buddha’s Birthday, and the event is celebrated by placing a small baby image of Buddha in all Buddhist temples in Tokyo.celebrated by placing a small baby image of Buddha in all Buddhist temples in Tokyo.
Traditions
Japanese New Year Handout
Kadomatsu
Soba and Joya no Kane
Nengajo
Hamaya Arrows and Kagami - mochi
Otoshidama
Land of the Rising Sun
127 million people
Many earthquakes
Mountainous
Rapid transit – bullet trains
They love vending machines
They love cats
Japan Today
